【摘要】 目的:探討改良早期預(yù)警評(píng)分(modified early waring scores, MEWS)指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程對(duì)心臟驟停(cardiac arrest, CA)患者恢復(fù)自主循環(huán)(return of spontaneous circulation, ROSC)后神經(jīng)功能及生存情況的影響。方法:選取2022年1月—2023年12月鷹潭市人民醫(yī)院急診科收治的82例CA后ROSC的患者,根據(jù)入院順序,將2022年1—12月收治的41例CA后ROSC患者納入對(duì)照組,將2023年1—12月收治的41例CA后ROSC患者納入研究組。對(duì)照組實(shí)施常規(guī)急診護(hù)理流程,研究組實(shí)施MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程。比較兩組48 h存活率和出院存活率;比較兩組干預(yù)前和干預(yù)1、3個(gè)月后的美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(national institute of health stroke scale, NIHSS)評(píng)分。
結(jié)果:研究組48 h存活率和出院存活率分別為43.90%和34.15%,均顯著高于對(duì)照組的21.95%和14.63%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。干預(yù)前,兩組NIHSS評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月后,兩組NIHSS評(píng)分均明顯低于干預(yù)前,且研究組均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程可有效改善CA后ROSC患者神經(jīng)功能和生存情況,可在臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 心臟驟停 恢復(fù)自主循環(huán) 改良早期預(yù)警評(píng)分 改良急診護(hù)理流程 神經(jīng)功能 生存情況
Effects of Improved Emergency Nursing Process under the Guidance of MEWS on Nerve Function and Survival in Cardiac Arrest Patients after ROSC/ZHAN Shanfang, ZHAN Yingfang, WU Fan, ZHANG Xiangmei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(18): -125
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of improved emergency nursing process under the guidance of modified early waring scores (MEWS) on nerve function and survival in patients with cardiac arrest (CA) after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Method: A total of 82 CA patients after ROSC admitted to the Emergency Department of Yingtan City People's Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected, according to the order of admission, 41 CA patients after ROSC admitted from January to December 2022 were included in the control group, and 41 CA patients after ROSC admitted from January to December 2023 were included in the study group. The control group implemented routine emergency nursing process, and the study group implemented improved emergency nursing process under the guidance of MEWS. 48 h survival rate and discharge survival rate were compared between the two groups. The national institute of health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores of the two groups were compared before intervention, 1 month and 3 months after intervention. Result: The 48 h survival rate and discharge survival rate of the study group were 43.90% and 34.15%, respectively, which were significantly higher than 21.95% and 14.63% of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Before intervention, there was no significant difference in NIHSS score between the two groups (P>0.05). 1 month and 3 months after intervention, NIHSS scores in both groups were significantly lower than those before intervention, and those in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Improved emergency nursing process under the guidance of MEWS can effectively improve the nerve function and survival of CA patients after ROSC, and can be applied in clinical application.
[Key words] Cardiac arrest Return of spontaneous circulation Modified early warning score Improved emergency nursing process Nerve function Survival
First-author's address: Emergency Department, Yingtan City People's Hospital, Yingtan 335000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.18.028
心臟驟停(cardiac arrest, CA)是由快速型、緩慢型室性心律失常或心臟停搏引起心臟射血功能突然終止導(dǎo)致全身血液循環(huán)中斷、呼吸停止和意識(shí)喪失的危急重癥,如未能在黃金復(fù)蘇時(shí)段予以及時(shí)救治,極易導(dǎo)致患者發(fā)生生物學(xué)死亡[1]。隨著心肺復(fù)蘇技術(shù)的普及和急救體系的完善,多數(shù)CA患者可通過(guò)胸外按壓、心臟電復(fù)律和手術(shù)治療等心肺復(fù)蘇手段恢復(fù)自主循環(huán)(return of spontaneous circulation, ROSC),但仍有部分患者出現(xiàn)不同程度的神經(jīng)功能障礙,嚴(yán)重影響其生存預(yù)后[2-3]。以往臨床多采用常規(guī)急診護(hù)理流程對(duì)CA患者進(jìn)行復(fù)蘇后干預(yù),但該急診護(hù)理流程中缺乏對(duì)患者意識(shí)、認(rèn)知和運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)方面的關(guān)注,導(dǎo)致整體護(hù)理干預(yù)效果并不理想,亟須探索新的護(hù)理方案[4]。改良早期預(yù)警評(píng)分(modified early waring scores, MEWS)是通過(guò)綜合評(píng)估患者疾病特征和循環(huán)指標(biāo)、呼吸、意識(shí)狀態(tài)及時(shí)判斷病情變化,以實(shí)現(xiàn)早期識(shí)別危急重癥的生理評(píng)分系統(tǒng),在急診護(hù)理干預(yù)流程中應(yīng)用廣泛[5-6]。MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程是基于MEWS系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的程序化護(hù)理干預(yù)方案,可通過(guò)早期預(yù)警干預(yù)實(shí)現(xiàn)阻止病情惡化和改善臨床預(yù)后的目的[7]。本研究主要探討分析MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程對(duì)CA患者ROSC后神經(jīng)功能及生存情況的影響,旨在為改善CA患者生存預(yù)后決策制定提供新思路。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
采用便利抽樣法選取2022年1月—2023年12月鷹潭市人民醫(yī)院急診科收治的82例CA后ROSC的患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡>18歲;均為非外傷CA;開(kāi)始心肺復(fù)蘇時(shí)間在CA發(fā)生10 min內(nèi)50kYU59bySU4ArqrFQPvRmJEJUHL06/qUygALMUY4Sc=;符合CA后ROSC診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無(wú)法判斷CA發(fā)生時(shí)間;各種創(chuàng)傷因素引起的CA;ROSC后24 h內(nèi)死亡;合并多臟器功能衰竭;植入心臟起搏器;家屬主動(dòng)放棄或拒絕搶救;合并惡性腫瘤或精神、心理疾病。按入院順序?qū)?022年1—12月收治的41例CA后ROSC患者納入對(duì)照組(實(shí)施常規(guī)急診護(hù)理流程),將2023年1—12月收治的41例CA后ROSC患者納入研究組(實(shí)施MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程)。本研究經(jīng)鷹潭市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員JBLrglKfWPAfCxCDsqAGxi5sOPS+fYTPXF3L67trVqY=會(huì)通過(guò),患者及家屬知情并同意。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組實(shí)施常規(guī)急診護(hù)理流程,CA后ROSC高級(jí)生命支持:心肺復(fù)蘇成功后建立靜脈通道,遵醫(yī)囑準(zhǔn)確給予腎上腺素、多巴胺等各種搶救藥物,及時(shí)糾正水、電解質(zhì)和酸堿平衡。恢復(fù)竇性心律后給予有創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)輔助通氣,連接心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀、血壓計(jì)等生命體征監(jiān)護(hù)儀密切監(jiān)測(cè)患者心率、血壓、血氧飽和度變化。采用Arctic Sun體表降溫法以患者鼻咽部溫度為核心溫度實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)體溫變化,采用有創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)輔助通氣,給予抗感染、降顱壓、保護(hù)胃黏膜、維持水電解質(zhì)酸堿平衡等處理。
研究組實(shí)施MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程,方法如下,(1)CA急診護(hù)理流程小組:由急診科醫(yī)生、急診科護(hù)士和檢驗(yàn)科醫(yī)師、神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師共同組成CA護(hù)理流程小組,明確小組成員的職責(zé)分工,制訂針對(duì)CA后ROSC的護(hù)理流程及具體工作內(nèi)容。(2)MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程管理方案:根據(jù)MEWS對(duì)CA后ROSC患者進(jìn)行疾病嚴(yán)重程度進(jìn)行預(yù)警評(píng)估,總分14分[9]。其中①0~4分為輕病,患者病情較輕,相對(duì)安全,是鑒別病情嚴(yán)重程度的最佳臨界點(diǎn)??砂闯R?guī)臨床護(hù)理進(jìn)行干預(yù)和觀察,密切監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征,關(guān)注患者意識(shí)、認(rèn)知和活動(dòng)能力變化情況,如有神經(jīng)功能惡化立即通知急診醫(yī)生進(jìn)行處理。②5~8分為危險(xiǎn),出現(xiàn)嗜睡、昏迷、動(dòng)眼神經(jīng)麻痹、眼球活動(dòng)障礙、吞咽障礙、飲水嗆咳、肢體麻木和癱瘓等神經(jīng)功能損傷預(yù)警信號(hào),提示神經(jīng)功能惡化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,應(yīng)通知急診醫(yī)師按照急診標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程進(jìn)行緊急救治。③≥9分為重度危險(xiǎn),死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加,需立即通知急診醫(yī)生開(kāi)展緊急救治,開(kāi)啟應(yīng)急綠色通道。
所有患者均于出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)功能受損癥狀后使用甘露醇注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:山東齊都藥業(yè)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H37020780,規(guī)格:250 mL︰50 g)、注射液七葉皂苷鈉(生產(chǎn)廠家:無(wú)錫凱夫制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20053378,規(guī)格:15 mg)等脫水藥物消除神經(jīng)水腫、降低顱內(nèi)壓治療,其中甘露醇按1~2 g/kg的劑量在5 s內(nèi)靜脈快速推注,注射液七葉皂苷鈉按0.1~0.4 mg/kg的劑量溶于0.9%氯化鈉注射液250 mL中靜脈滴注;應(yīng)用尼莫地平片(生產(chǎn)廠家:拜耳醫(yī)藥保健有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20003010,規(guī)格:30 mg)等擴(kuò)張血管類藥物和甲鈷胺片(生產(chǎn)廠家:華北制藥股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20031126,規(guī)格:0.5 mg)等營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)類藥物,其中尼莫地平片60 mg/次,3次/d,甲鈷胺片0.5 mg/次,3次/d,在康復(fù)醫(yī)師指導(dǎo)下評(píng)估肌力恢復(fù)情況后酌情給予神經(jīng)功能康復(fù)治療,以促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)。兩組持續(xù)干預(yù)3個(gè)月。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)神經(jīng)功能評(píng)估:分別于干預(yù)前和干預(yù)1、
3個(gè)月后,采用美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(national institute of health stroke scale, NIHSS)評(píng)估兩組神經(jīng)功能變化情況,NIHSS評(píng)分包括意識(shí)水平(含意識(shí)水平提問(wèn)和意識(shí)水平指令)、最佳凝視、肢體共濟(jì)失調(diào)、消退和不注意等內(nèi)容,滿分為42分,評(píng)分越高表示神經(jīng)功能受損程度越嚴(yán)重[10]。(2)生存情況:比較兩組48 h存活率和出院存活率,其中出院存活率按院前心臟驟停患者出院時(shí)存活人數(shù)占總?cè)藬?shù)比例進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
本研究數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析和處理,NIHSS評(píng)分等計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),48 h存活率和出院存活率等計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料比較
研究組男27例,女14例;年齡20~75歲,平均(51.96±4.27)歲;CA至復(fù)蘇時(shí)間3.5~6.5 min,平均(4.91±0.65)min;CA原因:心源性15例,非心源性26例。對(duì)照組男23例,女18例;年齡22~78歲,平均(52.46±4.91)歲;CA至復(fù)蘇時(shí)間3.0~6.5 min,平均(4.82±0.59)min;CA原因:心源性12例,非心源性29例。兩組基線資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),有可比性。
2.2 兩組生存預(yù)后情況比較
研究組48 h存活率和出院存活率分別為43.90%和34.15%,均顯著高于對(duì)照組的21.95%和14.63%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 兩組干預(yù)前后神經(jīng)功能比較
研究組和對(duì)照組出院時(shí)分別存活14例和6例,兩組在干預(yù)3個(gè)月后均無(wú)新增死亡病例。干預(yù)前,兩組NIHSS評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)1、3個(gè)月后,兩組NIHSS評(píng)分均明顯低于干預(yù)前,且研究組均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
3 討論
CA是急診常見(jiàn)的存活率較低的危急重癥,隨著心肺復(fù)蘇急救技術(shù)的普及推廣和高級(jí)生命支持方案的發(fā)展與完善,越來(lái)越多的患者可得到早期救治,使復(fù)蘇后ROSC率明顯提高[11]。但CA患者ROSC后普遍存在心血管功能和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂表現(xiàn),部分患者可能因無(wú)法耐受氧供失衡導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)功能受損,預(yù)后相對(duì)較差[12-13]。因此,建立統(tǒng)一、有效的規(guī)范化急診護(hù)理流程對(duì)CA進(jìn)行早期病情識(shí)別和科學(xué)、客觀評(píng)價(jià),有利于促進(jìn)指導(dǎo)臨床正確決策和采取積極干預(yù)措施,也是改善CA患者ROSC后神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵。本研究主要探討分析MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程對(duì)CA患者ROSC后神經(jīng)功能及生存情況的影響。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,研究組48 h存活率和出院存活率均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說(shuō)明實(shí)施MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程可在一定程度上提高CA患者生存率,提示臨床可將該方案作為CA患者護(hù)理干預(yù)的可靠方法。研究組和等癥狀出院時(shí)分別存活14例和6例,兩組在干預(yù)1個(gè)月后和3個(gè)月后均無(wú)新增死亡病例。比較出院時(shí)存活患者干預(yù)前后神經(jīng)功能發(fā)現(xiàn),干預(yù)1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月后研究組NIHSS評(píng)分均明顯低于對(duì)照組。說(shuō)明與實(shí)施常規(guī)急診護(hù)理流程比較,實(shí)施MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程對(duì)促進(jìn)CA后ROSC患者神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)具有積極意義。具體分析,CA相關(guān)預(yù)警信號(hào)包括呼吸急促、意識(shí)狀態(tài)改變、心律失常、血壓異常、動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度低及尿量異常等,這些預(yù)警信號(hào)在病情變化之前即可偵查到,基于此預(yù)警信號(hào)早期給予有效的診療措施和護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)改善CA患者ROSC后神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后具有重要意義[14-15]。MEWS是應(yīng)用危重病評(píng)分系統(tǒng)綜合評(píng)價(jià)患者生理指標(biāo)將病情危重度分值化的簡(jiǎn)易病情及預(yù)后評(píng)估系統(tǒng),可快速、便捷、科學(xué)地對(duì)患者危險(xiǎn)性進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè),可幫助急診醫(yī)療團(tuán)隊(duì)更好地預(yù)測(cè)和處理危急重癥患者[16-17]。MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程方案由急診科醫(yī)生、急診科護(hù)士和檢驗(yàn)科醫(yī)師、神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師共同組成職責(zé)分工明確的CA護(hù)理流程小組,根據(jù)患者年齡、體溫、心率、血氧飽和度和呼吸頻率等方面早期識(shí)別和評(píng)估病情,按預(yù)警評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果快速予以心肺復(fù)蘇及高級(jí)生命支持等針對(duì)性的干預(yù)決措施,縮短了緊急救治耗時(shí),有利于改善CA患者臨床預(yù)后。目前已有越來(lái)越多的CA患者因心肺復(fù)蘇技術(shù)的普及和發(fā)展實(shí)現(xiàn)ROSC,但仍有存活CA患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重神經(jīng)功能受損甚至死亡,給家庭和社會(huì)帶來(lái)沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)[18]。研究顯示,CA后ROSC患者腦復(fù)蘇質(zhì)量與其生存質(zhì)量密切相關(guān),CA后缺氧缺血機(jī)制是影響神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵因素[19]。最新復(fù)蘇指南指出,ROSC后統(tǒng)化管理對(duì)促進(jìn)存活CA患者神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)至關(guān)重要,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)CA后ROSC患者進(jìn)行持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)神經(jīng)功能,并以目標(biāo)溫度管理措施對(duì)CA患者進(jìn)行ROSC后常規(guī)性治療[20]。本研究采用的MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程利用MEWS根據(jù)患者意識(shí)、認(rèn)知和活動(dòng)能力等方面對(duì)CA后ROSC患者進(jìn)行神經(jīng)功能損傷嚴(yán)重程度預(yù)警,出現(xiàn)嗜睡、昏迷、動(dòng)眼神經(jīng)麻痹、眼球活動(dòng)障礙、吞咽障礙、飲水嗆咳、肢體麻木和癱瘓等神經(jīng)功能惡化預(yù)警信號(hào)時(shí),即刻按照急診標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程進(jìn)行緊急救治,必要時(shí)開(kāi)啟應(yīng)急綠色通道,以實(shí)現(xiàn)改善CA后ROSC患者神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)效果的目的[21-22]。
綜上所述,實(shí)施MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程可有效對(duì)CA患者病情進(jìn)行早期識(shí)別和神經(jīng)功能損傷評(píng)估,縮短了復(fù)蘇搶救時(shí)間,對(duì)促進(jìn)CA后ROSC患者神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)具有積極意義,在改善預(yù)后和優(yōu)化流程方面具有顯著的優(yōu)勢(shì)。本研究的不足之處在于樣本量較少,后續(xù)仍需延長(zhǎng)研究時(shí)間對(duì)實(shí)施MEWS指導(dǎo)下改良急診護(hù)理流程對(duì)CA患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的影響進(jìn)行多中心、大樣本的深入驗(yàn)證,但本研究仍為改善CA后ROSC患者生存預(yù)后決策提供了新思路。
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(收稿日期:2024-05-06) (本文編輯:馬嬌)