國(guó)寶“越王者旨於睗劍”的故事Stories of the Treasured “Yuewang Zhuji Yushi Sword”

浙江省博物館歷史文物部

春秋末期（約公元前544年），吳越兩國(guó)為了爭(zhēng)奪霸主之位發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。后來(lái)越國(guó)戰(zhàn)敗，越王勾踐被俘，為了保住性命，他承受了各種屈辱，最后終于有機(jī)會(huì)逃回越國(guó)。自此，他在房梁上懸掛了一枚苦膽，每天都舔一下，提醒自己不忘恥辱。此外，他還每天睡在草席上，頭枕兵器，為治理國(guó)家勤勉刻苦、殫精竭慮，最終打敗吳國(guó)，成為霸主。這是真實(shí)的歷史故事，亦是成語(yǔ)“臥薪嘗膽”的來(lái)源；越王勾踐因此為世人所知。

During the late Spring and AutumnPeriod （around 544 BC）， the states of Wu andYue engaged in a fierce war for supremacy.Following Yues defeat， King Goujian ofYue was captured and tortured， all whileharboring the hope of returning to his homestate one day. Eventually， he managed toescape and make his way back to the stateof Yue. Upon his return， King Goujian hunga bitter gall on the rafters of his residence，licking it every day to remind himself of thebitter humiliation and suffering he enduredas a captive. Additionally， he chose to sleepon a thin straw mat and used hard weaponsas a pillow， ensuring that his rest was nottoo long. With such disciplined and diligentleadership， Yue gradually strengthened itsposition， ultimately defeating the state of Wuand rising to prominence among the states.This true historical account serves as theorigin of the Chinese idiom woxin-changdan（meaning “sleeping on straw and tasting gall，”symbolizing resilience and determination）.King Goujian of Yue has since become a wellknownfigure in Chinas history and culture.

越王勾踐的佩劍被譽(yù)為“天下第一劍”，現(xiàn)珍藏于湖北省博物館，為鎮(zhèn)館之寶。而越王勾踐之子的佩劍“越王者旨於睗（shì）劍”則是浙江省博物館的鎮(zhèn)館之寶。雙劍并稱“越劍之雙絕”。“者旨”是越王的氏，讀為“諸稽”，“於睗”則是名。越王者旨於睗劍為青銅所制，雖歷經(jīng)2 400余年，其風(fēng)采依舊，不銹不蝕，寒光四射，吹毛可斷，犀利異常。此劍還保存有完整的絲質(zhì)纏緱（gōu，即刀、劍等柄上所纏的繩）和漆木劍鞘，這在傳世的吳越劍中絕無(wú)僅有，為劍中精品。

King Goujians sword， knownas the “Number One Sword in theWorld，” is now one of the most prizedpossessions at the Hubei ProvincialMuseum. The “Yuewang Zhuji YushiSword，” belonging to King Goujiansson， stands as a representative pieceamong the collections at the ZhejiangProvincial Museum. Together， thesetwo swords are heralded as the “TwoJewels of Yue Swords.” While “Zhuji”in the name indicates the ownersclan， “Yushi” signifies the ownersname. Crafted from bronze， the“Yuewang Zhuji Yushi Sword” haswithstood the test of time for over2，400 years， retaining its formidableelegance. Remarkably， it is neitherrusted nor corroded， shining withan imposing brilliance. The edgeremains so sharp that it slicesthrough even the finest strands ofhair easily. The silk cords wrappedaround the swords handle， alongwith the lacquered wooden scabbard，have been impeccably preserved，making the sword a one-of-a-kindmasterpiece among swords from theWu and Yue regions.

春秋時(shí)期戰(zhàn)亂不斷，兵器往往是戰(zhàn)事成敗的關(guān)鍵。那時(shí)吳越兵器的鑄造技術(shù)水平已達(dá)到高峰，而越王者旨於睗劍反映出春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期吳越地區(qū)青銅冶煉和鑄造技術(shù)的最高水平。首先，此劍的金屬材質(zhì)純凈，雜質(zhì)很少，這是它能夠成為一把光潔無(wú)瑕、輝煌閃耀的寶劍的基礎(chǔ)；其次，合金配置非常合理，熔鑄火候恰到好處；其三，劍體鑄造和磨削技藝高超；其四，設(shè)計(jì)精美，裝飾鑲嵌技術(shù)精湛。越王者旨於睗劍見(jiàn)證了越國(guó)的興盛，其突出的歷史價(jià)值和工藝價(jià)值，使之成為越人絕世才智與精湛工藝的不朽代表，不愧為浙江省博物館的鎮(zhèn)館之寶。

In the war-torn Spring and Autumn Period， weapons were crucial in securing victory in battles. Duringthis time， the casting technique of Wu and Yue states had reached its peak， exemplified by the “Yuewang Zhuji?Yushi Sword，” which showcasedthe most exquisite techniques ofbronze smelting and casting in theregion. Firstly， the swords metalis of exceptional purity， resultingin a flawless， brilliant appearance.Secondly， precise proportions ofdifferent metals were smelted atoptimal temperatures. Thirdly， thecasting and sharpening techniquesapplied to the swords body are superb.Lastly， the design and decorative workdemonstrate exquisite skills. The“Yuewang Zhuji Yushi Sword” standsproudly as one of the most cherishedpossessions of the Zhejiang ProvincialMuseum. Not only has it bore witnessto the emergence and prosperity ofthe Yue state， but it also serves as aremarkable symbol of the wisdomand craftsmanship of the Yue people，boasting profound historical andartistic significance.

今天，在浙江省博物館，這柄寶劍依然向世人散發(fā)著它的光彩。博物館還特別應(yīng)用裸眼3D制作手法，使越王勾踐、越王者旨於睗、越王亓北古這祖孫三代的劍同時(shí)亮相。觀者不用戴眼鏡即可在LED屏上感受立體的視覺(jué)效果，仿佛穿越至2 000多年前的風(fēng)云年代，切身感受越王劍的精湛工藝與獨(dú)特魅力。

Today， these mighty swords continue to shine with power at theZhejiang Provincial Museum. Utilizing naked-eye 3D technology，the museum showcases the swords of the three generations of Kingsof Yue （King Goujian， King Zhuji Yushi， and King Qibeigu） on anLED screen. Visitors can view these national treasures in threedimensionalvisual effects， journeying back over 2，000 years toappreciate the exquisite craftsmanship and unique appeal of theswords from the state of Yue， all without the need for 3D glasses.

關(guān)于越王者旨於睗劍這件國(guó)寶級(jí)文物的回歸，還有一些曲折的故事。早年，該劍是如何輾轉(zhuǎn)流入中國(guó)香港的，已不得而知。一次偶然的機(jī)會(huì)，它在中國(guó)香港候拍時(shí)被原上海博物館館長(zhǎng)、著名青銅器專家馬承源先生發(fā)現(xiàn)。

The return of the “Yuewang Zhuji Yushi Sword”，a national treasure， is a story full of twists and turns.We had no way of knowing how the sword made itsway into Hong Kong. Fortunately， it was discoveredby Ma Chengyuan， former director of the ShanghaiMuseum and an expert in bronzeware， as it was aboutto be auctioned off.

1995年9月，馬先生收到一份來(lái)自中國(guó)香港的傳真照片。從形制上判斷，這是一柄戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的青銅劍，劍格兩面鑄有雙鉤鳥蟲書銘文，正面為“戉（越）王戉（越）王”，背面為“者旨於睗”。若考釋無(wú)誤，此劍即為越王勾踐之子者旨於睗的佩劍。馬先生以其豐富的鑒定經(jīng)驗(yàn)和較高的職業(yè)敏感度判定，這應(yīng)該是一柄堪稱國(guó)寶的絕世名劍，其價(jià)值和意義遠(yuǎn)在已出土的眾多吳越名劍之上。他立即與浙江省博物館取得聯(lián)系，籌劃贖回此劍，讓它回歸越國(guó)故里?？紤]到贖劍所需的高額資金，最終，專家團(tuán)隊(duì)作出了一個(gè)非常重大且了不起的決定——號(hào)召浙江民間商人募集資金購(gòu)買。當(dāng)時(shí)，社會(huì)各界紛紛積極響應(yīng)。最后，由杭州鋼鐵集團(tuán)出巨資將越王者旨於睗劍贖回，并無(wú)償捐贈(zèng)給了浙江省博物館。自此，這把劍結(jié)束了異鄉(xiāng)漂泊的命運(yùn)，重新回歸吳越故里。

In September 1995， Director Ma received a faxedphoto of a sword from Hong Kong. Judging by itsshape， it appeared to be a bronze sword from theWarring States Period. Engraved on both sides of thesword guard were double-hook Chinese charactersin a style resembling birds and insects. On the frontwere the Chinese characters 戉王戉王 （King of Yue，King of Yue）， and on the back were （ZhujiYushi）. If historical documents and research werecorrect， this could be the sword of Zhuji Yushi，son of King Goujian of Yue. With his extensiveexperience in authentication and keen professionalinsight， Director Ma recognized that this must be apriceless national treasure， surpassing in value andsignificance many famous swords from the Wu andYue regions. He immediately contacted the ZhejiangProvincial Museum and proposed a plan to bring thesword back to its homeland of Yue. Considering thesubstantial cost of acquiring the sword， the expertteam made a bold and commendable decision to seekfunding from the private sector in Zhejiang. Thisappeal received a warm response， and eventually， theHangzhou Iron and Steel Group Company generouslyprovided the funds to redeem the sword and donatedit to the Zhejiang Provincial Museum. Thus， thenational treasure finally ended its wanderingsoverseas， and returned to its homeland.

這件事在當(dāng)時(shí)轟動(dòng)一時(shí)。近年來(lái)，隨著民眾經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高，越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始關(guān)注并參與到文物保護(hù)的隊(duì)伍之中，像這樣由民間團(tuán)體或個(gè)人從海外回購(gòu)文物并捐贈(zèng)給博物館、幫助文物回歸祖國(guó)的感人故事屢見(jiàn)不鮮。截至2023年5月，浙江省博物館接收的民間捐贈(zèng)約占館藏文物總數(shù)的34％。民眾對(duì)文化的熱愛(ài)、對(duì)文物的保護(hù)意識(shí)愈發(fā)強(qiáng)烈，實(shí)現(xiàn)了博物館的共建共榮，使得中華文明之光得以更好地照亮未來(lái)。

The story of the swords return was sensationalat the time. In recent years， as the Chinese peoplehave become wealthier， an increasing number ofthem have taken notice of and actively participated inthe protection of cultural heritage. Touching storiessuch as this one have been more heard， where privategroups or individuals purchase cultural relics fromabroad and donate them to museums， facilitating thereturn of our cultural treasures to their motherland.As of May 2023， 34% of the collections at theZhejiang Provincial Museum have been donatedby the private sector， reflecting a deep love andstrong commitment to cultural heritage protectionamong the general public. Today， museums are builtand developed through collaboration between thegovernment and the private sector， igniting the flameof Chinese civilization even brighter as we journeytowards the future.