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      南詔國的兩個地震神話

      2024-05-29 11:44:18高繼宗
      地震科學(xué)進展 2024年5期
      關(guān)鍵詞:神話

      高繼宗

      [摘要] ? 南詔國(738—902)有兩個地震神話傳世:一為觀音大士鎮(zhèn)伏巨鰲,令其長眠不醒,但允其七十至九十春可醒片時。巨鰲醒時眨眼,仍會地動山搖,以致每七十余年地震一次,每四百年大震一次。因此,在望海臺樹立地震碑,告誡后人要警惕震害。<title/> 二為洱海河神段赤誠預(yù)報地震:今夜亥時,地將大動,十室九倒。為保民平安,遂與兩位山神、河?xùn)|漁夫分工合作:兩山神分別變化為雞與犬,狂鳴、驚跳,以警醒萬民;河?xùn)|漁夫向洱海東部村民報告,洱海河神變化為老叟向西部村民報告。十有九成的村民離開房舍,避于平坦之地,人畜皆安;不相信預(yù)報的百余人,皆遭震害。</p><p><b>[關(guān)鍵詞] </b>神話; 南詔地震碑; 洱海河神; 預(yù)報地震</p><p><b>[DOI] </b>10.19987/j.dzkxjz.2023-024</p><p>云南人民出版社2001年12月出版的《大理古佚書鈔》(圖1)中收入《三迤隨筆》《葉榆稗史》《淮城夜語》等3種筆記作品。前兩種成書于明永樂年間(1403—1424),后一種成書于明嘉靖年間(1522—1566)。這些作品記述的內(nèi)容十分龐雜:歷史、地理、民族、民俗、民謠、宗教、建筑、文化、教育、詩歌、音樂、美術(shù)、自然災(zāi)害、神話故事、民間傳說等等,可謂包羅萬象。</p><p>書中所記南詔國(738—902)的兩個地震神話,堪稱是我國地震文化園里的兩朵奇葩,同時也填補了我國神話文學(xué)的一個缺項。茲介紹如下,以饗讀者。</p><p><b>1 ?觀音大士鎮(zhèn)伏巨鰲</b></p><p>這是《淮城夜語·地震說》記述的神話(圖2):</p><p>余幼觀《南詔地震碑》于望海臺<sup>1</sup>,曰:蒼洱之間,古葉榆澤<sup>2</sup>,通天<sup>3</sup>巨津,道入南海。佛祖<sup>4</sup>講法道阻,令玉龍<sup>5</sup>穿山鑿巖,回首東向;但澤深莫測,有巨鰲<sup>6</sup>為害。古妙香國,移居點蒼<sup>7</sup>花甸……歷十代而民繁衍,愁,求于大士<sup>8</sup>,至收地神巨鰲。巨鰲,南海龍君弟,與兄爭海,敗逃點蒼麓;性暴,動則翻山海、毀人畜,苦之。大士以蒲團鎮(zhèn)之。鰲求大士:若賜玉山為宮,則永不為害。大士化巉巖,色如美玉,建玉楚宮,以四白玉柱撐蒲團,化為陸,狀似榆葉,如舟浮于點蒼之地。巨鰲恐,苦求曰:既為鰲宮,龍王無水非龍,求賜以水澤一半,始皈依沙釋。大士憐之,而賜洱河<sup>9</sup>如珥,為領(lǐng)地;取瑤宮玉樹為飾,鎮(zhèn)其頂;鑲寧靜珠十二為環(huán),使巨環(huán)貫其頂,使其長眠不醒;每七十至九十春,允其醒片時;若眨眼則玉樹根刺目。因鰲魚眨眼地動山搖,每七十余年葉榆地震,視眨眼大小而計;每四百年現(xiàn)大震。故立石告誡,后人警之<sup>[1]</sup>。</p><p>淮城,今大理下關(guān)。傳說西漢淮陰侯韓信(? —前196)被呂后(? —前180)殺害后,其子女逃到下關(guān),建城而居,因懷念故鄉(xiāng),而名之為淮城。</p><p>《淮城夜語》的作者玉笛山人,本名李以恒,字靜瑛,是平定云南的明軍軍官李浩(1354—1444)的第六傳人,正德二年(1507)生于淮城,嘉靖三十八年(1559)襲父職(天威徑鎮(zhèn)撫使),卒年不詳。</p><p>從圖3可見:金沙江先是從北向南流,到玉龍雪山西側(cè),突然急轉(zhuǎn)彎而折向北流;在玉龍雪山北方,又一次急轉(zhuǎn)彎而沿玉龍雪山東側(cè)向南流,而后再次急轉(zhuǎn)彎而折向東流,呈現(xiàn)一個大大的“幾”字形,多次大角度改變流向,顯然是受玉龍雪山的阻擋。由此看來,這篇神話記述的自然環(huán)境,與大理周邊的山河形勢還是大體符合的。</p><p>碑文雖未記明立碑年月與立碑人,但冠以南詔,必為南詔國(738—902)人所立。從“余幼觀《南詔地震碑》”,可知作者在幼年時[正德年間(1506—1521)],看到過這通碑石,那時碑文尚清晰可讀。</p><p>《南詔地震碑》文將洱海巨鰲記為地震元兇,顯然是冤枉了巨鰲;但洱海地區(qū)屢發(fā)強震,毀害人畜,民眾苦之,則是確實存在的。據(jù)《三迤隨筆·韋安撫使與鄭清平官<sup>10</sup>》記:</p><p>……至大歷十三年<sup>11</sup>,詔王異牟尋<sup>12</sup>立。后因地震,太和城<sup>13</sup>王宮傾斜,暫遷大理<sup>[1]</sup>。</p><p>另據(jù)《三迤隨筆·蒙<sup>14</sup>段<sup>15</sup>時俗》記,南詔國曾發(fā)生3次破壞性地震:</p><p>……蓋南詔盛產(chǎn)五谷,自觀音治世伏魔以來,夏無酷暑,冬無惡寒,村邑富足于風(fēng)調(diào)雨順。愁者,南中多地震,南詔建國,地震三次,太和城宮殿盡毀,羊苴咩老城<sup>16</sup>初毀于水、后毀于地震,史賧舍城<sup>17</sup>毀于地震?!?sup>[1]</sup></p><p>南詔國的老都城、新都城、臨時都城都因地震被毀。但這3次破壞性地震,明人楊慎(1488—1559)在《南詔野史·大蒙國》上卷只記載了其中的1次:</p><p>光啟二年<sup>18</sup>,地震,龍首<sup>19</sup>、龍尾<sup>20</sup>二關(guān)、三陽<sup>21</sup>城皆崩<sup>[3]</sup>。</p><p>《中國歷史地震圖集·遠古至元時期》把這次地震定為5.5級,烈度Ⅶ(圖4)。</p><p>將巨鰲視為地震元兇,外國也有類似傳說,如北美洲土著民就以為地球是由一只巨龜馱著,龜一走動(圖5),大地就顫抖而發(fā)生地震<sup>[5]</sup>。</p><p>《南詔地震碑》碑文作者的想象力是無比超越常人的,讓觀音大士鎮(zhèn)伏巨鰲,使其長眠不醒,不能翻身大動,只可70~90年稍醒片時,只能眨眼小動。這顯然是反映了災(zāi)民們想要減輕震害的愿望,既要管控地震的頻度(70~90年動1次),還要管控地震的強度(只能小動、不能大動)。在千余年前,就能有管控地震頻度與強度的奇思妙想,真令人敬佩得五體投地!</p><p>然而,南詔國在165年間卻發(fā)生了3次破壞性地震,平均只有55年就發(fā)生1次,比神話里的地震間隙期(70~90年)縮短了15~25年;而且,每次還都不是小動。因此,很有必要樹立一通地震碑,警示世人:觀音大士并未徹底消除震害,居民還要防避地震。</p><p>我國已發(fā)現(xiàn)的地震碑很多,年代最早的是山西洪洞—趙城地震碑,立于元大德七年(1303)。而《南詔地震碑》比它至少早了400年,堪稱中國地震第一碑。很可惜,其碑石未能保存下來,只有碑文存世,此碑文也因此愈加珍貴。</p><p>《南詔地震碑》雖然告誡人們要警惕震害,卻沒有告訴人們?nèi)绾畏辣苷鸷Α!度齐S筆·地動警世》篇記述的地震神話,則彌補了這一不足。</p><p><b>2 ?洱海河神段赤誠預(yù)報地震</b></p><p>這是《三迤隨筆·地動警世》記述的神話(圖6):</p><p>河?xùn)|漁夫得寬,一日捕魚于河曲,見一雞與犬斗于河岸,忽現(xiàn)一黃狼撲雞,犬立與黃狼斗,雞啄黃狼,黃狼目傷而逃。</p><p>時有一樵夫至,雞、犬見,滾動化二少年,以禮見樵夫:“本主何往?”樵夫曰:“地將大動于夜亥時,為救洱河?xùn)|、西萬民,故而愁之。”二少年曰:“勿愁!我等三人分頭行事,將于地動前高聲鳴叫,警醒萬民?!?/p><p>時老人走于得寬前,曰:“夜亥時地震,速告各邑。吾洱海河神段赤誠是也,眾民敬吾為本主,詔王封吾為河神,吾當(dāng)為萬民作想,而告河?xùn)|諸民。汝心地善良,立即到河?xùn)|諸邑部,今夜不能入室,今夜之震,十室九倒。吾苦求海鰲,海鰲行惡暴。時黃狼即海鰲義子,雞、犬為河?xùn)|金山、石洞山山神,剛才戲斗耳?!?/p><p>得寬拜謝河神,立即告知各邑諸部族長。人知得寬忠厚,信之。是日奇熱,日落晦,雨如瓢潑;至戌時,諸邑部雞、犬,狂鳴、驚跳。眾深信段赤誠點化,皆離舍于坦地。亥時,果大地動,民、畜皆安。</p><p>是日午,河西各村邑皆現(xiàn)一老叟,曰:“夜亥時,地將大動!”多數(shù)信之,少數(shù)指叟為狂人,弗信。十有九停,見雞、犬不安而出戶;有不出戶者百余人,皆殞劫矣!<sup>[1]</sup></p><p>三迤是云南省的別稱?!度齐S筆》的作者是李以恒的先祖李浩。李浩(1354—1444),字真一,是明軍征滇大將沐英(1345—1392)部下的文職軍官,平定云南后,被封天威徑鎮(zhèn)撫使,駐守淮城德勝驛(今大理下關(guān)),在東沙洲建宅三院,名之碧荷苑,自號碧荷館主。李浩遍搜大理歷代史志1200冊,除上交400余冊,余皆存于幽香閣。李浩閑暇時便于閣中閱讀歷代史志,偶有心得,即隨筆記之,日久集成《三迤隨筆》。</p><p>《地動警世》篇中洱海河神段赤誠(又作城)是為人除害的英雄,他身帶利刃跳入食人巨蟒的口中,與巨蟒同歸于盡,由此除去了蟒害,被南詔王勸利晟<sup>22</sup>封為洱海河神,民間為其建了河神廟,常年拜祭。這篇神話又賦予段赤誠能準(zhǔn)確預(yù)報地震,保民平安的超常本領(lǐng)。</p><p>我國傳說的神有很多,有補天的女媧,有射掉九日的后羿,有興云布雨的龍王,有飛升登月的嫦娥……惟獨沒有能預(yù)報地震的神,這篇神話則填補了這一空缺,其功非凡。</p><p>段赤誠預(yù)報地震的能力,非常神奇:他精確地預(yù)報出地震發(fā)生的時刻是在“今夜亥時”(21—23時),地點就在洱河(海)東與洱河(海)西,地震的強度是“十室九倒”(烈度約達Ⅹ度)。更為重要的是,群策群力動員村民出外避震:金山山神與石洞山山神變化為雞、犬,狂鳴、驚跳,以警醒萬民;河?xùn)|漁夫向河?xùn)|諸村民報告,段赤誠則變化為老叟,向河西各村民報告。防震的效果是十有九成的村民出戶避震,人、畜皆安;只有百余人不相信預(yù)報,不出外避震而喪生。</p><p>這篇神話的高明之處還在于明確告戒人們:即使準(zhǔn)確預(yù)報了地震的三要素(時刻、地點、強度),還必須能動員居民出屋避震,才可免遭震害。</p><p>此戒在1975年2月4日遼寧海城大地震時,得到了很好的驗證:死亡的千余人,大多是不相信預(yù)報的人和一些老弱病殘沒有出屋避震者。</p><p>這篇神話還告訴人們,破壞性地震是有宏觀前兆的,雞、犬狂鳴、驚跳,皆為地震宏觀前兆現(xiàn)象,居民見到這些現(xiàn)象后,就要離開房舍,避于平坦開闊之地,以免遭震害。</p><p>雞、犬在臨震前狂鳴、驚跳是在警醒萬民,這樣的認(rèn)識不大可能是神話作者憑空想象出來的,必是有些民間的臨震經(jīng)驗作為依據(jù)。</p><p>在《晉書》119卷《載記第十九姚泓》中就有記載:</p><p>后秦永和元年,先是天水郡冀縣<sup>23</sup>石鼓鳴,聲聞數(shù)百里,野雉<sup>24</sup>皆雊<sup>25</sup>;秦州地震者三十二,殷殷有聲者八,山崩,舍壞<sup>[3]</sup>。</p><p>野雉在臨震前會發(fā)出驚叫,家雞在臨震前也可能如此,只是失于記載而已。但在后世,類似記載則史不絕書。</p><p>南宋學(xué)者周密(1232—1298或1308)在《癸辛雜識·戊子地震》中有記述:</p><p>至元二十五年戊子歲,冬十月二十四日<sup>26</sup>夜正中,地大震。始如暴風(fēng)駕海潮之聲,自西南來,<b>雞、犬皆鳴</b>,窗戶磔磔有聲;繼而,屋瓦皆搖,勢如掀箕?!?sup>[3]</sup></p><p>在《淮城夜語·地震有前兆》中也有記述:</p><p>正德十年<sup>27</sup>,地震前三日,德勝驛<sup>28</sup>貓、<b>狗不進宅</b>,鼠外跑。……趙州<sup>29</sup>各地農(nóng)戶,豬不進廄,<b>雞不入戶</b>。……<sup>[1]</sup></p><p>1755年成書的《銀川小志》卷末也有記述:</p><p>寧夏地震,大約春、冬二季為多,如井水忽渾濁、炮聲散長、<b>群犬狂吠</b>,即防此患<sup>[6]</sup>。</p><p>《一九二〇年海原大地震》的記述更為詳實;</p><p>震中地區(qū),即海原縣干鹽池、西安州、紅羊、楊明堡等地,狗表現(xiàn)得十分不安,有時對空亂吠,有時爬在地上哭嚎,入夜以來,吼叫尤甚,聲音凄慘,徹夜不絕。</p><p>家禽的鳴叫一反常態(tài),雄雞打鳴報曉,不守時辰,連母雞也啼鳴不已<sup>[7]</sup>。</p><p>據(jù)1976年7月28日唐山大地震后的調(diào)查,唐山大地震之前:狗的異常數(shù)為232起,雞的異常數(shù)為440起;狗的表現(xiàn)為:“狂吠不休,亂跑亂鬧,嗅地扒地,亂咬主人,叼著狗崽搬家等”;雞的表現(xiàn)為:“不進窩,在窩內(nèi)亂鬧亂叫、似黃鼬拉雞,上樹登高等”<sup>[8]</sup>。</p><p>這些記載較之《地動警世》,雖然晚了數(shù)百年,乃至千余年,但足可旁證《地動警世》篇不是憑空瞎編的。在千余年前,能創(chuàng)作出這樣的神話,可謂神奇!</p><p>千余年前,南詔國民就創(chuàng)造出一位能控制地震的神和一位能預(yù)報地震的神,不僅表達了民眾想擺脫震害的迫切心愿,還宣傳了地震宏觀前兆知識和防震避震知識,真是敢想敢做,大智大慧,值得后人敬佩、學(xué)習(xí)、傳承,發(fā)揚。</p><p><b>參考文獻</b><ul style="list-style-type:square"> <li>大理白族自治州文聯(lián). 大理古佚書鈔 [M]. 昆明: 云南人民出版社, 2001 ???Federation of Literary and Art Circles of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Some lost ancient books in Dali[M]. Kunming: Yunnan Peoples Publishing House, 2001</li> <li>云南省測繪局第三測繪大隊. 云南省地圖冊[M]. 北京: 中國地圖出版社, 1999 ???The Third Surveying and Mapping Brigade of Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. Atlas of Yunnan Province[M]. Beijing: China Cartographic Publishing House, 1999</li> <li>謝毓壽, 蔡美彪. 中國地震歷史資料匯編·第一卷[M]. 北京: 科學(xué)出版社, 1983 ???Xie Y S, Cai M B. Compilation of historical earthquake data in China: Vol. 1 [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1983</li> <li>國家地震局地球物理研究所, 復(fù)旦大學(xué)中國歷史地理研究所. 遠古至元時期中國歷史地震圖集 [M]. 北京: 中國地圖出版社, 1990 ???Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Institute of Chinese Historical Geography, Fudan University. Atlas of the historical earthquakes in China: The period from remote antiquity to the Yuan Dynasty[M]. Beijing: China Cartographic Publishing House, 1990</li> <li>馬里奧·薩爾瓦里, 馬休斯·李維. 大地何以怒吼: 地震和火山的故事[M]. 北京: 中國社會科學(xué)出版社, 1999 ???Mario S, Matthew L. Why the earth quakes: Stories of earthquakes and volcanoes[M]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1999</li> <li>謝毓壽, 蔡美彪. 中國地震歷史資料匯編·第三卷[M]. 北京: 科學(xué)出版社, 1987 ???Xie Y S, Cai M B. Compilation of historical earthquake data in China: Vol. 3 [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1987</li> <li>國家地震局蘭州地震研究所, 寧夏回族自治區(qū)地震隊. 一九二〇年海原大地震[M]. 北京: 地震出版社, 1980 ???Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Earthquake Team of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The Haiyuan earthquake of 1920[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1980</li> <li>國家地震局. 一九七六年唐山地震[M]. 北京: 地震出版社, 1982 ???China Earthquake Administration. The Tangshan earthquake of 1976[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1982</li></ul></p><p><b>Two earthquake myths from kingdom of Nanzhao</b></p><p>Gao Jizong<sup>*</sup></p><p>National Earthquake Response Support Service, Beijing 100049, China</p><p><b>[Abstract] ?</b>Kingdom of Nanzhao (738—902) has two earthquake myths. One is that a huge Ao ( legendary green sea-turtle) always topples the mountains and overturns the seas in Erhai lake, and causes the people and animals devastated by the earthquake. When Ao blinks while he wakes up, the ground will shake and the mountains will shake. So that there is an earthquake every 70 years, and a major earthquake every 400 years. Therefore people set up a seismic monument at Wanghaitai to warn the later generations of the earthquake damage. The other is that the River God of Erhai lake, Duan Chicheng, can predict earthquakes and keep people safe. Once Duan Chicheng predicts there will be a big earthquake at midnight, he cooperates with two Mountain Gods and East River Fisherman. Mountain Gods change themselves to a chicken and a dog, then crow loudly and jump hardly before the earthquake to warn people. East River Fisherman reports to the eastern villagers. River God of Erhai lake changes himself to an old man and reports to the western villagers. 90% villagers believe in them and leave houses to the flat ground, so people and domestic animals are safe. 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