讀后續(xù)寫命題特點(diǎn)及備考策略

高強(qiáng)

讀后續(xù)寫是“雙新”背景下，以核心素養(yǎng)為目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的高考試題中最具有代表性的題型之一。讀后續(xù)寫在2016年浙江高考中開始試行，2020年開始從新高考全國卷全面鋪開。該題型由于其考查的綜合性，以及較高的考查信度和區(qū)分度，得到了普遍認(rèn)可，其影響力越來越大。

一、讀后續(xù)寫的命題特點(diǎn)和趨勢

（一） 讀后續(xù)寫的基本命題特點(diǎn)

讀后續(xù)寫試題提供一段350詞以內(nèi)的語言材料，要求考生依據(jù)該材料內(nèi)容以及所給段落開頭語進(jìn)行續(xù)寫，將其發(fā)展成一篇與給定材料邏輯銜接合理且情節(jié)和結(jié)構(gòu)完整的短文。試題給定材料通常是一篇故事性很強(qiáng)的記敘文，且文字難度不大，話題與學(xué)生生活比較貼近。從最初的考試說明到歷屆高考試題分析可以得出讀后續(xù)寫的基本命題特點(diǎn)：

1. 文體均為故事性很強(qiáng)的記敘文，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，文字簡潔，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。從理解給定材料的層面上，對考生來說難度不大。

2. 除2023年浙江卷外，主題語境大多為人與社會。

3. 材料話題大多為學(xué)生熟悉的日常生活。

4. 選題都是學(xué)生“有話可寫”的話題。如2020年的“母親鼓勵和指導(dǎo)自己的孩子幫助家庭有困難的孩子”、2021年的“雙胞胎在母親節(jié)給母親做早餐”、2022年的“特教老師鼓勵殘疾學(xué)生參加越野賽跑”、2023年的“老師鼓勵學(xué)生參加作文比賽”都是學(xué)生比較熟悉的情境，考生有非常豐富的內(nèi)容可以寫。

5. 故事的結(jié)尾都有健康向上方向的反思和升華空間。如2020年續(xù)寫最后的反思可以聚焦于關(guān)愛他人，幫助鄰里。2021年續(xù)寫結(jié)尾可以寫理解媽媽的辛苦，愛媽媽，從而升華為珍惜親情，培養(yǎng)理解家庭、尊敬長輩、感恩父母的情感。2023年續(xù)寫結(jié)尾可以寫相信自己，努力進(jìn)取，就一定能成功。

6. 最新的高考評卷規(guī)定表明對“超字?jǐn)?shù)”不扣分。試題對續(xù)寫短文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求沒有上限，但是基于試題的結(jié)構(gòu)和答題卷的設(shè)計，以及目前高考閱讀的要求，目前得高分的答卷一般字?jǐn)?shù)都在200詞左右。理想的續(xù)寫答卷是寫滿所提供的位置（一般是9行+9行），每行11到12個單詞為宜。因此，考生要對材料故事有準(zhǔn)確的理解，對續(xù)寫結(jié)尾進(jìn)行合理規(guī)劃，以清晰整潔的卷面和間距合理的字距基本寫滿所提供的答題空間。

（二）讀后續(xù)寫的考查要求

讀后續(xù)寫不僅考查考生的語言表述能力，還考查考生對文章的理解能力、對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力和對情節(jié)發(fā)展的判斷與構(gòu)思能力?？忌挥袦?zhǔn)確、深刻理解了前文，才能對情節(jié)的發(fā)展做出判斷，運(yùn)用合適的構(gòu)思能力構(gòu)思情節(jié)，寫出優(yōu)秀的續(xù)寫內(nèi)容。因此， 讀后續(xù)寫具有較大的難度。

讀后續(xù)寫考查以下幾個方面的能力：

1. 考查考生對故事類文章的理解能力以及根據(jù)前文的內(nèi)容創(chuàng)作邏輯合理、語義通順的結(jié)尾的寫作能力。

2. 考查續(xù)寫內(nèi)容的豐富性以及和前文的相符性。

3. 考查續(xù)寫的文章中應(yīng)用的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)確性和詞匯的豐富性。

（三）讀后續(xù)寫的命題趨勢

從讀后續(xù)寫設(shè)題的目的及歷年真題的特點(diǎn)分析，今后全國卷讀后續(xù)寫的設(shè)題會有如下特點(diǎn)：

1. 選材大多會涉及和學(xué)生貼近的學(xué)校日常生活和家庭與鄰里。而校園生活、同學(xué)交往、相互幫助將會是熱點(diǎn)話題。

2. 高考命題大多會選擇內(nèi)容積極向上的材料，話題大多與健康成長有關(guān)。考生的續(xù)寫將主要聚焦于自我成長。每個故事的選材，最后都將會有充足的空間去表達(dá)熱愛生活、不懈追求、積極向上、互助友愛等情感。

3. 文體大多會是故事性較強(qiáng)的記敘文。故事情節(jié)不復(fù)雜，文本難度不大，文章通俗易懂。但是，續(xù)寫還會考查考生對文章內(nèi)涵的理解，對文章主題思想的把握。因此，考生要仔細(xì)閱讀文章，不要遺漏前文的任何信息。

二、讀后續(xù)寫的備考策略

根據(jù)讀后續(xù)寫的設(shè)題目標(biāo)和語言課程的特點(diǎn)以及目前高考卷的考查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，考生要完成一篇優(yōu)質(zhì)的讀后續(xù)寫，就必須達(dá)到以下目標(biāo)：

讀懂前文

邏輯合理

語法準(zhǔn)確

描寫精妙

我們的備考，就要以以上目標(biāo)為導(dǎo)向。

（一）努力擴(kuò)充自己的詞匯量和提高自己對長難句的理解能力

快速準(zhǔn)確讀懂前文的基礎(chǔ)是有足夠的詞匯量和良好的長難句的理解能力。只有這兩點(diǎn)做好，我們才能快速、準(zhǔn)確地讀懂前文。因此，讀后續(xù)寫備考的第一要務(wù)其實(shí)是擴(kuò)充自己的詞匯量和提高自己對長難句的理解能力。我們要采取各種行之有效的辦法切實(shí)提高自己的詞匯量，確保在讀后續(xù)寫的前文中沒有生詞。提高詞匯量的方法有很多，如：

1. 集中詞匯復(fù)習(xí)法。將高中階段的詞匯用詞匯表的方法，集中復(fù)習(xí)，及時回顧，徹底掌握。

2. 建立自己的詞匯本。將自己在平時的作業(yè)、練習(xí)中遇到的生詞分類收集，及時復(fù)習(xí)，讓生詞變熟詞。

3. 加大閱讀量。通過閱讀英語報刊，如China Daily、Crazy English 以及各種英語書籍、網(wǎng)站中的內(nèi)容來擴(kuò)充自己的詞匯量。

影響我們的閱讀速度和準(zhǔn)確性的除了詞匯量，還有對長難句的理解能力。如果我們可以突破長難句的理解障礙，我們對前文理解的速度和準(zhǔn)確性無疑將會極大提升。提升長難句理解能力可以從以下兩個方面著手：

第一，將平時遇到的長難句及時積累，形成自己的知識庫，并及時復(fù)習(xí)鞏固。

第二，擴(kuò)大閱讀量。用足夠的閱讀量來提升自己的閱讀速度和準(zhǔn)確性。

（二）準(zhǔn)確理解前文故事的關(guān)鍵信息

讀后續(xù)寫不僅僅是寫，還是對讀寫結(jié)合的綜合性考查。續(xù)寫是在讀后基礎(chǔ)上寫作，所寫的內(nèi)容要和前文中的觀點(diǎn)、邏輯、結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞等方面保持一致。因此，讀懂前文很關(guān)鍵。讀懂文章不僅是讀懂文字，還要讀懂字里行間作者的態(tài)度和情感。作者敘述故事的目的是什么？作者是如何敘述故事的？作者是以時間順序還是人物的活動為線索？作者想通過這個故事傳達(dá)什么樣的思想和觀點(diǎn)？作者對故事的主人公的態(tài)度是褒還是貶？作者希望主人公的結(jié)局是什么？只有讀懂文章，把握了這些要素，才能寫出合理的好結(jié)尾。

以2022年全國乙卷為例。

It was the day of the big cross?country run. Students from seven different primaryschools in and around the small town were warming up and walking the route （路線）through thick evergreen forest.

I looked around and finally spotted David， who was standing by himself off to the sideby a fence. He was small for ten years old. His usual big toothy smile was absent today. Iwalked over and asked him why he wasnt with the other children. He hesitated and thensaid he had decided not to run.

What was wrong？ He had worked so hard for this event！

I quickly searched the crowd for the schools coach and asked him what had happened.“I was afraid that kids from other schools would laugh at him，” he explained uncomfortably“.I gave him the choice to run or not， and let him decide.”

I bit back my frustration （懊惱）. I knew the coach meant well—he thought he wasdoing the right thing. After making sure that David could run if he wanted， I turned tofind him coming towards me， his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feetforward.

David had a brain disease which prevented him from walking or running like other children， but at school his classmates thought of him as a regular kid. He always participatedto the best of his ability in whatever they were doing. That was why none of the childrenthought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross?country team. It just tookhim longer—thats all. David had not missed a single practice， and although he alwaysfinished his run long after the other children， he did always finish. As a special educationteacher at the school， I was familiar with the challenges David faced and was proud of hisstrong determination.

Paragraph 1：

We sat down next to each other， but David wouldnt look at me._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2：

I watched as David moved up to the starting line with the other runners._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

根據(jù)前文和提供的段首句，我們可以看出，該故事的主要框架是：

I found David was standing by himself off to the side by a fence before the race.（前文）

I got clear of the reason： He was afraid of being laughed at by others（. 前文）

I encouraged him to take part in the race bravely（. 續(xù)寫第一段）

He agreed to take part in the race（. 續(xù)寫第一段）

He finally made it（. 續(xù)寫第二段）

David became more confident from then on（. 續(xù)寫第二段的意義提升）

All the people present cheered for his determination and persistence.（續(xù)寫第二段的意義提升）

讀完故事，我們可以知道，該文章是以故事發(fā)展先后順序?yàn)榫€索敘述的，那么，我們的續(xù)寫也應(yīng)該遵循這一原則。根據(jù)原文故事的內(nèi)容和題目所給的兩個段首句，可以確定續(xù)寫第一段的主要內(nèi)容是“我”如何說服大衛(wèi)去參加比賽。續(xù)寫第一段的內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括：“我”的情感、表情、話語、動作，大衛(wèi)的情感、表情、話語、動作。根據(jù)續(xù)寫第二段的段首句可知，在續(xù)寫第一段中，“我”應(yīng)該是成功地說服了大衛(wèi)去參加比賽。

根據(jù)故事的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)和續(xù)寫第二段的段首句可知，續(xù)寫第二段主要寫大衛(wèi)去參加比賽的過程，主要包括：大衛(wèi)比賽的過程、他的感受、“我”的感受、觀眾的反應(yīng)、最后比賽的結(jié)果。

根據(jù)文章的發(fā)展我們可以確定作者想通過這樣一個故事來宣揚(yáng)積極向上的精神。在故事的結(jié)尾，大衛(wèi)應(yīng)該是努力完成了比賽；大衛(wèi)的內(nèi)心應(yīng)該是自豪的，這件事讓他更加有自信；其他學(xué)校的孩子沒有嘲笑大衛(wèi)，而是鼓勵他，對他表示敬意。這一點(diǎn)非常重要，這也是文章所暗含的重要信息。

【參考范文】

Paragraph 1：

We sat down next to each other， but David wouldnt look at me. Seeing his face filledwith sadness and disappointment， I felt worried. I decided to have a talk with him. Turningto David， I smiled，“ David， look， what a wonderful event！” David said nothing， just smiledweakly， and then， lowered his head. Patting on his shoulder， I said in a soft voice，“ I knowyou had worked so hard for this event. How I admire your strong determination！ Why notgive it a try？” “ I am afraid kids from other schools will laugh at me，” murmured David，with a glum look on his face.“ But David， what counts most is to participate to the best ofyour ability in whatever youre doing. There is no need to think about others opinion.Whats more， I believe they will be impressed by what you do rather than laughing at you.”After a short hesitation， David nodded in agreement， and then stood up with firmdetermination.

Paragraph 2：

I watched as David moved up to the starting line with the other runners. With the blastof the gun， David shot from the starting line with the other boys， but soon after， he was leftfar behind. Painful and a bit embarrassed as he was， he still dragged his feet to keepmoving forward. The sun was beating down， the hot weather suffocating. But all these madeno difference to David， he just running forward. Although he spent much more time thanothers， David eventually finished his run. When passing the finishing line， he burst into abig toothy smile and waved to me with excitement， crying“ I made it！ I made it！” All the people present including those from other schools erupted into a big applause， cheering forhis determination and persistence. From that day， David became more confident， not onlyin the running， but also in all his life aspects.

范文核心亮點(diǎn)：

1.續(xù)寫范文準(zhǔn)確地把握了原文故事的情節(jié)。在第一段中重點(diǎn)描寫了“我”說服大衛(wèi)的過程，說服的理由合理，層層遞進(jìn)，有說服力。第二段描寫了大衛(wèi)比賽的過程，他的心態(tài)、動作以及比賽結(jié)束后他的情感體驗(yàn)，同時也呼應(yīng)了大衛(wèi)剛開始擔(dān)心“被嘲笑”的情節(jié)：其他學(xué)校的參賽者不但沒有嘲笑他，還對他表示了敬意和鼓勵。續(xù)寫范文傳達(dá)了積極、健康的態(tài)度，符合立德樹人的價值導(dǎo)向。

2. 在語言方面，續(xù)寫范文也很好地體現(xiàn)了詞匯和句子的豐富性。在詞匯方面，續(xù)寫范文使用了blast、drag、suffocate、eventually、burst into、make it、erupt into、determination、persistence 等詞。在句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面，續(xù)寫范文使用了with the blast of the gun、painful and a bit embarrassed as he was、the sun was beating down、the hot weather suffocating、cheering for his determination and persistence等結(jié)構(gòu)。

（三）特別注意續(xù)寫文章與前文的邏輯一致

根據(jù)題型的要求，續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容要和前文故事順暢連貫，構(gòu)成一個完美的整體。續(xù)寫部分內(nèi)容要邏輯合理，語言色彩要和前文保持一致，確保故事情節(jié)順暢。續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容和前文的故事發(fā)展邏輯要嚴(yán)密。為了保證邏輯合理，在續(xù)寫中，我們要注意三個重要的節(jié)點(diǎn)：

1. 第一段內(nèi)容一定要和第一段段首句邏輯一致。續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容不可脫離該句，要照顧到全文的故事發(fā)展。

2. 后續(xù)兩段間的邏輯一定要合理。第一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是該段最后的內(nèi)容要和第二段的段首句邏輯一致。第一段的內(nèi)容一定要照顧到第二段段首句的信息。保持兩段間的邏輯合理，故事順暢。

3. 第二段的段首句和后續(xù)內(nèi)容要邏輯一致，確保故事發(fā)展順暢。如：

A funny thing happened to Arthur when he was on the way to work one day. As hewalked along Park Avenue near the First National Bank， he heard the sound of someonetrying to start a car. He tried again and again but couldnt get the car moving. Arthur turnedand looked inside at the face of a young man who looked worried. Arthur stopped andasked“， It looks like youve got a problem.”

“Im afraid so. Im in a big hurry and I cant start my car.”

“Is there something I can do to help？” Arthur asked. The young man looked at the twosuitcases in the back seat and then said，“ Thanks. If youre sure it wouldnt be too muchtrouble， you could help me get these suitcases into a taxi.”

“No trouble at all. Id be glad to help.”

The young man got out and took one of the suitcases from the back seat. After placingit on the ground， he turned to get the other one. Just as Arthur picked up the first suitcaseand started walking， he heard the long loud noise of an alarm.

It was from the bank. There had been a robbery （搶劫）！

Park Avenue had been quiet a moment before. Now the air was filled with the sound ofthe alarm and the shouts of people running from all directions. Cars stopped and the passengersjoined the crowd in front of the bank. People asked each other，“ What happened？”But everyone had a different answer.

Arthur， still carrying the suitcase， turned to look at the bank and walked right into the young woman in front of him.

She looked at the suitcase and then at him. Arthur was surprised.

“Why is she looking at me like that？” he thought.“ The suitcase！ She thinks I'm the?bank thief！”

Arthur looked around at the crowd of people. He became frightened， and without?another thought， he started to run.

Paragraph 1：

As he was running， Arthur heard the young man shouting behind“， Stop， stop！”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2：

The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

前文在開始就點(diǎn)出了這是一個funny的故事，那么，在續(xù)寫的時候就要注意寫出“滑稽、好笑”，這樣才能和前文的故事邏輯一致。所以，設(shè)計一個誤解的故事就比較符合前文的思路。以下范文就比較合理。

Paragraph 1：

As he was running， Arthur heard the young man shouted behind，“ Stop， stop！” But consideringthe situation， Arthur ran even faster. But with the heavy suitcase， he couldnt ranfast enough. And a strong sense of fear surged through him， his heart pounding and palmssweating. As he was totally exhausted， he saw a taxi. Arthur stopped it immediately andthrew himself into the back seat， leaving the suitcase behind. The moment he got into thecar， he asked the driver to go to the Police Station in a frightening tone. Realizing what washappening， the driver pulled out at full speed to the destination.

Paragraph 2：

The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station. Arthur ran into it as soon as it stopped，shouting，“ Theres a bank robbery and I know the bank thief.” Hardly had Arthur finishedhis story when the policemen started for the bank without delay. When they arrived at thespot， they were surprised to find that many people were crowding around the young man，who looked quite worried. Finally， Arthur realized that he had made a mistake. The loudnoise of the alarm was incorrectly made by the banks system and nothing happened to thebank， but the young man was worried that someone had robbed him of his suitcase.

該續(xù)寫范文在三個邏輯點(diǎn)上都銜接得很好。

續(xù)寫第一段段首句后面緊接著but引導(dǎo)的表示轉(zhuǎn)折的句子，和段首句密切關(guān)聯(lián)。

續(xù)寫第一段最后寫道“The moment he got into the car， he asked the driver to go tothe Police Station in a frightening tone. Realizing what was happening， the driver pulled outat full speed to the destination.”。這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上很好地銜接了第二段的段首句中出租車停在了警察局門口的信息。

續(xù)寫第二段緊跟段首句的內(nèi)容“Arthur ran into it as soon as it stopped， shouting，‘Theres a bank robbery and I know the bank thief.”和前面的內(nèi)容在邏輯上保持了高度一致。

（四）描寫要精妙，但不一定要使用太過書面化的長句

從讀后續(xù)寫的本質(zhì)上來看，考生要特別重視的實(shí)際上是描寫的豐富。因?yàn)楣适碌那楣?jié)由于有前文和兩個段首句的限制，走偏的可能性不是很大。那么答卷的區(qū)分度在很大程度上就落在了語言上面。續(xù)寫使用的語言要精簡而有閃光點(diǎn)。故事的敘述不要用太過復(fù)雜的句子，但是，用詞要精巧，要有高級的詞匯。而這些高級的詞匯，要注意在平時的練習(xí)中多積累。此外，我們還要積累一些表達(dá)特定情緒的句子，如，表達(dá)緊張害怕的句子：

1. I caught a trace of unease on her face. 我在她臉上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一絲不安。

2. My heart began to thump with excitement. 我激動得心怦怦直跳。

3. The whole family was on pins and needles. 全家人都如坐針氈。

4. My throat tightened and my knees felt weak. 我喉嚨發(fā)緊，雙膝發(fā)軟。

5. He felt a cold shiver of fear run through him. 他嚇得打了一個寒戰(zhàn)。

6. I froze with terror， too scared to move an inch. 我嚇呆了，一動也不敢動。

7. He turned to me， with his eyes full of horror. 他轉(zhuǎn)向我，眼里充滿了恐懼。

8. An air of tenseness and excitement settled over the crowd. 人群中彌漫著緊張和興奮的氣氛。

9. A strong sense of nervousness surged through me. 一種強(qiáng)烈的緊張感涌上心頭。

我們還可以歸納一些常見情緒的相關(guān)表達(dá)，如緊張害怕、開心快樂、悲傷痛苦、憤怒生氣、感動感恩等，平時多讀多練，讓它們成為自己的表達(dá)，那么，在寫作的過程中，我們自然而然就會文思泉涌。

我們也可以收集一些相關(guān)表達(dá)的詞匯，歸納并積累，多讀多練，如，表示各種各樣的“說”的單詞：

assert 斷言道

boom 低沉而有力地說

burst out 突然爆發(fā)出

croak 啞著嗓子說道

cry 大聲呼叫

declare 宣告

equivocate 支吾道

grunt/mutter/mumble 咕噥著說/嘀咕道/嘟噥道

murmur 喃喃細(xì)語道

roar 吼叫道

scream/shrill 尖叫道

shout 叫嚷道

snort 哼道

stutter/stammer 結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說

trill 歡快地高聲說

whisper/breathe 低聲說

yell 叫喊道

beg 哀求道

bellow 吼叫

blurt 脫口而出

boast 自夸

chide 責(zé)備道

claim 聲稱；宣稱

comment 議論道

complain 抱怨道

console 安慰道

exclaim 驚叫道

explode 大發(fā)雷霆道

gasp 喘著氣說話

groan 呻吟；嘆息

grumble 嘟噥道/發(fā)牢騷道

gush 過分稱贊道

hiss 生氣地低聲說

howl 怒吼

implore 哀求道

moan/groan 呻吟道

plead 懇求道

最后，我們還可以收集一些有關(guān)動作的表達(dá)，多讀多練，這樣我們的表達(dá)就會更加生動。

（五）續(xù)寫的詞匯特征要和前文保持一致

目前有一些學(xué)生喜歡在讀后續(xù)寫中使用一些很生僻的單詞，甚至有很多單詞是現(xiàn)代英語中并不常用的詞匯。實(shí)際上續(xù)寫就是要寫出和前文在各個方面都一致的內(nèi)容，在文體和詞匯色彩上也要和前文保持一致。如果前文使用“白話文”文體，而續(xù)寫卻使用了“文言文”文體，那么就不合適。因此，我們要在詞匯的積累和平時的訓(xùn)練中，注意用詞的一致性。

（六）訓(xùn)練中養(yǎng)成良好的寫作習(xí)慣

1. 認(rèn)真閱讀前文。在閱讀的過程中要特別注意前文故事的核心框架，結(jié)合所提供的段首句，構(gòu)思合理的故事結(jié)構(gòu)。同時要特別注意前文中重要的詞匯，對人物性格、作者用詞色彩、故事發(fā)展有重要作用的詞匯要特別關(guān)注。

2. 寫作前，要在腦海中形成一個故事的基本框架。建議在正式答卷之前，寫出簡單的草稿。

3. 仔細(xì)檢查續(xù)寫故事和前文故事情節(jié)是否一致。檢查續(xù)寫的三個邏輯點(diǎn)是否能夠相互銜接，故事的發(fā)展、時間順序、用詞色彩等方面是否和前文一致。

4. 對文字描述進(jìn)行“高級”潤色?？紤]使用生動的描述詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)，避免重復(fù)使用詞匯。

5. 對故事草稿進(jìn)行再次檢查，明確故事的設(shè)計思路和結(jié)構(gòu)。

6. 認(rèn)真謄寫在答題卷上?？忌貏e注意書寫的規(guī)范。