徐彧 杜豐夷 袁小佳 趙天佐 陳正光
[摘要] 目的:探討血尿酸及鈣化積分對(duì)深度學(xué)習(xí)算法下冠脈綜合征(CCS)患者血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(CT-FFR)的影響。方法:回顧性分析150例冠狀動(dòng)脈(冠脈)CTA(CCTA)示靶血管狹窄的慢性CCS患者,采用深度學(xué)習(xí)法計(jì)算其CT-FFR,取3支靶血管中最低值作為該患者CT-FFR,按CT-FFR>0.8及CT-FFR≤0.8分為正常組77例、異常組73例,比較2組血尿酸值及總鈣化積分;采用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)CT-FFR、血尿酸、鈣化積分行Pearson分析;使用logistic回歸分析且通過(guò)ROC曲線評(píng)估其診斷效能。結(jié)果:2組在鈣化積分上差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=-5.958,P<0.05),而血尿酸差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-0.448,P>0.05);Pearson相關(guān)分析得出,鈣化積分與CT-FFR呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.556,P<0.05);ROC曲線的AUC為0.782,且達(dá)到病變程度(CT-FFR≤0.8)的鈣化積分閾值為313.05分,約登指數(shù)為0.464,其診斷準(zhǔn)確率為78.2%,敏感度為68.5%,特異度為77.9%。結(jié)論:冠脈鈣化積分可能影響CT-FFR,可預(yù)測(cè)功能性缺血的發(fā)生,即鈣化積分越高,血管功能越差,CT-FFR越低,缺血越嚴(yán)重。CCS患者血尿酸是否與CT-FFR存在相關(guān)性有待進(jìn)一步研究。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 血尿酸;鈣化積分;血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù);冠狀動(dòng)脈;心肌缺血
Effect of blood uric acid and calcification scores to CT-based noninvasive fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) in patients with chronic coronary syndrome
[Abstract] Objective:To explore the effect of blood uric acid and calcification score to CT-based noninvasive fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Methods:A total of 150 CCS patients were enrolled,all patients underwent coronary CTA (CCTA) and stenosis in the target vessels was detected. and the serum uric acid concentration was measured during hospitalization. CT-FFR was calculated by deep learning method,and the lowest value among the three target vessels was taken as the CT-FFR value. According to the CT-FFR value,all patients were divided into the normal group (CT-FFR>0.8,77 cases) and the abnormal group (CT-FFR≤0.8,73 cases),and the serum uric acid and the total calcification score were compared between the two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed for CT-FFR and serum uric acid,total calcification score,logistic regression analysis was performed,and the diagnostic accuracy was analyzed by ROC curve. Results:There was a statistically significant difference in calcification score between the two groups (Z=-5.958,P<0.05) and no significant difference in serum uric acid (t=-0.448,P>0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between calcification score and CT-FFR (r=-0.556,P<0.05). The AUC was 0.782,and the calcification score threshold for pathological level (CT-FFR≤0.8) was 313.05 points,with a Youden index of 0.464,an accuracy of 78.2%,a sensitivity of 68.5% and a specificity of 77.9%. Conclusions:The calcification score of coronary artery can influence the CT-FFR value and can predict the occurrence of functional ischemia. The greater the calcification score,the lower the CT-FFR. Whether uric acid has a corrrelation with CT-FFR in CCS patients needs the further study.
[Key words] Serum uric acid;Calcification score;Fractional flow reserve;Coronary artery;Myocardial ischaemia
冠狀動(dòng)脈(冠脈)造影下的血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(fractional flow reserve,F(xiàn)FR)作為診斷的冠脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1],存在費(fèi)用高、有創(chuàng)等局限。而基于冠脈CTA(coronary computed tomography angiography,CCTA)的血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(computed tomography derived fractional flow reserve,CT-FFR)因具有無(wú)創(chuàng)、便捷快速、診斷效能高等特點(diǎn)[2-3]被應(yīng)用于臨床。
既往大量研究表明,高血尿酸血癥(hyperuricemia,HUA)是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心?。┑奈kU(xiǎn)因素[4]。臨床診斷冠脈狹窄往往基于其解剖學(xué)的結(jié)構(gòu)狹窄,忽視了管腔狹窄后血管自身代償及側(cè)支循環(huán)建立后血管所支配的心肌供血情況,不能客觀反映是否存在心肌缺血[5],且高濃度血尿酸對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮影響可導(dǎo)致血管不同程度鈣化,從而影響血管彈性[6-8]。因此,本研究以CCS患者的CT-FFR、血尿酸及鈣化積分為研究對(duì)象,探討血尿酸及鈣化積分是否對(duì)CT-FFR產(chǎn)生影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2018年6月至2021年6月于北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)東直門(mén)醫(yī)院行CCTA的慢性冠脈綜合征(chronic coronary syndrome,CCS)[9]患者,篩選其CCTA結(jié)果存在狹窄且有血尿酸檢測(cè)結(jié)果者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往行冠脈血運(yùn)重建;②存在心肌橋;③CTA圖像質(zhì)量不合格(呼吸錯(cuò)層偽影、斷層、層厚>1 mm等);④有其他可導(dǎo)致血尿酸代謝異常的血液系統(tǒng)性疾??;⑤近30 d曾服可致血尿酸含量增加的藥物。
最終納入150例,年齡34~88歲,其中男87例,平均年齡(65.33±9.89)歲;女63例,平均年齡(70.27±10.18)歲。根據(jù)2017年《中國(guó)高血尿酸血癥相關(guān)疾病診療多學(xué)科專家共識(shí)》[10],以男性血尿酸值>420 μmol/L、女性>360 μmol/L診斷為HUA,以CT-FFR=0.8為冠脈缺血的臨界值[11],>0.8為正常組(77例),≤0.8為異常組(73例)。所有患者均簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2? 儀器與方法
1.2.1? CCTA掃描? 使用Siemens新雙源CT對(duì)冠脈進(jìn)行掃描,患者心率≤90次/min。掃描參數(shù):100~120 kV,350~450 mA,準(zhǔn)直器寬度128×0.625 mm,層厚、層距均為0.5 mm,X線管轉(zhuǎn)速0.27 s/r,矩陣512×512。采用前瞻性心電門(mén)控及對(duì)比劑跟蹤技術(shù),經(jīng)肘正中靜脈注射對(duì)比劑碘佛醇注射液,流率4~5 mL/s。行MPR、MIP、CPR及VR,同時(shí)按Agatston等[12]積分法計(jì)算鈣化積分(圖1)。
1.2.2? CT-FFR的測(cè)量? 將掃描后的圖像以MPR/斷面層DICOM格式導(dǎo)入專業(yè)CT-FFR計(jì)算軟件(深脈分?jǐn)?shù)?-DVFFR,科亞醫(yī)療,中國(guó))。軟件自動(dòng)識(shí)別圖像中冠脈的管腔及中心線,提取其算法所需幾何特征,對(duì)其進(jìn)行基于Poiseuille定律和Navier-Stokes方程計(jì)算,使流體力學(xué)特征融合深度學(xué)習(xí)模擬算法。分析冠脈左前降支、左回旋支、右冠脈的CT-FFR及數(shù)值可視化的冠脈血管樹(shù),以最低值作為該患者的冠脈CT-FFR(圖2)。
1.3? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用SPSS 26.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,對(duì)連續(xù)性變量行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用[x]±s表示,非正態(tài)分布用M(Q1,Q2)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料用頻數(shù)和率表示。正態(tài)性數(shù)據(jù)組間比較行獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),非正態(tài)及等級(jí)變量行Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)非參數(shù)秩和檢驗(yàn)。對(duì)CT-FFR、血尿酸值、鈣化積分等行Pearson相關(guān)分析。通過(guò)logistic回歸分析進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè),通過(guò)ROC曲線分析鈣化積分、血尿酸和CT-FFR對(duì)缺血性狹窄的診斷價(jià)值。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2? 結(jié)果
2組性別、年齡及血尿酸比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);而2組鈣化積分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=-5.958,P<0.05)(表1),即血管無(wú)功能學(xué)狹窄患者的鈣化積分更低。
鈣化積分與CT-FFR呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.556,P<0.001),即鈣化積分越高,CT-FFR越低;而血尿酸與CT-FFR、鈣化積分均無(wú)相關(guān)性(r=0.078,0.019;均P>0.05)。
logistic回歸分析顯示,2組僅鈣化積分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(β=0.003,P<0.001)。繪制ROC曲線(圖3),計(jì)算AUC為0.782,即鈣化積分預(yù)測(cè)冠脈缺血的準(zhǔn)確率為78.2%,敏感度為68.5%,特異度為77.9%,且異常組的鈣化積分閾值為313.05分,約登指數(shù)為0.464。
3? 討論
本研究以CT-FFR作為冠脈狹窄的評(píng)估指標(biāo),探討血尿酸、總鈣化積分對(duì)CT-FFR的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血尿酸水平與冠脈狹窄缺血無(wú)相關(guān)性,但鈣化積分與CT-FFR呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),即鈣化積分越高,冠脈狹窄造成的心肌缺血越嚴(yán)重,且當(dāng)鈣化積分>313.05分時(shí),CT-FFR≤0.8,其預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確率為78.2%,敏感度為68.5%,特異度為77.9%。既往關(guān)于血尿酸與冠脈狹窄的研究[13]多基于CCTA下的冠脈管腔解剖學(xué)狹窄情況,而因側(cè)支循環(huán)及自身代償?shù)纫蛩貙?dǎo)致管腔解剖學(xué)的狹窄程度常與真實(shí)的缺血程度存在一定差異。多項(xiàng)研究表明,CT-FFR與FFR在冠脈狹窄血流動(dòng)力學(xué)評(píng)估方面一致性較好[14-16]。本研究應(yīng)用CT-FFR作為評(píng)價(jià)冠脈狹窄所致心肌缺血的功能性評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),將其與血尿酸及鈣化積分聯(lián)合進(jìn)行分析,為CCS合并HUA及冠脈高鈣化積分患者的冠脈狹窄缺血事件發(fā)生的預(yù)防提供一定依據(jù)。
研究表明,HUA與冠脈疾病密切相關(guān)[4,17],血尿酸越高,血管狹窄程度越重[18]。而本研究中血尿酸與CT-FFR并無(wú)相關(guān)性,原因可能是由于血尿酸產(chǎn)生的炎性反應(yīng)、血小板激化、血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂等[19-20]機(jī)制需在一定時(shí)間下促使管腔狹窄,早期HUA可能并未對(duì)管腔狹窄及血管彈性產(chǎn)生影響。DAI等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)血尿酸>467 μmol/L時(shí),3支病變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加。因此,血尿酸在超過(guò)一定閾值時(shí)對(duì)冠脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)產(chǎn)生明確的影響,但這個(gè)閾值可能并非臨床診斷HUA的數(shù)值。后續(xù)需行大樣本量臨床研究及基礎(chǔ)試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步明確此閾值。后期研究中應(yīng)考慮患者HUA的病程及是否有尿酸鹽結(jié)晶等因素,同時(shí)將血尿酸進(jìn)行分層研究。
Qi等[22]的研究表明,鈣化積分與血管狹窄存在相關(guān)性,鈣化積分越高,血管狹窄越嚴(yán)重。本研究中鈣化積分與CT-FFR呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),即鈣化積分越高,CT-FFR越低,冠脈功能缺血狹窄越嚴(yán)重,當(dāng)鈣化積分>313.05分時(shí),CT-FFR≤0.8,其預(yù)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確率為78.2%,敏感度為68.5%,特異度為77.9%。本研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)鈣化積分與冠脈功能學(xué)缺血狹窄亦有關(guān),其準(zhǔn)確率尚可,敏感度一般。冠脈鈣化多因鈣鹽沉積于血管壁使中膜及內(nèi)膜受損,導(dǎo)致血管硬化,從而影響冠脈血流,與本研究高鈣化積分患者CT-FFR低的結(jié)果一致。既往研究多以斑塊性質(zhì)為切入點(diǎn),探討不同斑塊的鈣化積分對(duì)心功能的影響[23-25],本研究從血管鈣化影響血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的角度論證高鈣化積分對(duì)心血管產(chǎn)生的影響,在理論上雖然血管鈣化對(duì)血管彈性的影響可能導(dǎo)致CT-FFR測(cè)量值存在偏倚,但目前研究認(rèn)為血管鈣化并未影響CT-FFR的診斷效能[26]。
本研究存在的不足:樣本量較?。凰免}化積分為總鈣化積分,反映的是血管整體的斑塊負(fù)荷情況,而總鈣化積分并不能完全等同于靶血管缺血部位的鈣化程度,因此下一步有待擴(kuò)大樣本量針對(duì)各靶血管的鈣化積分進(jìn)行細(xì)化分析。
綜上所述,CCS患者鈣化積分與CT-FFR呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),可預(yù)測(cè)冠脈狹窄所致的心肌缺血情況;而CCS患者血尿酸是否與CT-FFR存在相關(guān)性,需進(jìn)一步研究。
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