王嘯云 楊健康
摘要:目的? 分析黑色素瘤(MEL)和健康人外周血外泌體差異表達(dá)基因,構(gòu)建競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源RNA(CeRNA)網(wǎng)絡(luò),尋找MEL新的分子機(jī)制。方法? 從exoRBase 2.0外泌體數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中下載21例黑色素瘤病人和118名健康人外周血RNA表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)譜(包括mRNA、lncRNA和circRNA),利用R的limma包和Cytoscape軟件找出差異表達(dá)基因,預(yù)測(cè)miRNA后構(gòu)建CeRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)并可視化,并對(duì)CeRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的mRNA進(jìn)行GO富集分析。結(jié)果? 篩選出138個(gè)差異表達(dá)mRNA,135個(gè)差異表達(dá)lncRNA和33個(gè)差異表達(dá)circRNA。通過(guò)構(gòu)建CeRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)現(xiàn),mRNA、lncRNA和circRNA競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地結(jié)合miRNA,且與miRNA相結(jié)合的circRNA表達(dá)均下調(diào),mRNA表達(dá)大多下調(diào),而lncRNA的表達(dá)則大多數(shù)呈現(xiàn)上調(diào)的趨勢(shì)。CeRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的差異表達(dá)mRNA GO富集分析顯示,這些基因主要與mRNA分解代謝過(guò)程的調(diào)節(jié)等相關(guān)。結(jié)論? 健康人群和MEL患者外周血外泌體具有顯著差異性,且mRNA、lncRNA和circRNA可以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地與MEL相關(guān)的miRNA結(jié)合,實(shí)現(xiàn)相互調(diào)控。這些CeRNA基因?yàn)檫M(jìn)一步研究MEL發(fā)生發(fā)展提供了分子基礎(chǔ),為MEL早期檢查和治療提供新靶點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:黑色素瘤;外泌體;差異表達(dá)基因
中圖分類號(hào):R739.5? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.04.002
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2024)04-0008-06
Expression of Exosomal Genes in Melanoma and Construction of ceRNA Network
WANG Xiao-yun,YANG Jian-kang
(School of Basic Medical Sciences,Dali University,Dali 671000,Yunnan,China)
Abstract:Objective? To investigate the novel molecular mechanism of melanoma (MEL) exosomes by analyzing differentially expressed genes and constructing a competing endogenous RNA (CeRNA) network.Methods? The RNA expression profiles (including mRNA, lncRNA and circRNA) of peripheral blood from 21 melanoma patients and 118 healthy people were downloaded from the exoRBase 2.0 exosome database. The differentially expressed genes were identified by R's limma package and Cytoscape software. After predicting miRNAs, the CeRNA network was constructed and visualized, and the mRNAs in the CeRNA network were subjected to GO enrichment analysis.Results? A total of 138 differentially expressed mRNAs, 135 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 33 differentially expressed circRNAs were screened. Through the construction of CeRNA network, it was found that mRNA, lncRNA and circRNA competitively bind to miRNA, and the expression of circRNA combined with miRNA was down-regulated. The expression of mRNA was mostly down-regulated, while the expression of lncRNA was mostly up-regulated. GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs in the CeRNA network showed that these genes were mainly related to the regulation of mRNA catabolic processes.Conclusion? There are significant differences in peripheral blood exosomes between healthy people and MEL patients, and mRNA, lncRNA and circRNA can competitively bind to MEL-related miRNAs to achieve mutual regulation. These CeRNA genes provide a molecular basis for further study of the occurrence and development of MEL, and provide new targets for early detection and treatment of MEL.
Key words:Melanoma;Exosomes;Differentially expressed genes
黑色素瘤(melanoma)是一種由黑色素細(xì)胞發(fā)展而來(lái)的惡性腫瘤,多發(fā)于皮膚,存在年齡和人種差異,好發(fā)于成人,并在白種人中最為常見(jiàn),男性發(fā)病率和死亡率均高于女性[1]。黑色素瘤有多種危險(xiǎn)因素,長(zhǎng)期日光暴露即暴露于紫外線會(huì)增加患黑色素瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),黑素細(xì)胞痣的數(shù)量、家族史和遺傳易感性也是黑色素瘤的重要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[2]。組織活檢是黑色素瘤診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。外科手術(shù)治療以及必要時(shí)配合術(shù)后靶向藥物及免疫治療是治療黑色素瘤的有效方法。外泌體(exosome)是由細(xì)胞內(nèi)多泡體與細(xì)胞膜融合后,釋放到細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的膜性囊泡,可以將多種物質(zhì)運(yùn)送到靶細(xì)胞,包括蛋白質(zhì)、DNA和RNA等,其在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展階段起著重要的作用,如腫瘤微環(huán)境的形成、血管生成、腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲等。本研究利用exoRBase 2.0數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、TargetScan數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、miRanda數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、miRcode數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和ENCORI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),通過(guò)尋找黑色素瘤外泌體差異表達(dá)RNA、構(gòu)建競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源RNA(Competingendogenous RNA,ceRNA)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和功能分析,分析黑色素瘤外泌體相關(guān)信使RNA(mRNA)、長(zhǎng)非編碼RNA(lncRNA)和環(huán)狀RNA(circRNA)以及三者之間的相互作用關(guān)系,以期為早期檢測(cè)和治療黑色素瘤提供更多參考數(shù)據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1數(shù)據(jù)下載? 從exoRBase 2.0數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(http://www.exorbase.org/)中下載21例黑色素瘤患者和118名健康人樣本外泌體RNA數(shù)據(jù),其中包括circRNA,lncRNA和mRNA表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù),所有的樣本均由人類血液外泌體的轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序技術(shù)(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)數(shù)據(jù)分析所得,在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。
1.2差異表達(dá)基因(DEGs)篩選? 使用R 4.2.2軟件對(duì)表達(dá)譜數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,使用R中l(wèi)imma包和sva包篩選出DEGs。當(dāng)log2FC>0且P<0.05時(shí)認(rèn)為RNA是差異表達(dá)基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)(包括DEmRNAs、DElncRNAs和DEcircRNAs),當(dāng)log2FC>2時(shí)為顯著差異基因。使用pheatmap包進(jìn)行DEGs熱圖繪制。
1.3 miRNA預(yù)測(cè)及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源RNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建? 使用TargetScan數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(https://www.targetscan.org/vert_80/)和miRanda數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(http://cbio.mskcc.org/microrna_data/miRanda-aug2010.tar.gz)對(duì)mRNA對(duì)應(yīng)的miRNA進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè),使用miRcode數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(http://www.mircode.org/)對(duì)lncRNA對(duì)應(yīng)的miRNA進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè),使用ENCORI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(https://rnasysu.com/encori/)對(duì)circRNA對(duì)應(yīng)的miRNA進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)的miRNA結(jié)果使用Cytoscape 3.10.0軟件對(duì)所得到的對(duì)應(yīng)結(jié)果進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源RNA(CeRNA)網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建并將結(jié)果進(jìn)行可視化。
1.4功能富集分析? 采用基因本體論(gene ontology,GO)分析對(duì)差異表達(dá)基因中的mRNA進(jìn)行分析,其中包括生物過(guò)程(BP)、細(xì)胞組分(CC)和分子功能(MF)3個(gè)部分。利用R中clusterProfiler、enrichplot和ggplot2對(duì)差異mRNA進(jìn)行顯著性分析和所得結(jié)果可視化。
2結(jié)果
2.1 DEGs篩選? 通過(guò)對(duì)比exoRBase 2.0數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的黑色素瘤患者和健康人血液外泌體表達(dá)譜數(shù)據(jù),篩選出差異表達(dá)mRNA 138個(gè),其中35個(gè)基因下調(diào),有3個(gè)基因顯著下調(diào),包括PABPC1L2B、NR3C1、MTNR1A;103個(gè)基因上調(diào),有50個(gè)基因顯著上調(diào)。分析得到135個(gè)差異lncRNA,15個(gè)下調(diào),其中AC022596.1顯著下調(diào);在120個(gè)上調(diào)lncRNA中有48個(gè)顯著上調(diào)。33個(gè)差異circRNA均下調(diào)但沒(méi)有顯著下調(diào)的circRNA。DEGs熱圖見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源RNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建? 使用TargetScan、miRanda、miRcode和ENCORI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)預(yù)測(cè)與miRNA結(jié)合的3種RNA,分別找到mRNA 9個(gè)、lncRNA 12個(gè)、circRNA 9個(gè)可以與miRNA結(jié)合。使用Cytoscape軟件對(duì)所得到的網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行構(gòu)建(圖2),結(jié)果顯示與miRNA相關(guān)聯(lián)的circRNA表達(dá)均下調(diào),mRNA大多下調(diào),而相連的lncRNA則大多上調(diào)。
2.3功能富集分析結(jié)果? 由于mRNA結(jié)果較少,本研究只進(jìn)行了GO富集分析,且結(jié)果顯示差異表達(dá)基因富集的生物學(xué)過(guò)程(BP)主要包括核轉(zhuǎn)錄mRNA分解代謝過(guò)程的調(diào)節(jié)(regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process)、mRNA代謝過(guò)程的調(diào)控(regulation of mRNA metabolic process)和核轉(zhuǎn)錄mRNA分解代謝過(guò)程(nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process)等;差異表達(dá)基因富集的細(xì)胞組分(CC)主要包括胞質(zhì)核糖核蛋白顆粒(cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule)、核糖核蛋白體(ribonucleoprotein granule)和胞質(zhì)應(yīng)激顆粒(cytoplasmic stress granule)等;差異表達(dá)基因富集的分子功能(MF)主要包括miRNA結(jié)合(miRNA binding)、核心啟動(dòng)子序列特異性DNA結(jié)合(core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding)和RNA結(jié)合的調(diào)節(jié)(regulatory RNA binding)等,見(jiàn)圖3。
3討論
黑色素瘤是一種侵襲性強(qiáng)且預(yù)后較差的惡性腫瘤,亞洲人常見(jiàn)的黑色素瘤發(fā)病部位主要位于四肢,與基因突變相關(guān)的可能性較大[2,3]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道稱[4],黑色素瘤與BRAF、NRAS、NF1等基因突變相關(guān)。外泌體是由細(xì)胞分泌的外囊泡,內(nèi)含有蛋白質(zhì)、DNA、RNA等多種生物活性物質(zhì)。外泌體與免疫反應(yīng)、病毒致病性、妊娠、心血管疾病、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相關(guān)疾病和癌癥進(jìn)展有關(guān)。信使RNA(mRNA)是蛋白質(zhì)合成的模板,本研究通過(guò)GO富集分析發(fā)現(xiàn),黑色素瘤差異表達(dá)mRNA主要與mRNA分解代謝和翻譯過(guò)程的調(diào)控等過(guò)程相關(guān)。長(zhǎng)非編碼RNA(LncRNA)是一類轉(zhuǎn)錄長(zhǎng)度超過(guò)200 nt的非編碼RNA,缺乏蛋白質(zhì)編碼能力,但可以在轉(zhuǎn)錄和表觀遺傳方面調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)。LncRNA已被證實(shí)是原癌基因、癌基因和轉(zhuǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)化的驅(qū)動(dòng)因子[5]。作為內(nèi)源RNA(ceRNA),lncRNA與海綿微小RNA(miRNA)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)。microRNA(miRNA)是包含21~23個(gè)核苷酸的小單鏈非編碼RNA分子,參與各種生物學(xué)過(guò)程,如細(xì)胞分化、炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激[6,7]。此外,miRNA通過(guò)和靶基因mRNA堿基配對(duì)引導(dǎo)沉默復(fù)合體降解mRNA或阻礙其翻譯來(lái)參與RNA沉默和基因表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)節(jié)[8,9]。
本研究篩選出9個(gè)mRNA參與構(gòu)建CeRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò),異質(zhì)核糖核蛋白K(hnRNPK)是編碼核酸結(jié)合蛋白的mRNA。有研究表明[10],在黑色素瘤細(xì)胞中hnRNPK的過(guò)表達(dá)可以增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移的能力,hnRNPK調(diào)節(jié)的LINC 00263通過(guò)充當(dāng)miR-147a誘餌并因此上調(diào)CAPN2,從而影響黑色素瘤的惡性程度。真核翻譯起始因子4B(EIF4B)編碼的蛋白質(zhì)參與真核翻譯起始因子4F復(fù)合物的組裝和翻譯預(yù)起始復(fù)合物的形成,在BRAF突變的黑色素瘤中,EIF4B通過(guò)翻譯促進(jìn)ATF4表達(dá),從而影響黑色素瘤細(xì)胞的存活[11,12]。Y盒結(jié)合蛋白1可編碼同時(shí)具有DNA和RNA結(jié)合蛋白功能的蛋白質(zhì),并且與許多細(xì)胞過(guò)程有關(guān),包括轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯的調(diào)節(jié)、前mRNA剪接、DNA修復(fù)和mRNA包裝。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[13],敲低YBX1可以降低NOTCH3的表達(dá),從而抑制黑色素瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力,而B(niǎo)ASP1-AS1與YBX1相互作用可以啟動(dòng)NOTCH3轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程,從而導(dǎo)致多個(gè)癌基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄(c-MYC、PCNA等),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)黑色素瘤發(fā)展。
KCNQ1重疊轉(zhuǎn)錄本1(KCNQ1OT1)是在KCNQ1位點(diǎn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)非編碼RNA基因,在結(jié)直腸癌、卵巢癌、膠質(zhì)瘤等多種癌癥中表達(dá)水平發(fā)生變化,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、遷移和耐藥性等變化[14]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道稱[15],KCNQ1OT1在黑色素瘤患者組織中表達(dá)增加,可促進(jìn)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移;KCNQ1OT1通過(guò)與miR-153直接結(jié)合充當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源RNA以抑制MET原癌基因表達(dá);KCNQ1OT1表達(dá)水平高的患者的總體生存率低于表達(dá)水平低的患者。本研究通過(guò)分析lncRNA-miRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)現(xiàn),KCNQ1OT1可與miR-125b-5p和miR-137結(jié)合。miR-125b-5p在各種腫瘤組織中低表達(dá)并充當(dāng)腫瘤抑制劑。Chen P等[16]研究表明,在卵巢組織中KCNQ1OT1高表達(dá),miR-125b-5p低表達(dá),KCNQ1OT1通過(guò)結(jié)合miR-125b-5p促進(jìn)卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移,且KCNQ1OT1通過(guò)miR-125b-5p/CD147軸促進(jìn)卵巢癌進(jìn)展。miR-137位于人類染色體1p22上,通過(guò)細(xì)胞周期控制在幾種癌癥類型中充當(dāng)腫瘤抑制因子,包括鼻咽癌、前列腺癌、鱗狀細(xì)胞癌和黑色素瘤[17-19]。研究表明[20],敲低KCNQ1OT1可增加巨噬細(xì)胞miR-137水平,降低腫瘤壞死因子α誘導(dǎo)蛋白1表達(dá),抑制炎癥反應(yīng),減輕氧化應(yīng)激。
母系表達(dá)基因3(MEG3)是一種母系表達(dá)的印跡長(zhǎng)非編碼RNA基因,其作為腫瘤細(xì)胞中的生長(zhǎng)抑制因子,如MEG3的過(guò)表達(dá)通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)miR-184的表達(dá)顯著抑制慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和侵襲[21-23]。在黑色素瘤中,MEG3表達(dá)明顯減少;MEG3上調(diào)可誘導(dǎo)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制侵襲和遷移能力,阻斷Wnt信號(hào)通路抑制黑色素瘤的發(fā)展[24]。MEG3可直接調(diào)節(jié)以下軸:miR-499- 5 p/CYLD賴氨酸63去泛素酶和miR-21/E-鈣粘蛋白[23,25]。CYLD是多種致癌途徑的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子,E-鈣粘蛋白增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞間相互作用,從而預(yù)防轉(zhuǎn)移[26-29]。miR-27a水平的增加抑制Th 1和Th 17細(xì)胞的分化并促進(jìn)黑素瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)[30]。本研究通過(guò)分析lncRNA-miRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)現(xiàn),MEG3可以與miR-27a-3p結(jié)合。MEG3-miRNA-27a-3p在癌癥中的作用尚未報(bào)道,但有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[31],MEG3的過(guò)表達(dá)可以增強(qiáng)IGF1的表達(dá)、抑制miRNA-27a-3p的表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)成骨分化。
綜上所述,與健康人相比,黑色素瘤患者外周血外泌體中多種RNA具有顯著差異,并且可與miRNA相互作用,從而影響黑色素瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的生物學(xué)過(guò)程,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為進(jìn)一步研究黑色素瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展提供了分子生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。
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收稿日期:2023-08-22;修回日期:2023-09-06
編輯/杜帆