收稿日期:2024-01-13" " "第一作者簡(jiǎn)介:周超澤(1999―),男,碩士研究生,z15257251689@163.com;黃義文(1994-),男,研究實(shí)習(xí)員,18838916683@163.com。 #同等貢獻(xiàn)。*通信作者:彭軍,jun_peng@126.com;匡猛,kuangmeng007@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:農(nóng)業(yè)生物育種重大項(xiàng)目(2022ZD04019);國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-15-26);三亞崖州灣科技城科技專項(xiàng)(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-62)
摘要:棉花是重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占據(jù)重要地位。棉籽作為棉花生產(chǎn)中的重要產(chǎn)物,富含優(yōu)質(zhì)的蛋白質(zhì)和油脂。充分挖掘利用棉籽中的蛋白和油分資源,能夠在一定程度上緩解糧食安全問題。隨著棉籽的綜合利用價(jià)值不斷被重視,有關(guān)棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)遺傳改良等的研究取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。本綜述介紹了棉籽蛋白與油分含量鑒定的常用方法,概述了這些性狀的遺傳特性和影響因素;對(duì)棉籽蛋白、油分含量與纖維產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)性狀之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析;收集整理已報(bào)道的335個(gè)油分含量數(shù)量性狀位點(diǎn)(quantitative trait locus, QTL)和196個(gè)蛋白含量QTL構(gòu)建了一致性物理圖譜;對(duì)棉籽蛋白與油分相關(guān)合成途徑和調(diào)控基因等方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行總結(jié),并展望了棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)生物育種未來的研究方向,旨在為棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的遺傳改良提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:棉籽蛋白;棉籽油分;QTL;物理圖譜;合成途徑;調(diào)控基因
Research progress on the genetic basis and QTL mapping of cottonseed protein and oil content
Zhou Chaoze1#, Huang Yiwen1, 2#, Zhou Dayun1, Huang Longyu1, 2, Wu Yuzhen1, Fu Shouyang1, 2, Peng Jun1, 2*, Kuang Meng1, 2*
(1. Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; 2. Sanya National Nanfan Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572024, China)
Abstract: Cotton is an important economic crop in the world, occupying a significant position in the national economy. Cottonseed, as the main product of cotton production, is rich in high-quality protein and oil. Against the backdrop of the current shortage of protein and oil resources, fully exploring and utilizing the protein and oil resources in cottonseed can ensure the safety of edible oil supply and alleviate food security issues. With the increasing attention paid to the comprehensive utilization of cottonseed, the research on the genetic improvement of cottonseed nutritional quality is gradually increasing. This review provides an overview of the common methods for determining cottonseed protein and oil content, and summarizes the genetic characteristics and influencing factors of these traits. The relationships among cottonseed protein and oil content and fiber yield as well as the fiber quality traits were analyzed. A total of 335 quantitative trait locus (QTL) for oil content and 196 QTL for protein content were collected to construct a consistent physical map. In addition, the research progress of cottonseed protein and oil related synthetic pathways and regulatory genes were introduced, and the future research directions of biological breeding for cottonseed nutritional quality was prospected, which can provide a reference for the genetic improvement of nutritional quality in cottonseed.
Keywords: cottonseed protein; cottonseed oil; QTL; physical map; biosynthetic pathway; regulatory genes
棉花(Gossypium spp.)是重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,長(zhǎng)期以來主要用于棉纖維的生產(chǎn),為紡織等工業(yè)提供大量的天然原料。隨著人口增加和人類生活水平的提高,對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)和油脂資源的需求不斷增加[1-2],急需拓寬蛋白質(zhì)和油脂來源。棉花是世界上第5大油料作物[3]和第2大植物蛋白來源,棉籽中富含優(yōu)質(zhì)的油脂和蛋白質(zhì)[4]。棉籽中的油分含量約占棉籽仁質(zhì)量的30%[5],蛋白含量約占棉籽仁質(zhì)量的40%[6]。棉籽油中含有豐富的不飽和脂肪酸(50%以上的亞油酸)、維生素E及較低含量的膽固醇,長(zhǎng)期食用有利于人體心腦血管健康[7]。而且,棉籽油不會(huì)掩蓋食物天然的味道,是食品業(yè)中油炸和精細(xì)烹飪用油的理想選擇[8]。由于其合適長(zhǎng)度的碳鏈,棉籽油還被視為1種理想的生物質(zhì)燃料原料[9]。棉籽蛋白中的氨基酸組成良好,包含人體必需的8種氨基酸,同時(shí)具有抗氧化、降血壓、提高免疫力等功能[10]。加工后的棉籽濃縮蛋白含量在50%~70%[11],可部分替代魚粉及大豆蛋白,在飼用行業(yè)有極大的利用空間[12]。在我國(guó)食用植物油自給率僅約30%,且飼用蛋白大量緊缺、全球糧油價(jià)格持續(xù)上漲的背景下,加強(qiáng)高油、高蛋白性狀的遺傳改良和棉花新品種培育,提高棉籽蛋白與油分的綜合利用率,可在一定程度上補(bǔ)足國(guó)內(nèi)蛋白和油分資源的供需缺口,保障國(guó)家糧食安全。
然而,不同于一般的農(nóng)藝性狀,棉籽蛋白與油分含量屬于棉花子代性狀,受多遺傳體系的影響[13],又是由多基因控制的數(shù)量性狀,易受環(huán)境因素的影響。并且蛋白油分含量與纖維性狀之間存在相關(guān)關(guān)系[14]。這些都給棉籽蛋白與油分含量相關(guān)基因的挖掘和遺傳機(jī)理研究帶來了嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。因此,本綜述整理了近年來與棉籽蛋白和油分含量相關(guān)的研究報(bào)道,總結(jié)了棉籽蛋白與油分含量的鑒定方法、遺傳基礎(chǔ)、影響因素、數(shù)量性狀位點(diǎn)(quantitative trait locus, QTL)定位和基因挖掘等方面取得的研究進(jìn)展,并對(duì)未來的遺傳改良研究方向進(jìn)行展望,以期為棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)相關(guān)研究提供參考。
1 棉籽蛋白與油分含量的測(cè)定方法
精確、快速、高效的棉籽蛋白與油分含量測(cè)定技術(shù)是種質(zhì)發(fā)掘、遺傳分析、QTL定位和功能基因挖掘的基礎(chǔ)。棉籽蛋白與油分含量的測(cè)定方法有多種,測(cè)定油分含量的方法有索氏抽提法[15]、氣相色譜法[16]、核磁共振法[17]以及近紅外光譜法[18]等;測(cè)定蛋白含量的方法有凱氏定氮法[19]、氨基酸分析法[20]、近紅外光譜法等。這些方法可以分為2類,即真值法和預(yù)測(cè)法。
真值法主要通過直接測(cè)定樣品中的油分或蛋白含量來獲得較為精確的數(shù)值。索氏抽提法利用半連續(xù)溶劑萃取,采用低沸點(diǎn)的有機(jī)溶劑回流抽提粗脂肪,以樣品與殘?jiān)馁|(zhì)量差計(jì)算粗脂肪含量。凱氏定氮法通過將有機(jī)氮轉(zhuǎn)化為氨態(tài)氮再與硫酸結(jié)合生成硫酸銨,測(cè)出有機(jī)物中含氮量后進(jìn)行換算,從而獲得樣品粗蛋白含量。這2種方法測(cè)定結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確,重復(fù)性好,是主流的蛋白與油分含量的檢測(cè)方法。氨基酸分析法利用氨基酸分析儀進(jìn)行茚三酮柱后衍生反應(yīng),鑒定氨基酸殘基的絕對(duì)含量,將各氨基酸殘基的總和作為蛋白質(zhì)含量[21]。氣相色譜法通過測(cè)定脂肪酸的絕對(duì)含量再換算成油分含量,可對(duì)微量樣品進(jìn)行分析。這2種方法都具有檢測(cè)靈敏、精確度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。上述4種方法都是通過測(cè)定樣品的蛋白或油分含量的真實(shí)值,具有較高的準(zhǔn)確性。然而這些方法操作復(fù)雜,檢測(cè)效率相對(duì)較低,價(jià)格昂貴,并且需要破壞種子的完整性,可用于小批量種子的鑒定,不適于育種后代材料的批量選擇。
預(yù)測(cè)法是通過建立模型對(duì)樣品的油分或蛋白含量進(jìn)行估算預(yù)測(cè)。核磁共振法主要利用測(cè)定原子核在磁場(chǎng)中及電磁波照射下的共振信號(hào),作出核磁共振圖譜以分析鑒定化合物的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)[22]。近紅外光譜法利用待測(cè)樣品中C-H、N-H、O-H、C-C等化學(xué)鍵在近紅外光下的振動(dòng)并以漫反射形式獲得吸收光譜,結(jié)合化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)等方法建立光譜與化學(xué)成分含量的線性或非線性模型,以此獲得待測(cè)成分的含量。核磁共振法和近紅外光譜法都是無損預(yù)測(cè)法,不同的是近紅外光譜法可同時(shí)測(cè)定多個(gè)參數(shù),而核磁共振法單次只能獲得1種參數(shù)。預(yù)測(cè)法具有檢測(cè)效率高、無需破損種子、操作簡(jiǎn)便、安全環(huán)保并且不需要復(fù)雜的前期處理等優(yōu)點(diǎn),適用于大批量種子的表型鑒定工作。但其測(cè)定結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確度依賴于定標(biāo)模型,且易受到種子含水量、樣品均勻性等因素的影響。
在開展相關(guān)測(cè)定工作時(shí),可根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?、待測(cè)樣品數(shù)量、材料特性以及實(shí)驗(yàn)需求等選擇合適的檢測(cè)方法,也可采取多種方法相互驗(yàn)證,以提高表型鑒定的準(zhǔn)確率。
2 棉籽蛋白與油分含量的遺傳基礎(chǔ)及影響因素
2.1 棉籽蛋白與油分含量的遺傳分化和遺傳效應(yīng)
棉籽蛋白含量和油分含量在種間和種內(nèi)均存在較大的變異[23],這為棉花油分和蛋白含量的遺傳改良和基因挖掘提供了豐富的種質(zhì)資源。Hinze等[24]分析了33個(gè)棉種共2 256份樣本的蛋白和油分含量,發(fā)現(xiàn)在所有供試棉種中,四倍體棉種具有最高的油分含量和次高的蛋白含量,而二倍體棉種的蛋白含量和油分含量普遍較低,栽培種的油分含量(22.7%)略高于野生種(20.9%),且陸地棉(G. hirsutum)和海島棉(G. barbadense)的蛋白含量和油分含量均具有廣泛的變異范圍。在栽培種中,海島棉的棉籽平均油分含量顯著高于陸地棉,草棉(G. herbaceum)和亞洲棉(G. arboreum)的棉籽含油量相對(duì)較低[25]。劉明等[26]對(duì)300份海島棉的油分與蛋白含量進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果表明蛋白含量和油分含量的變異范圍分別為25.92%~35.89%和35.79%~48.68%。Hu等[27]對(duì)318份陸地棉的蛋白與油分含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定,發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋白含量和油分含量的變異范圍分別為34.04%~45.68%和27.19%~39.89%。
除廣泛的表型變異外,棉籽蛋白與油分含量性狀均表現(xiàn)出較好的遺傳特性。劉小芳等[28]通過對(duì)陸地棉重組自交系群體進(jìn)行棉籽油分與蛋白含量的表型鑒定發(fā)現(xiàn),蛋白含量和油分含量均存在超親遺傳現(xiàn)象,其中油分含量存在超低親本的超親分離,蛋白含量表現(xiàn)為超高親本的超親分離。Singh等[29]利用8個(gè)陸地棉品種進(jìn)行雙列雜交,發(fā)現(xiàn)加性效應(yīng)和非加性效應(yīng)均對(duì)油分含量起重要作用。Du等[30]對(duì)316份棉花種質(zhì)進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),蛋白含量和油分含量的廣義遺傳力均在93%以上。以上結(jié)果表明棉籽蛋白含量和油分含量均存在豐富的遺傳變異且具有較高的遺傳穩(wěn)定性,這為棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)改良奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的遺傳基礎(chǔ)。
2.2 棉籽蛋白與油分含量的影響因素
除遺傳因素外,水分、溫度、土壤養(yǎng)分等環(huán)境因素也會(huì)對(duì)棉籽蛋白與油分含量產(chǎn)生影響[31-32]。一定程度的干旱脅迫會(huì)降低油分合成途徑中的一些關(guān)鍵酶活性并提高蛋白合成相關(guān)酶的活性,使得碳源更多地流向蛋白合成途徑[33],導(dǎo)致棉籽中油分含量降低、蛋白含量增加[6]。低溫會(huì)阻礙棉籽中干物質(zhì)的積累,導(dǎo)致籽指降低,從而降低棉籽油分含量[34]。Gong等[34]將日照時(shí)間、降水量、經(jīng)度、緯度等10個(gè)環(huán)境因素分為地理和氣象因子,并進(jìn)行去趨勢(shì)對(duì)應(yīng)分析(detrended correspondence analysis, DCA),結(jié)果表明日平均降水量、累計(jì)降水量是影響油分含量的主要因素,分別解釋棉籽油分含量總變異的19.6%和18.2%。棉籽中蛋白與油分的積累對(duì)土壤中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量較為敏感[35]。Rochester等[36]研究表明施用氮肥會(huì)增加棉籽蛋白含量,降低油分含量。在土壤中添加適量鉀元素可以顯著提高棉花的鈴數(shù)、籽棉產(chǎn)量、籽指以及棉籽油分含量[37]。棉籽中的蛋白與油分在一定的發(fā)育階段內(nèi)迅速積累。Yang等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在開花后17~24 d,大量游離氨基酸在種子內(nèi)部積累,開花后24~38 d游離氨基酸快速合成蛋白質(zhì),這2個(gè)時(shí)期對(duì)成熟棉籽的蛋白與油分含量有關(guān)鍵性影響。籽指與蛋白含量及油分含量之間有一定聯(lián)系。Pahlacani等[39]研究表明棉籽質(zhì)量與油分含量呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系(相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.88),較重的種子中積累了更多的光合產(chǎn)物(碳),從而積累更多的油分;另一方面,用于棉花生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的氮是有限的,蛋白質(zhì)在較大的種子中被“稀釋”,含量占比降低[40]。棉籽蛋白與油分含量還受到環(huán)境與基因型互作(genotype × environment, G × E)的影響。Yuan等[31]在3個(gè)環(huán)境下對(duì)196份國(guó)內(nèi)外陸地棉種質(zhì)的油分與蛋白含量進(jìn)行了測(cè)定,利用雙向方差分析發(fā)現(xiàn),蛋白與油分含量受到基因型、環(huán)境以及G × E的顯著影響。其他研究中也證明了G × E顯著影響蛋白與油分含量[14, 32, 41]。在先前的研究中,關(guān)于棉籽蛋白含量和油分含量之間的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系已經(jīng)得到了證實(shí)[24, 27],而這一現(xiàn)象在其他油料作物種子中也有類似的報(bào)道[42],因此,同時(shí)提高二者的含量仍然具有一定的挑戰(zhàn)性。
3 棉籽蛋白和油分含量與纖維品質(zhì)性狀之間的關(guān)系
在棉籽蛋白與油分含量的遺傳改良過程中,面臨的1個(gè)主要挑戰(zhàn)是如何在改良營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的同時(shí)不影響纖維主要品質(zhì)性狀。棉籽蛋白與油分存在于胚珠中,而纖維則是由胚珠表皮的單細(xì)胞突起的毛狀體發(fā)育而來[43],棉籽蛋白、油分含量與纖維品質(zhì)性狀之間存在著一定關(guān)聯(lián)性。Campbell等[14]對(duì)多個(gè)環(huán)境下的82份美國(guó)棉花種質(zhì)的棉籽蛋白與油分含量、纖維產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)性狀進(jìn)行測(cè)定,結(jié)果表明棉籽蛋白含量與皮棉產(chǎn)量、衣分、馬克隆值等性狀呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,而與籽指和纖維強(qiáng)度呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系;棉籽油分含量與皮棉產(chǎn)量、衣分等性狀呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,與籽指和纖維強(qiáng)度呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。Hu等[27]對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)318份陸地棉進(jìn)行分析,也得出相似的研究結(jié)果。蛋白、油分的含量和纖維發(fā)育之間可能涉及復(fù)雜的生化機(jī)制,當(dāng)胚珠中的碳源流向纖維時(shí)會(huì)使種子油分含量下降[44]。Yang等[45]發(fā)現(xiàn)體外添加超長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸可以促進(jìn)棉纖維的伸長(zhǎng)。研究人員利用全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS)發(fā)現(xiàn),棉籽蛋白、油分含量與纖維品質(zhì)性狀存在共定位位點(diǎn)[27]。這為棉花營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)和纖維品質(zhì)的協(xié)同改良提供了理論支持。
4 棉籽蛋白與油分含量QTL定位和GWAS研究進(jìn)展
QTL定位是作物分子育種和基因挖掘的基礎(chǔ)[46]。隨著棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)性狀不斷被重視,研究人員利用連鎖分析和關(guān)聯(lián)分析等方法在不同的群體中挖掘出一些與棉籽蛋白和油分含量相關(guān)的QTL。筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)從33個(gè)研究中[27-28, 30-32, 47-74]收集整理了335個(gè)棉籽油分含量QTL、196個(gè)棉籽蛋白含量QTL以及關(guān)聯(lián)位點(diǎn)標(biāo)記信息(附表1)。這些研究中的定位群體包括海陸漸滲系、重組自交系、染色體片段代換系以及用于GWAS的自然群體。由于群體遺傳背景、標(biāo)記類型、定位軟件和種植環(huán)境等的不同,研究結(jié)果之間存在較大差異。因此,整合不同的研究結(jié)果才能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多穩(wěn)定、主效的QTL。本文利用文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的QTL和單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)標(biāo)記,通過與陸地棉遺傳標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系TM-1基因組比對(duì),明確QTL和關(guān)聯(lián)位點(diǎn)的物理位置,構(gòu)建了棉籽蛋白與油分含量相關(guān)位點(diǎn)的一致性物理圖譜。由于側(cè)翼標(biāo)記未比對(duì)到同一染色體上、文獻(xiàn)未提供標(biāo)記序列信息等原因,該物理圖譜共包含188個(gè)QTL和469個(gè)分子標(biāo)記(圖1~2)。油分含量和蛋白含量QTL分別有109個(gè)和79個(gè)。表型變異解釋率(phenotypic variation explained, PVE)≥10%的棉籽蛋白含量主效QTL有25個(gè),其中5個(gè)是穩(wěn)定的主效QTL(qPC08.1、qPro2-c3-
2、qPC-A03-1、qPC-5和qPro1-c21-1),至少在2個(gè)環(huán)境中檢測(cè)到。PVE≥10%的棉籽油分含量主效QTL有23個(gè),其中3個(gè)是穩(wěn)定的主效QTL(qOC-chr11-1、qOC-chr12-1和qOil4-c21-1),至少在2個(gè)環(huán)境中檢測(cè)到。
陸地棉的26條染色體上均有相關(guān)QTL分布,A01(11個(gè))、A09(10個(gè))、A12(14個(gè))、D01(17個(gè))和D05(13個(gè))這5條染色體上含有10個(gè)及以上的棉籽蛋白或油分含量相關(guān)的QTL,其中D01染色體上定位到的QTL最多,包含8個(gè)PVE≥10%的QTL,主要位于D01染色體的0.6~12.8 Mb和53.0~64.5 Mb區(qū)間內(nèi)。A01染色體的4.1~6.5 Mb和A09染色體的65.7~74.2 Mb都包含了5個(gè)不同的QTL;A03染色體的65.3~73.2 Mb和D04染色體的4.2~7.2 Mb區(qū)間也有4個(gè)不同的QTL。還有一些蛋白含量和油分含量共定位的QTL。如Yu等[47]定位到A12染色體上的qPro1-c12-2和qOil2-c12-1(41.6~57.1 Mb)、D07染色體上的qOil2-c16-1和qPro1-
c16-1(13.3~26.8 Mb)、D08染色體上的qPro1-
c24-2和qOil2-c24-1(3.0~13.6 Mb);劉小芳等[28]和Yu等[47]定位到D05染色體上的qOil2-c19-1和qPro2-c19-1(12.2~46.3 Mb);秦利[48]定位到D13染色體上的qPC18-2和Liu等[49]定位到的qOil-18-1(5.6~7.8 Mb)。上述共定位的5對(duì)主效QTL對(duì)蛋白含量和油分含量表現(xiàn)出相反的加性效應(yīng)值。這些區(qū)間很有可能存在調(diào)控棉籽蛋白與油分生物合成的關(guān)鍵基因。
5 棉籽中蛋白與油分的合成積累及調(diào)控基因挖掘研究進(jìn)展
棉籽蛋白和油分的生物合成過程涉及多種酶的催化作用,這些酶的活性受到基因型以及環(huán)境條件等因素的影響,加大了棉籽蛋白與油分遺傳改良研究的難度[75]。深入解析棉籽蛋白和油分的生物合成機(jī)制對(duì)于提升棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)具有積極意義。隨著基因組學(xué)的發(fā)展,棉籽蛋白與油分含量相關(guān)基因的挖掘鑒定和功能驗(yàn)證已經(jīng)取得一些進(jìn)展。研究人員利用基因工程技術(shù)過表達(dá)或沉默關(guān)鍵酶及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的編碼基因,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)棉籽蛋白和油分含量的定向改良。本文對(duì)棉籽蛋白及油分合成途徑中的關(guān)鍵酶和相關(guān)基因的功能進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要介紹,并繪制了棉籽蛋白及油分的生物合成途徑示意圖(圖3)。
5.1 油分與蛋白合成途徑的關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)
碳源分配是影響棉籽中蛋白和油分含量的關(guān)鍵因素[35]。磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPCase)和乙酰輔酶A羧化酶(acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, ACCase)在調(diào)節(jié)碳源流入油分和蛋白質(zhì)生物合成途徑中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[76-77]。PEPCase是1種羧基裂解酶,可催化磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP)和HCO3-生成草酰乙酸(oxaloacetic acid, OAA),后者進(jìn)入三羧酸循環(huán)(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA)提供蛋白質(zhì)和油分生物合成所需的多種中間產(chǎn)物[78]。干涉PEPCase活性可影響蛋白與油分合成的底物分配,這解釋了棉籽油分含量和蛋白含量之間的顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。低活性的PEPCase利于促進(jìn)更多的碳源流向油分合成途徑。研究表明沉默GhPEPC1和GhPEPC2分別使棉籽油分含量增加16.7%和7.3%[77, 79]。
5.2 棉籽油分合成調(diào)控及相關(guān)基因挖掘研究進(jìn)展
棉籽油主要以三酰甘油(triacylglycerol, TAG)的形式儲(chǔ)存在種子中,TAG是甘油和三分子脂肪酸(fatty acid, FA)在多種酶的催化作用下形成的甘油酯,其生物合成途徑由一系列功能基因調(diào)控[80]。TAG的生物合成主要涉及脂肪酸從頭合成和TAG合成。每個(gè)階段中相關(guān)基因所控制的酶活性發(fā)生變化均會(huì)影響合成運(yùn)輸和組裝效率,最終影響種子的油分積累。
5.2.1 脂肪酸從頭合成。丙酮酸脫氫酶復(fù)合體(pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, PDHC)催化丙酮酸合成乙酰輔酶A[81],后者經(jīng)ACCase和β-酮脂酰酰基載體蛋白合酶(β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase, KAS)等多種關(guān)鍵酶的催化作用形成?;d體蛋白(acyl carrier protein, ACP)的脂肪酸合成前體。ACCase是脂肪酸生物合成途徑的限速酶,過表達(dá)GhACCase基因能提高棉籽中的油分含量。Cui等[82]通過超表達(dá)ACCase編碼基因,使棉籽含油量提高16.58%~21.92%。丙二酰輔酶A?;d體蛋白丙二?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(malonyl-coenzyme A acyl carrier protein malonyl transferase, MCAMT)催化丙二酰輔酶A(malonyl-
CoA)和ACP生成丙二酰輔酶ACP(malonyl-
ACP),在脂肪酸合成的酰基轉(zhuǎn)移階段起關(guān)鍵作用。在擬南芥中過表達(dá)AtMCAMT可提高種子的油脂含量[83]。KAS Ⅲ催化乙酰輔酶A和丙二酰ACP產(chǎn)生4:0-ACP,這是脂肪酸鏈延伸的第1步[84]。Du等[85]鑒定到1個(gè)能夠控制脂肪酸合成的GaKASIII基因。脂肪酸的縮合、還原、脫水以及再還原過程涉及到多種關(guān)鍵酶的作用,其中包括KASⅠ、β-酮脂酰-ACP還原酶(β-ketoacyl-ACP-
reductase, KAR)、β-羥丁酰ACP脫水酶(β-hydroxyacyl-ACP-dehydrase, HAD)和烯脂酰-ACP還原酶(enoyl-ACP-reductase, ENR)。KASⅠ催化4:0-ACP到16:0-ACP的碳鏈延長(zhǎng)。研究表明擬南芥AtKASⅠ缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致種子中脂肪酸含量顯著降低[86]。KASⅡ 催化16:0-ACP 到18:0-ACP 的生成[87]。Liu等[88]使用RNA干擾(RNA interference, RNAi)技術(shù)下調(diào)GhKASⅡ的表達(dá),使棉籽中的棕櫚酸(C16:0)積累量顯著增加。過表達(dá)GhKAR和GhENR均能顯著提高棉籽油分含量,分別比野生型材料提高10.2%~10.7%和10.2%~14.14%[89]。?;鵄CP硫脂酶(fatty acyl-ACP-thioesterase, FAT)、乙酰輔酶A合成酶(acyl-CoA synthetase, ACS)、十八烷酰-ACP-去飽和酶(stearoyl-ACP-
desaturase, SAD)以及脂肪酸脫氫酶(fatty acid desaturase, FAD)可在一定程度上調(diào)控脂肪酸的組成。FAT催化脂肪酸合成的最后1步反應(yīng),決定合成游離脂肪酸的種類和碳鏈長(zhǎng)度。沉默GhFATB使棉籽中油酸(C18:1)含量增加156.96%,降低棕櫚酸(C16:0)和亞油酸(C18:2)含量[90]。ACS催化游離脂肪酸轉(zhuǎn)化為?;o酶A,酰基輔酶A是脂肪酸降解和細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)合成的關(guān)鍵中間體。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GhACS1和GhACS2在棉花花藥早期發(fā)育中發(fā)揮作用[91]。SAD是催化18:0-ACP轉(zhuǎn)化為18:1-ACP的關(guān)鍵酶[92]。在棉花種子中下調(diào)GhSAD-1的表達(dá)顯著增加了硬脂酸(C18:0)含量(從2%~3%提升到40%)[93]。FAD在植物中催化大部分脂肪酸的脫飽和反應(yīng)[94]。沉默GhFAD2會(huì)顯著提高棉籽中油酸的含量[95]。研究表明,GhFAD2-1控制大約80%的油酸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閬営退醄96-97],F(xiàn)AD2基因突變后產(chǎn)生高油酸種子[98-99]。
5.2.2 TAG合成階段。甘油-3-磷酸?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, GPAT)催化肯尼迪(Kennedy)途徑的第1步反應(yīng),將FA從?;o酶A轉(zhuǎn)移到甘油醛-3-磷酸(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G-3-P)的sn-1羥基位,生成溶血磷脂酸[100]。溶血磷脂酸?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAAT)可將FA鏈催化成3-磷酸甘油酸,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)油分生成。Wang等[101]在4個(gè)栽培棉種中鑒定出40個(gè)LPAAT基因,其中在酵母中過表達(dá)At-Gh13LPAAT5使棕櫚酸和油酸含量增加25%~31%,總TAG含量增加16%~29%。磷脂酸磷酸酶(phosphatidic acid phosphatase, PAP)催化磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)產(chǎn)生二酰甘油(diacylglycerol, DAG)。擬南芥雙突變體pah1pah2植株中DAG的含量比野生型減少了15%[102]。二酰甘油?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(diacylglycerol acyltransferase, DGAT)通過酯化DAG生成TAG,是TAG合成的限速酶[103]。在植物中已鑒定出至少5種不同類型的DGAT:DGAT1[104]、DGAT2[105-106]、WS/DGAT[107-108]、可溶性DGAT[109-110]和DacT[111]。Wu等[112]使用種子特異性啟動(dòng)來驅(qū)動(dòng)DGAT1編碼基因的表達(dá),使轉(zhuǎn)基因棉籽的油分含量增加到13.9%,明顯高于野生型棉株(4.7%);劉正杰等[113]發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默棉花GhDGAT1基因?qū)е路N仁油分含量下降3.13%。
5.2.3 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。除多種酶類外,一些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在調(diào)控棉籽油分含量方面也發(fā)揮著重要作用,如WRINKLED 1(WRI1)[114]、Dof[115]、NF-YB6[116]以及DPBF2[9]等。
Dof蛋白是植物特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族,棉花GhDof1與大豆GmDof4同源。GmDof4通過直接結(jié)合啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的順式作用元件來激活A(yù)CCase編碼基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,阻斷碳源流入蛋白合成途徑,從而提高轉(zhuǎn)基因擬南芥種子中油分的含量[117]。Su等[118]發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達(dá)GhDof1基因可以增加棉籽油分含量。WRI基因家族是AP2/EREBP(APETALA2/乙烯響應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族的1個(gè)分支[119]。GhWRI1參與種子發(fā)育過程中FA的生物合成,過表達(dá)GhWRI1會(huì)增加轉(zhuǎn)基因擬南芥和陸地棉的種子油分含量和種子質(zhì)量[114],GhWRI1還參與纖維發(fā)育過程,與纖維長(zhǎng)度有關(guān)[120]。NF-Y是真核生物中普遍存在的異源三聚體轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族,由3個(gè)獨(dú)立的亞基NF-YA、NF-YB和NF-YC形成轉(zhuǎn)錄因子復(fù)合物,能夠特異性結(jié)合啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的位點(diǎn),調(diào)控靶標(biāo)基因表達(dá)[121]。NF-YB6在陸地棉棉籽油分快速積累期起關(guān)鍵作用,其表達(dá)水平在此階段顯著增加,在花后20" d和30 d該基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)量比花后10 d分別增加了約340倍和380倍[116]。
5.3 棉籽蛋白含量的調(diào)控
蛋白質(zhì)合成的前體物質(zhì)是氨基酸,氨基酸的生物合成影響蛋白質(zhì)的含量和組成。谷氨酸是高等植物氨基酸代謝的中心物質(zhì),谷氨酸的氨基可以在多種轉(zhuǎn)氨酶的作用下生成不同的氨基酸[122]。如天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)介導(dǎo)谷氨酸和草酰乙酸之間的可逆轉(zhuǎn)氨,生成天冬氨酸和α-酮戊二酸[123];丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)催化丙酮酸和谷氨酸可逆轉(zhuǎn)化為丙氨酸和α-酮戊二酸[124]。谷氨酸脫氫酶(glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH)催化谷氨酸與α-酮戊二酸之間的可逆反應(yīng),是連接碳代謝和氮代謝的重要酶類。種子中的氮主要來源于根系吸收以及之后的轉(zhuǎn)移過程,硝酸鹽還原酶(nitrate reductase, NR)將外源硝酸鹽還原為亞硝酸鹽[125],亞硝酸鹽還原酶(nitrite reductase, NIR)將亞硝酸鹽還原為NH4+進(jìn)入植物體內(nèi)。谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(glutamate synthase, GOGAT)是將NH4+轉(zhuǎn)化成植物體內(nèi)氨基酸的關(guān)鍵酶類,其活性可在一定程度上表征蛋白質(zhì)合成的強(qiáng)度[126-127]。He等[128]指出GhGS基因與種子胚胎發(fā)育相關(guān)。Iqbal等[129]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GhASN(編碼天冬酰胺合成酶)的較高水平表達(dá)與游離氨基酸的積累和蛋白質(zhì)合成有關(guān)。
除多種關(guān)鍵酶類外,種子蛋白質(zhì)的合成和積累受多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的協(xié)同調(diào)控。目前關(guān)于調(diào)控棉花種子蛋白合成的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相關(guān)的研究報(bào)道較少,如GhERF105[130]、HY5[131]等。已報(bào)道的相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子主要集中于大豆和擬南芥,主要有FUS3[132]、LEC2[133]、ABI3[134]、ROM1[135]、MYC2、MYC3和
MYC4[136]等。
6 討論與展望
長(zhǎng)期以來,棉纖維被認(rèn)為是棉花的主產(chǎn)品,但僅占棉花收獲籽棉產(chǎn)量的35.7%;棉籽被視為棉花的副產(chǎn)品,卻占收獲產(chǎn)量的64.3%[137]。實(shí)際上,棉籽中含有相當(dāng)豐富且優(yōu)質(zhì)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),是重要的蛋白和油脂來源。以往棉籽的油用和飼用價(jià)值未得到正確認(rèn)識(shí),相關(guān)遺傳改良研究進(jìn)展較為滯后。因此,加強(qiáng)棉籽的綜合開發(fā)利用,開展棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)生物育種,可為我國(guó)油料和飼用蛋白安全提供重要保障。
關(guān)于棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)生物育種未來的研究方向,筆者提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議:(1)加強(qiáng)高蛋白、高油分優(yōu)異棉花種質(zhì)的鑒定篩選。目前,有關(guān)棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)優(yōu)異種質(zhì)資源鑒定的研究報(bào)道還不多,可結(jié)合棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)高通量鑒定方法,加強(qiáng)對(duì)野生棉和栽培棉種質(zhì)的大規(guī)模鑒定篩選,發(fā)掘高蛋白、高油分種質(zhì)資源,為營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)改良奠定資源基礎(chǔ)。(2)加強(qiáng)棉籽蛋白及油分相關(guān)調(diào)控基因的挖掘。棉籽蛋白和油分含量的QTL研究仍處于初定位階段,QTL定位區(qū)間較大,缺少主效位點(diǎn)和關(guān)鍵基因。棉花基因組測(cè)序以及多組學(xué)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,為棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)重要基因的挖掘提供了新的平臺(tái)和手段。同時(shí)本文對(duì)已收集到的相關(guān)QTL進(jìn)行整合,構(gòu)建了棉籽蛋白油分含量的一致性物理圖譜,為相關(guān)候選基因挖掘提供可靠信息。(3)推進(jìn)棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)生物育種。隨著國(guó)家對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因棉花品種的進(jìn)一步放開,通過基因工程手段進(jìn)行棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)改良成為1種可靠、有效的手段。近年來基因編輯技術(shù)在大豆[138]、玉米[139]等其他作物中取得了顯著成果,這為棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)改良提供了經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法。(4)探究棉籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)與纖維品質(zhì)協(xié)同改良的可能性。纖維和棉籽是棉花生產(chǎn)的兩大產(chǎn)物,且都與胚珠發(fā)育密切相關(guān),如何做到兩者協(xié)同改良是1個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問題,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)兩者之間營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)分配和調(diào)控通路的研究,為棉花“油纖飼”(油料、纖維、飼料)兼用型種質(zhì)資源創(chuàng)制以及新品種培育奠定基礎(chǔ)。
附表:
詳見本刊網(wǎng)站(http://journal.cricaas.com.cn/)本文網(wǎng)頁版。
附表1 棉籽蛋白與油分含量的QTL位點(diǎn)和分子標(biāo)記
Table S1 QTL and molecular markers for the content of protein and oil in cottonseed
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