語篇關鍵詞在不同高考題型中的解題作用

南 紅

（浙江省衢州第二中學）

高考語篇選材多源于英文報刊和英文網(wǎng)站，所選文章有鮮明的文化特點和濃厚的時代氣息。這些語篇一般都是圍繞某個主題展開，最明顯的特點之一是有圍繞主題的關鍵詞出現(xiàn)，這些關鍵詞與解題關系密切，快速地抓住語篇中的關鍵詞就能提高閱讀理解、七選五和完形填空相應的解題能力。

一、利用語篇關鍵詞，提升閱讀理解題型解題能力

1.鎖定關鍵詞，提升破解語篇主旨能力

一般語篇主題詞直接出現(xiàn)在主題句里，主題句常見的有兩種類型，一種是先提出主題,隨之用細節(jié)來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想；一種是先表述細節(jié),后歸納要點結論,概括主題。前一種一般出現(xiàn)在語篇的首段，后一種一般在語篇的末段。命題人通常會利用主題句，設置主旨大意類的試題。如，

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text? (2022 年1 月高考浙江卷）

A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia

B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise

C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia

D.Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness

語篇首段如下：The benefits of regular exercise are well documentedbutthere’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to developdementia（失智癥）in later life—and if they did,it cameon a decade later than less sporty women.通過語篇信號詞but 可知、a new bonus 是最后一句所描述的內容，也是語篇的主題句，定位了主題句很快就可以鎖定語篇的關鍵詞，就是physically fit 和dementia，語篇就是論述它們之間的關系，因此通過定位主題句快速鎖定關鍵詞，有助于考生破解語篇主旨，提升解題速度和自信。又如，

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text? (2020 年7 月高考浙江卷）

A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills

B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs

C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp

D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age

通過閱讀語篇段首，Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking,planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.很容易定位主題句，其中planning and other managerial skills 和stay sharp 短語為關鍵詞，再結合末段，Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences or genetic factors.Still，continuing tochallengeyourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.最后一句很顯然是主題句，關鍵詞為challenge yourself mentally、keeping your mind busy和help，首尾段所說的就是要讓大腦做有難度的工作才能讓其保持敏銳，通過提煉這些關鍵詞，考生很快就能選出正確答案。

2.捕捉關鍵詞，提升概括能力

閱讀理解語篇一般都是圍繞某個主題展開的，常有一個反復出現(xiàn)的詞或短語，抓住了這些詞或短語，便抓住了文章的主題，考生就能輕松概括語篇大意。命題人通常會利用同義復現(xiàn)，設置主旨大意類的試題。如，

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?(2020 年1 月浙江卷）

A.Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers

B.Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future

C.Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father

D.Family Relationship Influences School Performance

通 讀 整個語 篇，Today’s world is not an easy adjustment for young adults.A key skill set for success is persistence (毅力)，a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers.Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.

BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years.And over time,the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.

“There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers,”Padilla-Walker said.“This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence — which can be taught — are key to a child’s life success.”

Researchers determined that dads need to practice an“authoritative”parenting style.Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian: rigid,demanding or controlling.Rather,an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father;responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed;children are given an appropriate level of autonomy (自主權).

In the study,about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting.A key finding is that over time,children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence,which leads to better outcomes in school.

This particular study examined 11-to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes.Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence,which is an avenue of future research.可以發(fā)現(xiàn)father 一詞出現(xiàn)6 次，加上dad 出現(xiàn)2 次，父親這一詞匯共出現(xiàn)了8 次，還有persistence 一詞出現(xiàn)了6 次，很顯然它們就是關鍵詞，同義復現(xiàn)其實就是一種強調，利用這些關鍵詞有助于迅速概括主旨大意。

3.聚焦關鍵詞，提升解析結構能力

要學會借助關鍵詞來解析語篇結構，正確把握主旨大意。記敘文常見的語篇結構，主要可以從三個角度來分析：時空推進順序、故事六要素即“何時何地何人做何事”和敘事結構“開端、發(fā)展、高潮和結局”；議論文常見的語篇結構主要是總分總或總分兩種，一般是用事例引出論點，然后提出論據(jù)并論證論點，最后得出結論；說明文常見的語篇結構與議論文類似，主要是總分總和總分兩種，一般是用事例或試驗等引出問題，然后分析原因或試驗過程等，最后得出結論、建議或解決方案等。多數(shù)情況下主題句出現(xiàn)在語篇的首段和末段，偶爾在中間段，因此，迅速定位主題句，自然就找到了關鍵詞，考生就能順利地解析語篇結構。命題人通常會利用語篇結構設置局部主旨大意類的試題。如，

30.What is the last paragraph mainly about? (2021 年6 月高考浙江卷）

A.A suggestion for future studies.

B.A possible reason for the study findings.

C.A major limitation of the study.

D.An explanation of the research method.

通過關鍵詞分析語篇結構，很容易看出這是一篇說明文，最后一段屬于結論部分，At this point,it is not clearwhydogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans.“To us,themost likely explanationappears to be that the basislies intheir living with humans,which gives them a lot ofexposureto human facialexpressions,”and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them,Müller said.關鍵 詞 是why、most likely explanation、lie in 和exposure，可知，最后一段主要講述了狗能夠辨別人類面部表情的可能原因。

4.研讀題目關鍵詞，提升逆向推理能力

有些時候語篇難度較大，生詞較多，邏輯很難看懂，可以先看選項的設置，分析選項中的關鍵詞，通過使用逆向思維，得出正確的主旨大意或語篇類型。命題人通常會利用選項，設置語篇類型類的試題。如，

26.What is the text? (2022 年1 月高考浙江卷）

A.A biography.

B.A book review.

C.A short story.

D.A science report.

通過選項的表述，逆向回到語篇中尋找與之相應的關鍵詞，既可以回避一些難度較大的詞匯和語篇結構，也能避免比較模糊的選項的干擾，就像第一段內容一下子摸不著要講什么，The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology,and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy,electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood,the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam,which began a century earlier.但是在第二段“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions,”writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers: Steam,Electricity,and the Men Invented Modern America.Klein,a noted historian of technology,spinsa narrative（敘 述）so lively that at times itreads like a novel.不到最后一句還是看不懂要講什么，還感覺有點像是自傳，但是最后一句里的主題詞narrative 和reads like a novel 基本上可以鎖定語篇類型了，即使narrative 不認識，光憑reads like a novel 就能判斷了。接下來的三段都是敘述，The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland,where Watt perfected“the machine that changed the world”.Klein writes,“America did not invent the steam engine,but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”

Meanwhile,over the course of 19th century,electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulls（白熾燈泡）that brought electric light into the American home.

Most importantly,Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification,which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla,Westinghouse’s firm developed a system using alternating current（交流電）,which soon became the major form of power delivery.又有點讓人模糊，選項A、C、D 都有點像，讓人猶豫，這里要繼續(xù)逆向推理，找到符合選項的關鍵詞，完全可以避開這三段，直接看最后一段Toframehis story,Kleincreatesthe character of Ned,a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man’s lifetime.It’s atechniquethat helps turn a long narrative into aninterestingone.通 過關鍵詞frame、create、technique、narrative 和interesting 可以判斷主要是在談論一本書，與選項B.A book review.吻合。可見通過選項逆向尋找關鍵詞是一種十分有效的方法。再如，

35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?（2023 年1 月高考浙江Ⅰ卷）

A.Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay

B.Solar Energy: Hope for the Future

C.InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture

D.Solar Farms: A New Development

通過選項的表述，四個選項的主題詞比較明確，可是語篇里沒有明確的關鍵句和核心詞匯，需要考生自己提煉，因為選項給出的關鍵詞比較明確，只需要考生在語篇里稍微提煉總結，找到支撐的論據(jù)就可以了。第一段中的But all of that growth will take up a lot of space,and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy,few like large solar panels to be installed near them.和第二段中的The result is that many communities,especially in farming regions,see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.描述的是人們對solar farm 的態(tài)度，最后一段是總結，針對開始人們的質疑，明確了solar farm 的積極影響，“These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,”says Macknick.通過選項反過來在語篇里找相匹配的關鍵詞，不僅能提升考生逆向思維能力，還能使考生很快得出正確的答案。

二、利用語篇關鍵詞，提升七選五題型解題能力

1.分析選擇項關鍵詞，提升信息匹配能力

先閱讀七選五的七個選項，通過選項中句子的句意或者句子后面的標點符號來判斷該句的關鍵詞，初步判斷選項在文章中的可能位置。再分析空前、空后。由于句子與句子之間有一種相關的聯(lián)系，所以我們可以將選項中推導的關鍵詞與空前、空后的句子有某種必然聯(lián)系的關鍵詞匹配，從而選擇正確的答案。命題人通常會利用若干選項，設置信息匹配類的試題。2023 年1 月浙江卷七選五選項A 和C 的關鍵詞分別是impatient和temperature，“A.Train trips aren’t for impatient types.”“C.The temperature on rail cars is often hard to control.”推導出關鍵詞之后，直接到相關段落里匹配相應的描述，就能又快又準解決問題，節(jié)省做題時間。

2.關注指示代詞，提升語篇邏輯能力

在七選五題型中，指示代詞本身就是關鍵詞，注意代詞在句子中的使用，利用代詞的指代作用，考生可以從選項中找到相關的信息，自然就找到了關鍵詞。命題人通常會利用指示代詞，設置邏輯銜接類的試題。如，Plan ahead.Most long-distance trains,especially the sleeping car accommodations,sell out very quickly. 36 But no matter when you travel,it’s a good idea to make your reservations at least 90 days in advance.(2023 年1 月浙江卷第36 題）選項“D.That’s particularly true during busy summer months.”里的That 所指就是此空前所描述的臥鋪很快就賣光的情況，這里的sell out 邏輯鏈條關注了指示代詞，可以讓考生語篇邏輯能力增強，也有助于提高正確率。

3.研讀疑問詞，提升語篇意識能力

語段中通常會有一些疑問詞，它們就是語篇關鍵詞。如果選項中或空前后出現(xiàn)疑問詞，那么就要尋找相對應的回答語。如果問題設在段首，一般是段落的主題句。尋找主題句時，重點閱讀下文第一、二句，鎖定線索關鍵詞，然后在選項中查找相關特征的關鍵詞，最后看所選的答案是否能將兩段內容連貫起來。如果問題設在段尾，通常是結論或概括性的語句，關鍵詞要在空格前的一、二句中尋找。注意在選項中查找表示結果、結論、總結等的關鍵詞，如therefore，as a result，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word 等詞語。命題人通常會利用疑問詞設置問答類的試題。如，

So,how do you find a workout partner?

First of all,decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility? Think aboutthe exercisesyou would like to do with your workout partner.(2022 年全國新高考Ⅰ卷）選項D.Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport? 雖然與后句Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility? 并列，其實是主題句 How do you find a workout partner?問題的分解，它們都指向共同的答案 the exercises，因此，the exercises 就是答案。因此，研讀疑問詞有利于提升考生的語篇意識。

三、利用語篇關鍵詞，提升完形填空解題能力

1.尋找信息關鍵詞，提升探究語境意義能力

一般來說，完形填空的設題都是基于上下文語境的，每道題的四個選項形式完全相同，如，都是動詞原形、副詞、名詞復數(shù)形式等，所以要注意他們在意義上和搭配上的細微差別，形義兼顧。可通過上下文尋找信息關鍵詞來辨別，再把這些選項放到特定的語境里進行區(qū)分，從而選出正確答案。

如，Here,in south-east Ethiopia,hand-carved beehives(蜂箱) are placed in the 42 . ... 49(Finally),Ziyad got close to the hive which wasaround20 metres above theground.Sitting on abranch,he 50 (inched) towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive.(2023 年1 月高考浙江卷）

42.A.courtyards B.fields

C.treetops D.caves

根據(jù)下文語境所描述的場景，可以推斷蜂箱是被放置在離地面二十米的樹上，只有選項C 符合這個語境意義，通過語境意義可以尋找關鍵詞ground 和branch，為得出正確答案提供有力證據(jù)?？忌饺斩嗉泳毩暣祟愵}目可以提升探究語境意識能力。

2.識別語篇標志關鍵詞，提升辨別邏輯關系能力

語篇一般指比句子長的語言單位，如句群、段落、篇章等。語篇意識的體現(xiàn)在于關注表明其內在聯(lián)系的關鍵詞，這些詞被稱為“語篇標志”。語篇標志就是語篇邏輯的關鍵詞，表示結構層次的語篇標志詞有firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally 等；表示邏輯關系的詞有thus,therefore,so 等；表示改變話題的詞有by the way 等；表示遞進關系的詞有besides，what’s more，furthermore 等；表示 時間關系的詞有before，so for,yet,meanwhile,later等；表示轉折關系的詞有but,while,although 等。在做完形填空時，如果能充分利用這些語篇標志關鍵詞，就可以迅速厘清文章脈絡，弄清上下文之間的關系，理解所表達的語境。命題人通常會利用語篇標志詞設置詞義辨析類的試題。

如，Reaching them to get the honey is difficult—and often 43 .(2023 年1 月高考浙江卷第43 題）

A.urgent

B.dangerous

C.expensive

D.pointless

連詞and 提示上下文之間存在并列關系，上文提到取蜂蜜非常困難，43 空與此并列，由此判斷通常也十分危險。因此，關注語篇標志詞能幫助提高考生辨別邏輯關系的能力，從而提高解答詞義辨析類問題的能力。

3.利用關鍵詞復現(xiàn)，提升運用語篇一致性能力

詞匯復現(xiàn)的語用意義使得語篇中的句子相互銜接和連貫，從而構成一個完整而又有機的意義整體。在閱讀過程中，也會發(fā)現(xiàn)一些與選項意義緊密相連的同義詞或近義詞，這些復現(xiàn)詞匯就是解題的關鍵詞。因此要學會充分利用這些詞提供的有效信息進行合理的推測判斷，選出正確答案。命題人通常會利用詞匯復現(xiàn)，設置詞義辨析類的試題。如，

Everyone started to 55 their hands.Suzy Khan gave them a shy smile and theapplausewas deafening.I knew then Suzy was going to be all right.（2014 年北京卷第55 題）

A.clap B.wave

C.raise D.shake

由下文原意復現(xiàn)詞applause 可知，此處表示大家開始鼓掌。顯然，關注詞匯復現(xiàn)能幫助考生提升運用語篇一致性的能力。

總之，高考涉及語篇閱讀的題型很多，利用語篇關鍵詞對提升高考閱讀理解能力大有裨益。因此，考生在平時訓練中要提升捕捉語篇關鍵詞的能力，閱讀時要養(yǎng)成依據(jù)主題句、高頻詞、疑問詞、指示代詞、原意復現(xiàn)、語境意義、語篇標記、語篇結構和選項來確定關鍵詞的習慣，運用正確的方法提高解題能力，從而取得理想的成績。