國際學界人士對段進的專業(yè)評價

克勞斯·昆茲曼德國空間研究科學院院士多特蒙德工業(yè)大學教授

艾倫·潘倫敦大學學院巴特萊特建筑學院建筑與城市計算教授、前院長英國住房、社區(qū)與地方政府部前首席科學家

2014 年，當東南大學建筑學院邀請我去學校講學的時候，第一次見到了段進教授。從那時起，在每年到學院講學、參加各種活動和研討會期間，我都有機會與他定期見面，并就中國城市規(guī)劃的演變交流我們的見解。

我知道，段進教授是中國一位炙手可熱的城市規(guī)劃師，同時也是一位受人尊敬的老師。他與他的團隊為中國的城市實施了許多令人印象深刻的項目實踐，并獲得了許多獎項。 最重要的是，他孜孜不倦地研究和撰寫植根于中國傳統(tǒng)的城市設計理論。

他的大部分出版物都是中文的，所幸最近他的《中國當代城市設計思想》一書已被翻譯成英文，并由一家國際知名出版社出版。該書以中國視角全面回顧了中國一百多年來的城市設計和城市規(guī)劃。通過他的努力，國際讀者能夠理解中國的城市設計理論發(fā)展。與許多英美作家就中國城市化、城市發(fā)展和城市面臨挑戰(zhàn)所發(fā)表的論著相比，該書將有助于使國際讀者更好地了解中國的城市設計成就。

同時，我也很高興地向大家介紹，段進教授一直致力于推動中德之間規(guī)劃的思想交流。在段進教授的領導下，現(xiàn)任教于東南大學建筑學院的易鑫老師等人開展了一系列關于加強中德規(guī)劃學術(shù)交流的活動，并取得了積極的成果。

段進教授與空間句法在中國的發(fā)展

在這篇文章中，我將對段進教授在建筑與規(guī)劃研究領域，特別是在空間句法研究領域的貢獻進行評價?？臻g句法，即是把建筑和城市作為支撐社會結(jié)構(gòu)和文化的空間模式的正式研究。為此，我必須先介紹一些歷史和背景。

空間句法的發(fā)展始于1970 年代初的倫敦，當時比爾·希利爾在英國皇家建筑師學會（RIBA）工作，是該學會有史以來最年輕的秘書。他的早期論文都是關于建筑師這一職業(yè)以及建筑知識的本質(zhì)。1973 年，比爾·希利爾和阿德里安·利曼發(fā)表了一篇開創(chuàng)性的論文《人類環(huán)境范式及其悖論》，對理查德·魯爾溫·戴維斯提出的、造就了全新的倫敦大學學院（UCL）環(huán)境學院的“會場哲學”進行了有力的批判。1976 年，希利爾和利曼應邀在UCL 開設了一個新的高級建筑研究（AAS）理學碩士學位，這是英國著名的實用主義原則的范例——“招募你最有力的批評者”。同年，他們發(fā)表了一篇題為《空間句法》的論文，提出了一個全新的建筑研究方案，一個全新的領域就此誕生。

這一時期恰逢中國向西方開放，僅4 年后的1980 年，新的碩士項目就招收了第一位來自中國的學生。比爾·希利爾和朱莉安·漢森的著作《空間的社會邏輯》于 1984 年由劍橋大學出版社出版。1985 年，兩篇論文發(fā)表在中國雜志《新建筑》上：比爾·希利爾的《空間句法——城市新見》（趙兵譯）和靳東生的《關于“空間句法”一文的討論》。段進教授回顧了這一早期階段，并反思了中國當時對這些新思想的懷疑態(tài)度。這種懷疑在國際學術(shù)界也同樣存在，人文和社會科學界都反對這種他們認為是 “實證主義”的方法。

希利爾的對策是將實驗室中的理論發(fā)展與設計實踐中的實際應用結(jié)合起來。在與諾曼·福斯特合作完成國王十字車站改造的規(guī)劃并與SOM 合作完成倫敦市布羅德蓋特大廈的重要項目后，一家名為“空間句法有限公司”的設計公司于1987 年成立。該公司采用新的研究和分析方法，為建筑設計帶來了嚴謹性。該公司起步緩慢，但在1990 年代已在倫敦完成了大量設計項目，包括倫敦南岸藝術(shù)綜合體的改造、倫敦特拉法加廣場的千禧年改造以及通往新泰特現(xiàn)代美術(shù)館的人行天橋設計。在上海，我們參與了理查德·羅杰斯在競賽中獲獎的浦東總體規(guī)劃。到目前為止，這些理論的實際應用是對學術(shù)批評最有效的回應。

盡管我們的碩士和博士課程在不斷吸引中國學生，但直到新千年伊始，段進教授發(fā)現(xiàn)這一領域后，中國在城市規(guī)劃領域的空間句法研究才開始起步。這套理論思想進入中國的時機已經(jīng)成熟?？焖俚某鞘谢M程意味著中國的城市都在制定總體規(guī)劃。段教授是當時中國唯一提出需要研究空間自身規(guī)律的資深城市規(guī)劃教授。他的團隊在許多實際設計項目中運用了空間句法分析方法，包括南京紅花機場地區(qū)概念規(guī)劃（2003 年）、嘉興中心城市空間發(fā)展研究（2003 年）和天津城市形態(tài)專題研究（2004 年）。2007 年，段教授與比爾·希利爾合著了《空間句法與城市規(guī)劃》一書，標志著空間句法研究在中國進入成熟期。

在此期間，英國研究委員會資助的 “城市歷史與多尺度建?！表椖亢蜌W洲資助的“景觀教學課程開發(fā)”項目讓我有機會前往中國，與清華、天津、重慶、同濟等多所大學建立聯(lián)系，當然還有東南大學，段進教授（時任副院長）和院長王建國教授參加了我們的所有會議。

自2006 年以來，段進教授的《空間研究》系列叢書出版了15 本專著，其對空間句法理論的研究發(fā)展得到了中國城市規(guī)劃學會的認可。段教授提出的“空間基因”概念，解釋了社會結(jié)構(gòu)的再生和城市空間中的多樣性，以及與之相關的“基因庫”概念和“空間基因解析與傳承”技術(shù)體系，有助于在面臨無數(shù)威脅的情況下保護城市文化的多樣性，為城市建設與自然保護、文化傳承的共贏提供了有效設計路徑。他的最新著作《空間句法教程》于2021 年出版，滿足了對這些方法的應用感興趣的年輕研究人員日益增長的需求。

2019 年，段進教授當選中國科學院院士，這并不令人意外，也是莫大的榮耀。同年，第十二屆空間句法研討會在北京召開，這鞏固了中國在國際空間句法研究界的地位。《世界建筑》曾出版過一期空間句法的專輯（2005 年第11 期，客座主編伍端）。而在18 年后，《世界建筑》期刊又以本專輯記錄了段進教授在該領域的貢獻。在空間句法領域，中國學者發(fā)表的論文數(shù)量已超過了世界其他所有國家學者發(fā)表量的總和。我確信，這種進展將一直持續(xù)。

魏爾·阿爾陶克德國卡塞爾大學建筑、城市與景觀規(guī)劃學院教授、院長

我結(jié)識段進教授是在我所在的德國卡塞爾大學與東南大學合作時，2016 年初我在南京教授城市更新課程。我了解了我的同事段進教授所做的大量工作，除了作為高校的核心領導以外，還領導著一個重要的規(guī)劃辦公室，并影響了周邊的城市更新理論和實踐。不久以后，我有機會陪他訪問盱眙縣，盱眙縣位于江蘇省南京市以北，以龍蝦節(jié)和博物館而聞名，當?shù)乇Ａ袅舜罅棵鞒瘯r期的歷史遺產(chǎn)。在訪問過程中，他在為當?shù)匾粋€小鎮(zhèn)的復興進行實地考察。通過這次訪問，我了解了中國城市更新所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，人們試圖滿足基礎設施現(xiàn)代化、住房升級、改善當?shù)孛裆捅３治幕z產(chǎn)活力的各種需求。段教授還與我們交流了中國和歐洲的城市發(fā)展?？梢哉f，這是一次真正開放、富有成效的思想交流。我了解到中國城市政策如何推動創(chuàng)新方法和可持續(xù)發(fā)展，段教授在這方面做出了重大貢獻，這不僅得益于他的實踐，特別是在新型城鎮(zhèn)化背景下的實踐，還得益于他出版的專著《中國當代城市設計思想》中對當代中國城市設計思想的反思。在此基礎上，我還要感謝段教授創(chuàng)辦了“以人為本的城市設計國際會議”，并堅持支持相關的活動，我很高興也很榮幸多次參加這個會議并做演講。這個會議可以被理解為交流中國和世界各地的創(chuàng)新規(guī)劃和設計方法的絕佳平臺，我祝愿他和東南大學能夠進一步加強這一平臺的建設，使其蓬勃發(fā)展，激勵學者和專業(yè)實踐者為塑造更加美好的城市而努力。□

Klaus KunzmannThe elected member of the German Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung Professor of Technische Universit?t Dortmund

Alan Penn Professor of Architectural and Urban Computing, Former Dean of the Bartlett Faculty of Built Environment,UCL Former Chief Scientist to the UK Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government

When the School of Architecture invited me to lecture at Southeast University in 2014, I met professor DUAN Jin for the first time.Since then, during my annual lecturing visits to the School and participation in various events and symposia, I had the opportunity to meet him regularly and exchange our insights on the evolution of urban planning in China.

I know that professor DUAN Jin is a much-demanded urban planner in China and a respected teacher.Together with his teams he has carried out numerous impressive projects for cities in the country, and won many prizes.And above all he is a tireless researcher and writer on urban design theory rooted in Chinese tradition.

Most of his publications are in Chinese.Recently, however, his bookContemporary Urban Design Thoughts in Chinahas been translated into English and published by a renowned international publisher.It gives a comprehensive overview of over 100 years of urban design and urban planning in China from a Chinese perspective, making his contribution to the development urban design theory in China accessible to international readers.The book will contribute to a better understanding of urban design achievements in the People's Republic of China in contrast to the many publications, which are communicated by Anglo-American authors on urbanisation, urban development and urban challenges in China.

Meanwhile, I am also pleased to report that professor DUAN Jin has always promoted the exchange of planning ideas between China and Germany.Under the leadership of DUAN Jin, YI Xin, who is currently teaching at the School of Architecture of Southeast University, and other colleagues have carried out a series of activities to strengthen the academic exchanges in planning between China and Germany, and have achieved positive results.

Professor DUAN Jin and the Progress of Space Syntax in China

In this note, I will write an appreciation of Professor DUAN Jin's contributions to the field of architectural and planning research and in particular, in the field of space syntax - that is the formal study of buildings and cities as patterns of spaces that support social structures and cultures.To do this I must first set out some history and context.

Space syntax began its development in the early 1970s in London when Bill Hillier was working at the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) as the institute's youngest ever Secretary.His early papers were all about architecture as a profession and the nature of architectural knowledge.In 1973, Bill Hillier and Adrian Leaman published a seminal paper ＂The man environment paradigm and its paradoxes＂, that made a powerful critique of Richard Llwelwyn-Davies ＂meeting grounds philosophy＂ which had shaped the new School of Environmental Studies at UCL.By 1976, Hillier and Leaman had been asked to establish a new Master of Science degree in Advanced Architectural Studies (AAS) at UCL, an example of a notable British pragmatic principle - ＂recruit your strongest critics＂.Later that year they published a paper entitled ＂Space Syntax＂ setting out a completely novel programme for research into architecture, and a whole new field was established.

This period coincided with China's opening to the West, and just four years later in 1980 the new Master's degree had recruited its first student from the People's Republic of China.Bill Hiller and Julienne Hanson's bookThe Social Logic of Spacewas published by Cambridge University Press in 1984 and in 1985 two papers were published in the journalNew Architecturein China, ＂Space Syntax: A Different Urban Perspective＂ by Bill Hillier (translated by ZHAO Bin) and ＂A discussion about 'Space Syntax Paper'＂ by JIN Dongsheng.Professor DUAN Jin reviews this early period and reflects on the scepticism that greeted these new ideas at the time in China.The scepticism was no less amongst Anglophone academia where both the humanities and social sciences were opposed to what they saw as a ＂positivist＂ approach.

Hillier's response was to bring together theoretical development in the laboratory with practical application in design practice.Following significant projects with Norman Foster at Kings Cross and SOM at Broadgate in the City of London, a design company, Space Syntax Limited, was established in 1987 which used the new research and analysis methods to bring rigour to architectural design.The company started slowly but during the 1990s had completed a large number of London schemes to its credit, including the regeneration of London's South Bank arts complex, the transformation for the millennium of London's Trafalgar Square and the pedestrian bridge to the new Tate Modern art gallery.In Shanghai, we contributed to Richard Roger's competition winning Pudong masterplan.These practical applications of the theory were by far the most effective response to academic criticism.

Although our Master's and Doctoral programmes gained a continual flow of Chinese students, progress in space syntax research in the urban planning field in China only took offat the start of the new millennium when Professor DUAN Jin discovered the field.The time was ripe for this set of theoretical ideas to come to China.The process of rapid urbanisation meant that China's cities and municipalities were all developing masterplans.Prof.DUAN was the only senior urban planning professor in China who saw the need for an independent spatial law.His team was also involved in practical design projects using space syntax analysis, including Nanjing Honghua Airport Area Concept Plan (2003), Study on the Spatial Development of Jiaxing City Center (2003) and Thematic Study on Tianjin Urban Form (2004).In 2007 Professor DUAN co-authored a book ＂Space Syntax and Urban Planning＂ with Bill Hillier and Space Syntax had come of age in China.

During this period, a UK research council grant on City History and Multi Scale Modelling (CHAMSPAM)and a European funded project to develop landscape taught programmes gave me the opportunity to travel to China and to make links to a number of universities including Tsinghua University, Tianjin University,Chongqing University, Tongji University and of course Southeast University with Professor DUAN Jin (who was then the Vice Dean) and Professor Wang Jianguo the Dean at the time who participated in all our meetings.

Professor DUAN Jin's developments of space syntax theories have been published in 15 books in the ＂Space Studies＂ series since 2006 and are recognised by the Urban Planning Society of China.Professor DUAN's concept of a ＂Space Gene＂ that accounts for the reproduction of social structure and diversity in urban space together with the counterpart concept of a ＂gene bank＂ to help conserve the diversity of urban cultures in the face of countless threats, is truly innovative and urgently needed.The technical application of a space gene provides an effective design method to combine urban construction with ecological conservation and cultural inheritance.His most recent bookSpace Syntax Tutorialpublished in 2021 meets a real need for the growing community of young researchers interested in applying these methods.

It comes as no surprise, but also a great honour, that Professor DUAN Jin became a Chinese Academy of Sciences academician in 2019, and in the same year the 12th Space Syntax Symposium came to Beijing and cemented China's place in the international space syntax research community.This edition ofWorld Architecturecharting Professor DUAN Jin's contribution to the field follows nearly eighteen years after the Space Syntax monograph published byWorld Architecture(Issue 185, November, 2005) first appeared.I am confident that the progress in this field, in which Chinese academics now publish more papers than the rest of the world put together, will continue.

Uwe Altrock Professor, Chair of Planning Theory and Urban Regeneration, the University of Kassel, Germany

I first met Prof.DUAN Jin in the context of the cooperation between the University of Kassel in Germany, where I am based, and the Southeast University (SEU), when I was teaching a class in urban regeneration in Nanjing in 2016.I learned about the enormous work by my colleague who, as one of the core faculty members, was not only in charge of an important planning office, but also influenced urban regeneration in theory and practice in the region.I soon had the chance to accompany him to Xuyi, a county renowned for its long-standing lobster festival and museum in Jiangsu province north of Nanjing and full of heritage from the Ming Dynasty, where he was doing fieldwork for the regeneration of a small town.During this visit, I was able to understand the challenges of urban regeneration in China, trying to bridge the needs for modernising the infrastructure, upgrading the housing stock, improving the livelihoods of the local population and keeping the cultural heritage alive.Prof.DUAN also made us discuss urban development in China and Europe, and I can say that this was a truly open-minded and fruitful exchange of thoughts.I learned how Chinese urban policies push for innovative approaches and sustainable development, and Prof.DUAN made a significant contribution in this respect, not only with the help of his practice, especially in the context of the＂new urbanisation＂, but also throughout his reflection on contemporary urban design thoughts in China he laid down in a book of the same name.This being said, I would like to thank Prof.DUAN above all for establishing and hosting a series of international conferences on people-oriented urban design, to which I had the pleasure and honour to contribute myself.This conference can be understood as a wonderful platform for the discussion of innovative planning and design approaches both in China and elsewhere in the world, and I wish him and the SEU all the best in further strengthening it, making it flourish to inspire scholars and practitioners for the sake of better cities.□