城市的公園，公園的城市

我們面臨著日益嚴重的氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)，隨著人類社會邁入生態(tài)文明時代，構(gòu)建一個地球生命共同體已經(jīng)成為當務(wù)之急。與此同時，數(shù)字技術(shù)所驅(qū)動的技術(shù)融合革命正在深刻影響城市空間特征。在此背景下，風景園林如何響應(yīng)全球的環(huán)境挑戰(zhàn)，并充分把握新技術(shù)帶來的機遇？我們回首過去，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)公園曾經(jīng)是城市中的一個獨特存在，為工業(yè)化時代的都市提供了一個呼吸的綠洲，為所有人提供可以公平享用的社會空間場地。伴隨著時代的變遷和技術(shù)的進步，公園不再僅僅是作為城市的補充或緩沖的綠色空間，而是與人們的日常生活更為緊密地結(jié)合在一起，與城市的形態(tài)更為緊密地結(jié)合在一起。這種融合的趨勢導(dǎo)致公園的角色和形態(tài)也在逐漸發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。

英國是最早進行工業(yè)革命的國家，其工業(yè)革命到19世紀30年代前后已基本完成。城市工業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，吸引人們紛紛涌向城市，導(dǎo)致英國農(nóng)業(yè)人口銳減，城市人口劇增，城市規(guī)模隨之急劇擴大，造成住房短缺、交通擁擠、環(huán)境惡化的城市狀況。為應(yīng)對這些挑戰(zhàn)，風景園林行業(yè)積極響應(yīng)，興建城市公園，私家園林開始向公眾開放或被改造成公園。設(shè)計者在城市公園的建設(shè)過程中，也在逐步考慮整體性和連接性的問題，并開始連接公園、構(gòu)建綠道、建設(shè)城市綠地系統(tǒng)，旨在為城市居民提供一個覆蓋范圍更大的綠色宜人環(huán)境。“二戰(zhàn)”后，全球進入了經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇和高速增長的時期。隨著世界經(jīng)濟的繁榮和人口的大幅增長，自然環(huán)境受到了空前的破壞。城市逐漸呈現(xiàn)出高密度化的特點，特大城市和都市圈逐漸形成，郊區(qū)化也開始呈現(xiàn)。在這一背景下，風景園林開始介入城市更新和郊區(qū)化進程，國際風景園林師聯(lián)合會（International Federation of Landscape Architects, IFLA）成立，環(huán)境保護運動逐漸興起，這表明了人們對環(huán)境保護的關(guān)注和需求。

伴隨著信息時代的到來，計算機帶來了信息技術(shù)革命。城市開始展現(xiàn)第三產(chǎn)業(yè)空間的增加，部分工業(yè)城市出現(xiàn)收縮，城市的歷史文脈逐漸喪失。風景園林行業(yè)在這一階段開始受到波普藝術(shù)、解構(gòu)主義等多種思潮的影響，與不同的藝術(shù)流派結(jié)合，嘗試尋找新的表達方式和創(chuàng)新手法。隨著全球化進程加速，通信和交通技術(shù)日新月異，各國之間的聯(lián)系變得前所未有的緊密。城市呈現(xiàn)出去工業(yè)化、去中心化的特點，氣候風險開始影響城市的韌性和可持續(xù)性。風景園林行業(yè)開始注重可持續(xù)景觀、景觀都市主義、景觀績效和文化景觀的保護，強調(diào)環(huán)境、文化和歷史的完整性。

進入生態(tài)文明時代，數(shù)字技術(shù)驅(qū)動了技術(shù)融合革命，如移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、智能制造和人工智能，都在改變我們的生活方式。城市開始展現(xiàn)出虛實融合的空間特征，以人為核心的共享城市空間逐漸形成，建設(shè)城市韌性環(huán)境以應(yīng)對氣候變化成為趨勢。風景園林行業(yè)聚焦全球氣候變化，開始嘗試碳中和、利用傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)智慧和數(shù)字技術(shù)構(gòu)建園林。

公園，從最初作為工業(yè)城市的“良藥”，一直以來都是人們對抗城市污染治理、喧囂的一片凈土。但隨著技術(shù)的進步和城市的進一步演變，我們看到了公園從傳統(tǒng)的概念向“無界公園”的方向發(fā)展，與城市和日常生活更加緊密地融合。甚至可以預(yù)見，未來的城市將不再有傳統(tǒng)意義上的“公園”，而是整個城市將成為一個巨大的公園。從公園作為工業(yè)城市的“良藥”到整個城市成為一個公園，這將是一個漫長而富有意義的歷程。

在城市進入從增量擴張到存量提質(zhì)的階段，“公園”開放共享、公平共治、無界融合，場景營造成為城市高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的重要手段，我們可以預(yù)見城市與自然、技術(shù)與生活之間的界限將越來越模糊，而風景園林設(shè)計將更加注重人與自然的共生，以及人們在其中的精神與情感體驗。此刻，風景園林挑戰(zhàn)與機遇并存，需要思考的不僅是如何設(shè)計一個功能性強的公園，而是要考慮如何在全球環(huán)境變化的大背景下，設(shè)計出能夠適應(yīng)未來變化，塑造城市形態(tài)，具有生態(tài)、社會、經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)性的新“公園”。這需要超越傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計的界限，融合生態(tài)學、社會學、技術(shù)科學等多學科的知識，以創(chuàng)新的視角來塑造適應(yīng)我們這個時代之需的職業(yè)實踐。

Park in City, City in Park

Humans are facing the increasingly aggravated challenge of climate change.As human society moves into the era of ecological civilization, constructing a global community of life has become an uppermost priority.In the meantime, the revolution of technological convergence driven by digital technology is profoundly affecting the spatial characteristics of cities.In this context, how would landscape architecture respond to the global environmental challenges, while taking full leverage of the opportunities brought about by new technologies? In retrospection, we can conclude that parks were once a unique presence in cities, providing a breathing oasis for the industrialized metropolis and offering a social spatial venue for all persons to enjoy equitably.Along with changing times and technological advances, parks are no longer just green spaces acting as a complement or buffer for cities.Instead, they get more closely integrated both with people’s daily lives and cities’ morphologies.This trend of integration is gradually shifting the roles and forms of parks themselves.

As the first country to implement the Industrial Revolution,UK had basically completed this revolution approximately in 1830s.The rapid development of urban industry attracted people to flock to cities, leading to a plummet in Britain’s agricultural population and a surge in its urban population.Consequently, the urban scale was expanded dramatically, bad urban conditions came as follow: shortage of houses, congestion of traffics, and degradation of environment.In response to these challenges, the landscape architecture industry took active actions by building urban parks, while some private gardens began to be opened to the public or were transformed into parks.In the process of constructing urban parks, designers were gradually considering the issues of integrality and connectivity, while starting to connect parks, build greenways, and build up urban green space systems, purposed to provide urban residents with a green and pleasant environment of a larger coverage.After World War II, the world entered a period of economic recovery and rapid growth.With the prosperity of the world’s economy as well as the huge growth of global population, the natural environment has been damaged in an unprecedented manner.With cities gradually showcasing the characteristics of high density, megacities and metropolitan areas have been formed little by little, and suburbanization has also begun to appear.Under this background, landscape architecture started to go into the process of urban renewal and suburbanization, and the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) was founded.The rise of environmental protection movements reveals people’s concern over, and demand for, environmental protection.

With the advent of the information age, computers have brought about a revolution of information technology.Cities begin to demonstrate an increase in the tertiary industry’s space, with some industrial cities being contracted, so cities start to lose their cultural and historical context.In this stage, influenced by a variety of trends of thought, such as pop art and deconstructionism, the landscape architecture industry began to attempt to find new ways of expression and innovative techniques by integrating with different art genres.With accelerated globalization and ever-updated communication and transportation technologies, the links between countries became close in a pattern never seen before.Cities presented the features of de-industrialization and de-centralization, and climate risks were beginning to compromise the resilience and sustainability of cities.The landscape architecture industry began to pay much attention to sustainable landscapes, landscape urbanism, landscape performance,and the preservation of cultural landscapes, with an emphasis on environmental, cultural and historical integrity.

Since entering the era of ecological civilization, digital technologies have driven a revolution of technological convergence.For example,the mobile Internet, the Internet-of-Things, smart manufacturing,and artificial intelligence are all re-shaping our lifestyles.Cities have begun to present a spatial characteristic of virtuality-and-reality fusion; human-centered shared urban space is gradually taking shape;and it has become a trend to forge resilient urban environments, so as to cope with climate change.Focusing on global climate change,the landscape architecture industry has attempted to build landscape spaces with carbon neutrality, while utilizing traditional ecological wisdom and digital technology.

Parks, as a “cure” for industrial cities in the early years, have always been a clean space for people to combat the pollution and hustle and bustle across cities.However, with the advancement of technology and the further evolution of cities, it can be observed that parks are evolving from a traditional concept to the direction of“parks without boundaries” by getting more closely with cities and daily life.It is even foreseeable that in the future, cities will no longer have “parks” in the traditional sense; rather, a whole city will become a giant park.It would be a long and meaningful journey to go from parks as the “cure” for industrial cities to a-whole-city-as-a-park.

In this phase that cities are shifting from incremental expansion to stock improvement, “parks” become an important means for highquality development of cities by open sharing, fair co-governance,boundless convergence and scenario construction.It is foreseeable that the boundaries between cities and nature as well as between technology and life will get increasingly blurred, while the design of landscape architecture will attach more attention to the symbiosis between human and nature, as well as the spiritual and emotional experience of people in them.Nowadays, landscape architecture is facing both challenges and opportunities, so we shall think about not only how to design a functionality-strong park, but also how to create an ecologically, socially and economically sustainable new“park” that can adapt to future changes and shape urban forms in the grand context of global environmental change.This entails a kind of professional practice that can go beyond the boundaries of traditional design by integrating knowledge from ecology, sociology, technical sciences and many other subjects, so as to shape and meet the needs of our epoch in an innovative perspective.

Editor-in-Chief: ZHENG Xi

November 2, 2023