二里頭夏都遺址博物館，河南，中國

同濟大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院（集團(tuán)）有限公司若本建筑工作室 | 李立

項目業(yè)主：洛陽市文物局

主創(chuàng)建筑師：李立

建筑設(shè)計：王文勝，高山，周峻，郝競，葉雯，孔維薇，梁陽，劉暢

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計：劉浩晉，張濤，丁亞茹，陳紹琳，胡曉瑩

機電設(shè)計：程青，馮瑋，曾剛，程貴華，姚賽，陸揚

室內(nèi)設(shè)計：郝競，張溯之，張塨，冷先強，謝越

景觀團(tuán)隊：劉暢，徐大威

夯土專項設(shè)計：穆鈞，周鐵鋼，蔣蔚，梁增飛，崔大鵬，邢勇，周健，高志鵬，楊飛

幕墻設(shè)計：牟迎光

遺址公園規(guī)劃：劉文佳，馮珊珊，張婉舒，胡海寧

游客中心設(shè)計：何侃軒，孔維薇，黎彥希

駐場建筑師：郝競

施工單位：河南國安建設(shè)集團(tuán)有限公司

基地面積：148,732m2

Client: Luoyang Cultural Relics Bureau

Leading Architect: LI Li

Architecture Design: WANG Wensheng,GAO Shan,ZHOU Jun,HAO Jing,YE Wen,KONG Weiwei,LIANG Yang,LIU Chang

Structure Design: LIU Haojin,ZHANG Tao,DING Yaru,CHEN Shaolin,HU Xiaoying

Engineering Design: CHENG Qing,FENG Wei,ZENG Gang,CHENG Guihua,YAO Sai,LU Yang

Interior Design: HAO Jing,ZHANG Suzhi,ZHANG Gong,LENG Xianqiang,XIE Yue

Landscape Design: LIU Chang,XU Dawei

Rammed Earth Consultant: MU Jun,ZHOU Tiegang,JIANG Wei,LIANG Zengfei,CUI Dapeng,XING Yong,ZHOU Jian,GAO Zhipeng,YANG Fei

Curtain Wall Consultant: MU Yingguang

二里頭遺址地處洛陽盆地的核心位置，這里位居古代中國“天下之中”，地理環(huán)境極為優(yōu)越。遺址現(xiàn)存面積約3,000,000m2，是當(dāng)時中國乃至東亞地區(qū)最大的都邑聚落，被學(xué)術(shù)界認(rèn)定為夏王朝中晚期都城遺址，成為探索中國文明和國家起源最重要的起點和標(biāo)尺。

博物館的建筑形體中央隆起，外圈漸次降低融入場地，以低調(diào)消隱的姿態(tài)尊重郊野大遺址的原生狀態(tài)，從而營造曠遠(yuǎn)幽邃、訪古探源的特殊場地氛圍。

我們希望博物館建筑呈現(xiàn)出一種“不定形”的狀態(tài)，以避免簡潔明了的體量所帶來的過于單一的解讀。在空間特征上，突出與遺址、場地環(huán)境的對話而呈現(xiàn)明顯的外向特征。作為空間序列的末尾，公眾可以來到被三柱回廊所環(huán)繞的屋頂開放平臺，在這里融入二里頭遺址所處的龐大的地理空間。

大體量建筑給場地帶來的突兀感是個難題。將外圍環(huán)繞的綠地隆起為護(hù)坡，能在一定程度上遮擋部分建筑體量。除此之外，材料選擇成為解決尺度問題的主要手段，考古現(xiàn)場幫助我們在材料建構(gòu)層面做出了快速的決斷，銅與土這兩種與二里頭文化關(guān)聯(lián)最密切的材料組合成為首選。

在土的選擇上，大量采用手工夯土以及與之匹配的清水混凝土工藝。臨場實驗和持續(xù)的設(shè)計優(yōu)化解決了夯土墻剛度與主體結(jié)構(gòu)不匹配的問題，完成了生土材料配比與強度試驗、夯土墻高厚比的矛盾、超高夯土墻構(gòu)造、開洞構(gòu)造、夯土墻防裂防水以及驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面的挑戰(zhàn)，最終完成的室內(nèi)外夯土總量超過4000m3，成為目前世界上規(guī)模最大的單體生土建筑。

二里頭遺址遠(yuǎn)離市區(qū)，博物館的建設(shè)如何惠及臨近鄉(xiāng)村也是個值得思考的問題。我們制定了一個能夠銜接鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展與遺址保護(hù)的整合設(shè)計，依托保留的村莊打造特色文旅小鎮(zhèn)，與遺址公園一起形成以博物館為中心的一體兩翼、聯(lián)動?xùn)|西發(fā)展的全新架構(gòu)。

The Erlitou Site is located at the core of the Luoyang Basin,which is the centre of ancient China and has an extremely advantageous geographical environment.The existing area of the site is about 3 million square metres,making it the largest capital settlement in China and even East Asia at that time.It was recognised as the capital site of the mid to late Xia Dynasty by the academic community and became the most important starting point and benchmark for exploring Chinese civilisation and the origin of the country.

The museum rises in the centre,and the outer part gradually decreases to integrate into the site.With a less pretentious attitude,it respects the original state of the suburban ruins,creating a broad,deep and quiet atmosphere.

We hope that the museum architecture presents an ＂amorphous＂ state to avoid the simplistic interpretation brought about by the concise and clear volume.In terms of spatial characteristics,it presents a clear outward feature to respond to the site environment.As the end of the spatial sequence,the public can come to the roof terrace surrounded by a threepillar corridor,where they can be integrated into the vast geographical site space.

It's a challenge to remove the abruptness that the site brings.As a slope protection,the surrounding grassland can block part of the building volume.In addition,material selection has become the main means to solve the scale problem.The archaeological sites helped us make quick decisions about materials.The two materials most closely related to Erlitou culture,copper and earth,became the preferred combination.

建筑面積：31,781m2

設(shè)計時間：2016.11

竣工時間：2019.10

攝影：田方方，朱捍東

Site Park Plan: LIU Wenjia,FENG Shanshan,ZHANG Wanshu,HU Haining

Tourism Centre Design: HE Kanxuan,KONG Weiwei,LI Yanxi

Site Architect: HAO Jing

Contractor: Henan Guoan Construction Group

Site Area: 148,732 m2

Building Area: 31,781 m2

Design Time: 2016.11

Completion Time: 2019.10

Photos: TIAN Fangfang,ZHU Handong

1 夜幕下的博物館與北部的遺址區(qū)The museum and the northern part of the ruins area in the evening

2 夯土墻分布軸測Axonometric drawing of layout of rammed earth wall

3 總平面Site plan

4 屋頂俯瞰Overlooking the roof

5 博物館建筑中央隆起，外圈漸次降低融入場地The museum rises in the centre,and the outer part gradually decreases tointegrate into the site

We widely used rammed earth and fairfaced concrete.We solved many construction problems about the rammed earth,including mismatch stiffness with the main structure,ratio and strength,the contradiction of heightthickness ratio,ultra-high wall construction,opening construction,waterproof and crackproof construction and acceptance criteria,by on-site experiments and continuous design optimisation.

The Erlitou site is far from the city,and it is also worth considering how the construction of the museum will benefit the nearby countryside.We have developed an integrated design to connect rural development and site protection,establishing a new ＂one centre,two wings＂structure,which combines the museum,the site park and the characteristic cultural and tourism town transformed from the reserved village.

6 博物館與北側(cè)復(fù)原水系The museum and the restored water system on the north side

7 博物館與鄉(xiāng)村生活共生The museum is symbiotic with rural life

8 北側(cè)水池倒影Reflection in the pool on the north side

9 首層平面Groud floor plan

10 二層平面First floor plan

11 主入口內(nèi)庭Entrance courtyard

12-15 剖面Sections

16 中央大廳夯土內(nèi)墻Rammed earth wall of the central hall

17 序廳Preface hall

18 天窗與陳列Skylights and displays

20 北側(cè)的狹長內(nèi)庭Long,narrow inner court on the north side