新西蘭奧克蘭國際機場景觀

Surfacedesign 事務(wù)所

新西蘭75%的旅客都是經(jīng)由奧克蘭國際機場出入境的，這里給人們留下了對新西蘭深刻的第一印象。2007 年至今，Surfacedesign事務(wù)所與機場的管理人員合作，共同致力于建設(shè)怡人的戶外環(huán)境，提升新西蘭的國家形象，打造出別具一格的自然景觀。事務(wù)所的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人、奧克蘭項目首席設(shè)計師詹姆斯·洛德（美國風景園林學會會員），有著新西蘭血統(tǒng)，是這里的終身旅居者。多次往返機場期間，洛德發(fā)現(xiàn)不斷擴建的機場占據(jù)了當?shù)氐木G色空間，使其變得工業(yè)化，傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)文明正在消失。他說：“只有隨處可見的著名新西蘭貨運標志能夠提醒你正身處于享譽世界的自然美景地?！笔聞?wù)所計劃使用自然措施來補救當?shù)丨h(huán)境，應對文化侵蝕。

機場所在區(qū)域的重要之處在于，這里是毛利人從波利尼西亞遷徙到新西蘭首次登陸的地方。為保護進口的波利尼西亞植物免受惡劣天氣影響，毛利人曾在此修建神圣的毛利石田；后來歐洲移民也曾在此打理果園、種植果樹。事務(wù)所基于上述歷史，在奧克蘭機場及其周邊地區(qū)有機地呈現(xiàn)了新西蘭農(nóng)業(yè)的未來。洛德表示：“整個項目是奧克蘭國際機場與新西蘭生態(tài)、歷史和文化連接的橋梁，向游客展示了新西蘭的大地景觀和天空之美?！?/p>

為了維護該地區(qū)的大型綠地和生態(tài)敏感性景觀遺產(chǎn)，機場委托事務(wù)所提出一個持續(xù)到2044 年的更新計劃。項目在機場及其附近共占地約1 500 hm2（6 平方英里）。建設(shè)該地區(qū)綠色空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)格局的基本方法為優(yōu)先使用鄉(xiāng)土植物、營造新西蘭傳統(tǒng)地貌，并在區(qū)域內(nèi)設(shè)置一條貫穿全國的國家自行車道。環(huán)境方面的建設(shè)理念包括：將工程棄土回填到項目的其他區(qū)域，實現(xiàn)材料的再利用；種植鄉(xiāng)土植物和使用當?shù)氐挠操|(zhì)材料；將雨洪工程納入設(shè)計；結(jié)合歷史上毛利人和歐洲人的景觀實踐經(jīng)驗，營造環(huán)境友好型景觀。不斷擴建的航站樓與周邊遠離喧囂的自然景觀迎接著一批又一批往來奧克蘭國際機場的旅客，形成獨特的場所體驗，令人們流連忘返。

1 喬治·博爾特紀念大道——“曙光”

事務(wù)所將通往機場的南北向主路延伸至航站樓正門，并將其命名為喬治·博爾特紀念大道。紀念大道北部于2015 年完工。大多數(shù)國際旅客在黎明時分著陸，而這里恰好是在新西蘭每天最先看到日出的地方，所以人們十分熱衷于拍攝這里的曙光。在設(shè)計初始階段，設(shè)計師們就考慮將“曙光”的概念應用到紀念大道約8 hm2（20 英畝）的場地里。項目設(shè)計使用了新西蘭本土景觀中醒目的色彩，以對在空中即將降落的旅客表示歡迎；如毛利石田般覆蓋著灌木籬的土丘從地面升起，這種做法延續(xù)了19 世紀歐洲移民所創(chuàng)建的傳統(tǒng)；小石子組成“葉片”的靈感來自運動的噴氣發(fā)動機，為人們的機場之旅增添了驚喜?；貧w地面，樹籬和地形減弱了車輛經(jīng)由機場時帶來的視覺沖擊，并將“曙光”景觀與其正北的Landing 商業(yè)園區(qū)連接在一起。

喬治·博爾特紀念大道的名稱來自一位受人尊敬的新西蘭飛行員。目前紀念大道位于機場南側(cè)的景觀部分也正在修建中，道路兩旁將會種上植物，鉆天楊（Populus nigravar.italica）將點綴在由玄武巖碎石覆蓋的幾何土丘上。樹木排布的靈感來自毛利文化中鳥類飛行時呈現(xiàn)的“V”字形態(tài)，同時還參考了機場的人字形跑道。為了增強安全性，設(shè)計師們還在紀念大道直至機場航站樓的主路兩側(cè)設(shè)置了種植帶，用于分隔車道與人行道。

2 Landing 商業(yè)園區(qū)

3 樹籬為地景和植物創(chuàng)造的柔和背景A diaphanous backdrop to the earthworms and plantings created by hedgerows

4 種植方案強化了地貌肌理的走向Planting reinforces the graphic moves of the landforms

Landing 商業(yè)園區(qū)位于奧克蘭國際機場的正北方向，占地約100 hm2（250 英畝），是新西蘭先進物流和輕工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的大本營。為了吸引更多租戶入駐，園區(qū)的網(wǎng)站宣傳這個多功能綜合體周邊擁有“絕妙的景觀”。商業(yè)園區(qū)的名字中含有“到達”之意，象征著當年毛利瓦卡獨木舟在新西蘭機場地區(qū)的首次登陸。標志性的景觀特征包括：受歐洲移民使用的種植方式啟發(fā)的魚骨狀排列的樹籬；沿街高大的白楊分隔了車道人行道，提供蔭蔽；本地的叢生草；靈感來源于周邊的奧圖阿托瓦歷史石田保護區(qū)（原始毛利人的定居點）的中心土丘環(huán)島。設(shè)計師們還使用了類似新西蘭著名的胡卡瀑布和奧克蘭火山顏色的燈光，照亮夜幕下的土丘。項目的初步建設(shè)已于2014 年完成，為了給未來租戶提供更好的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，相關(guān)改進工作也在持續(xù)推進中。Landing 園區(qū)的景觀是喬治·博爾特紀念大道與Oruarangi Creek 公共開放空間的自然過渡，調(diào)和了相鄰景點之間的氛圍感。

3 Oruarangi Creek 公共開放空間

5 石砌“葉片”突出地貌區(qū)別Rip rap blades frame the distinct landforms

事務(wù)所為奧克蘭國際機場及周邊地區(qū)制定了景觀總體規(guī)劃，劃出約18 hm2（45 英畝）的土地打造 Oruarangi Creek 公共開放空間，以保護新西蘭的景觀遺產(chǎn)免受開發(fā)所帶來的工業(yè)侵蝕。設(shè)計整合了區(qū)域現(xiàn)有的步道系統(tǒng)，增設(shè)了公共娛樂設(shè)施。這里也是位于其南側(cè)的Landing 商業(yè)園區(qū)與其西側(cè)的奧圖阿托瓦歷史石田保護區(qū)之間的“綠色”紐帶。

事務(wù)所對Oruarangi Creek 公共開放空間的場地規(guī)劃征求了多個利益相關(guān)群體的意見，其中包括幾個世紀以來一直居住在此的毛利人。設(shè)計充分體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)的毛利地貌特征，選擇了多種鄉(xiāng)土植物，使用了當?shù)氐牟牧?。鄉(xiāng)土植物包括新西蘭圣誕樹（Metrosideros excelsa）、澳洲貝殼杉（Agathis australis）、囊薄果草（Apodasmia similis）、薹草屬植物（Carexspp.）和新西蘭亞麻（Phormium tenax），以及當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的重要樹種——栽于取水臺階兩側(cè)的桃樹（Prunus persica）；人行道材料使用了當?shù)夭少彽陌啄迪牃ず凸橇?。在原來平坦的空地上，設(shè)計利用了Landing商業(yè)園區(qū)的工程棄土來塑造景觀地形；鷹的翅膀和沿海的貽貝殼的輪廓組成了土丘的圖案。開放空間中還有其他許多獨特的景點，例如野餐區(qū)、溪澗觀景臺、吊床花園和娛樂土丘等。

4 阿布維爾莊園

阿布維爾莊園位于奧克蘭國際機場旁，是奧克蘭知名的婚禮、會議和活動的舉辦場所。為了吸引更多的游客，設(shè)計師們?yōu)檫@里的歷史建筑精心搭配了景觀空間，使建筑和環(huán)境相得益彰。其中2 座歷史建筑是在機場跑道擴建期間從別處遷移來的。場地中約3 hm2（8 英畝）連綿起伏的田野經(jīng)過精心設(shè)計，建設(shè)期間種植了5 萬多株水仙（Narcissusspp.）。階梯式的步行棧道是阿布維爾莊園的標志性景觀，游客們漫步在棧道上，每隔約4.5 m（15 英尺）就能看見幾棵北美楓香（Liquidambar styraciflua）或梨樹。許多新人們選擇在棧道上舉辦婚禮，然后沿著棧道前往古老的韋斯特尼教堂（建于1856 年，于2010年遷移至莊園內(nèi)）。經(jīng)由棧道可以通往一條以貝殼為靈感設(shè)計的景觀步行街，這條步行街將阿布維爾莊園與奧克蘭機場雕塑公園有機地連接在一起。新西蘭著名雕塑家格里爾·特維斯的鑄鐵裝置“跌落的信天翁”散落在沿途的草地上，為連接莊園與雕塑公園的步行街增添了景致。棧道旁種植的新西蘭杜荊（Vitex lucens）也會為旅途中的游客遮陰。莊園的內(nèi)部環(huán)境在枝繁葉茂的鄉(xiāng)土樹種中若隱若現(xiàn)，詮釋著阿布維爾莊園的箴言：“隱于自然，呈于世界?！?/p>

5 奧克蘭機場雕塑公園及其步行系統(tǒng)、山地自行車跑道公園

在機場物業(yè)管理范圍內(nèi)，事務(wù)所設(shè)計了2 個毗鄰阿布維爾莊園的項目。為了給游客提供更豐富的游憩體驗，設(shè)計師們還在莊園與Quad 區(qū)（機場的酒店與零售區(qū)）之間設(shè)計了雕塑公園及步行系統(tǒng)，置入了一些藝術(shù)裝置，并對其進行了部分生態(tài)干預。步道蜿蜒在鄉(xiāng)土樹種和地被植物之間，游客們在戶外畫廊般的空間里娛樂和休憩。環(huán)繞雨水儲蓄池生長的低地植物，有助于游客們在此沉思，也為野生動物提供了棲息地——樹木形成的廊道引導鳥類遠離飛機、飛向池塘。新西蘭藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作的雕塑巧妙地分布在景觀之中，展現(xiàn)了當?shù)氐墓に嚰挤ā?/p>

在雕塑公園及步行系統(tǒng)附近，事務(wù)所還與當?shù)貙＜液团d趣愛好者共同設(shè)計了山地自行車跑道公園，主要包括新手跑道和中級跑道，全長5 km（約3 英里）。跑道均以機場相關(guān)主題命名，例如“起飛”和“預降落”。山地自行車跑道公園毗鄰現(xiàn)有的足球場，是機場旅客、當?shù)毓と撕蛫W克蘭自行車愛好者們消遣娛樂的好去處，履行著機場向公眾免費開放公共娛樂場所的承諾。

（編輯 / 邊紫琳 劉昱霏）

項目區(qū)位：新西蘭，奧克蘭大區(qū)

項目類別：景觀設(shè)計、規(guī)劃設(shè)計

建設(shè)情況：已竣工

建成時間：2017 年

設(shè)計單位：Surfacedesign 事務(wù)所

工程監(jiān)理：哈里森·格瑞艾爾森

總承包商：德姆斯·伍德

本地景觀設(shè)計：Bespoke 景觀

攝影師：布萊克·瑪溫

翻譯：丁瑤

校對：吳丹子

6 “葉片”間的紋理Texture between the blades

7 形如雕塑的護堤與植被Sculptural berms and planting

Because 75 percent of New Zealand’s visitors arrive and depart through Auckland International Airport (AKL), it creates first and lasting impressions of the country.Since 2007, Surfacedesign has worked with airport executives to create inspiring outdoor environments that elevate New Zealand’s national identity and celebrate its dramatic natural landscape.Surfacedesign’s co-founding partner and Auckland project lead designer, James A.Lord,FASLA, is a life-long traveler to New Zealand,connected to the country by multiple generations of Kiwi lineage.During numerous AKL arrivals and departures, Lord witnessed the country’s agrarian culture disappearing, as continuous airport expansions industrialized the region’s green spaces.“The only thing that let you know you were in this country renowned globally for its stunning natural beauty was the New Zealand Van Lines signage,”he says.Surfacedesign continues to create natural remedies to this cultural erosion.

Adding to the airport region’s importance is the nearby site where the Maori first arrived in New Zealand from Polynesia.From the sacred Maori stonefields created to protect imported Polynesian plants from harsh weather, to fruit orchards and hedgerows planted by European immigrants, Surfacedesign references New Zealand’s agrarian past to organically present its future at and around AKL.“The overall project connects the airport to the greater New Zealand ecology,history, and culture,”Lord says.“Auckland International Airport introduces travelers to the country’s landscape from land and sky.”

To extend the region’s legacy of large green spaces and ecologically sensitive landscapes, the airport commissioned Surfacedesign to plan ongoing improvements through 2044.The underlying approach to AKL’s nearly six square miles (1,500 hectares) of land prioritizes a network of green spaces connected by native plantings and traditional New Zealand landforms —and extending a National Bike Trail that traverses the country.Environmental aspects include materials re-purposing by relocating graded dirt to other areas of the project, sourcing plants and hardscape locally, engineering stormwater conveyance into the design, and integrating historical Maori and European landscape practices.The continuously expanding terminal and outlying landscapes contribute to a sense of place, creating a memorably welcoming experience at Auckland International Airport.

1 George Bolt Memorial Drive —“First (F)light”

Surfacedesign considers the main north-south boulevard feeding AKL as an extension of the terminal’s front door.The northern portion of George Bolt Memorial Drive was completed in 2015.This frequently photographed landscape is known as First (F)light —a play on New Zealand being in the first time zone that receives sunlight each day and the fact that most AKL international arrivals land in the dark.Surfacedesign used this first-light concept in an air-travel context for George Bolt Memorial Drive’s 20-acre (eighthectare) initial-phase design.Travelers are welcomed to New Zealand from the air with dramatic colors pulled from the country’s vernacular landscape; mounds referencing Maori stonefields rise from the ground, overlaid by hedgerows that follow a tradition started by 1800s’European immigrants.Smaller stone “blades”are inspired by the motion of a jet engine and emphasize the excitement of travel through the greater airport landscape.From the ground, the topography downplays vehicles’visual impact as they approach and leave AKL.Corresponding hedgerows and landforms visually connect First(F)light to The Landing Business Park due north.

8 機場入口車道Airport entrance

Additional landscape improvements are underway for the southern/airport end of George Bolt Memorial Drive, named for an esteemed Kiwi aviator.Plantings will be added to both sides of the street.Lombardy poplar trees (Populus nigra var.italica) will punctuate basalt-covered geometric mounds inspired by V-shaped bird flight significant in the Maori culture.These shapes also reference airport runway chevrons.To increase safety, the planting strips separate the road from pedestrian walkways on both sides of this main airport-access thoroughfare, extending to the Terminal.

2 The Landing Business Park

Located on 250 acres (100 hectares) directly north of AKL and part of airport property.The Landing Business Park is New Zealand’s home for leading logistics and light industrial companies.To attract tenants, the Landing’s website promotes the mixed-use complex’s “stunningly landscaped environment.”The business park’s name refers to airport arrivals and the nearby location where the first Maori waka canoes landed in New Zealand.Marquee landscape features include herringbonepattern hedgerows inspired by European immigrants’planting practices, large poplar trees along the streets to obscure cars and provide shade over the pavement, native tufted grasses, and roundabouts with centered mounds influenced by the nearby Otuataua Stonefields Historic Reserve,site of the original Maori settlement.At night, the mounds are illuminated with colors copied from New Zealand’s famous Huka Falls and Auckland’s volcanoes.Initial construction was completed in 2014; improvements are ongoing as infrastructure is installed for future tenants.The Landing’s landscape also serves as a natural transition between Surfacedesign’s extensive upgrades at two adjacent projects: George Bolt Memorial Drive and Oruarangi Creek Public Open Space.

3 Oruarangi Creek Public Open Space

Surfacedesign takes a holistic approach to the larger AKL landscape, evidenced by the 45 acres(18 hectares) that the airport allocated for Oruarangi Creek Public Open Space to help preserve New Zealand’s landscape legacy from encroaching development.This project expands public recreation by incorporating an existing regional trail system.It also serves as a “green”link between The Landing Business Park to the south and the Otuataua Stonefields Historic Reserve to the west.

Surfacedesign’s site plan solicited input from several stakeholders, including the Maori, who have inhabited a village on Oruarangi Creek for centuries.Appropriately, Oruarangi Creek Public Open Space’s design and character are informed by traditional Maori landforms, indigenous plant selection, and local materials.Native plantings include pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) and kauri trees (Agathis australis), as well as oioi(Apodasmia similis), carex (Carexspp.), and flax(Phormium tenax).Peach trees (Prunus persica),significant to local communities, flank water-access steps.Pedestrian-path materials include locally sourced white oyster shells and aggregates.The landscape design sculpts the previously flat parcel with fill dirt from The Landing Business Park;mounds are patterned after hawk wings and coastal mussel shells.The Oruarangi Creek Public Open Space design also includes distinct programming:picnic areas, creek overlooks, hammock gardens,and play mounds.

4 Abbeville Estate

Abbeville Estate is a popular Auckland wedding, conference, and event venue located on outlying AKL property.To further attract nonairport visitors to the area, Surfacedesign crafted stunning grounds that complement the estate’s heritage buildings, two of which were transplanted during AKL runway expansion.Eight acres (three hectares) of the property’s rolling farmland are meticulously planned, and more than 50,000 daffodils (Narcissusspp.) were planted during the project.Abbeville Estate’s signature landscape feature is its dramatic allée-style terraced processionway.Flanked by liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) and fruiting pear trees planted in 15-foot intervals, this path is popular with wedding parties and leads to historic Westney Church,which was built in 1856 and relocated to Abbeville Estate in 2010.The procession-way organically extends a shell-inspired pedestrian esplanade that connects Abbeville Estate to the Auckland Airport Sculpture Park and Walk.“Tumbling Albatross,”cast-iron works by distinguished New Zealand sculptor Greer Twiss, ease the esplanade transition between Abbeville Estate and the Sculpture Park and Walk.Additional estate landscape amenities include a canopy of Puriri (Vitex lucens) trees to shade visitors.Native trees ring the property’s perimeter for privacy, influencing Abbeville Estate’s tagline:“Hidden by Nature —Open to the World.”

5 Auckland Airport Sculpture Park and Walk + The Runway Mountain Bike Park

9 整齊的樹籬與灌木叢為松散的草丘提供了種植框架Formal hedges and hedgerows frame the looser grass mounds

Surfacedesign created two Abbeville Estateadjacent projects on airport property.For pedestrians, the landscape architecture firm designed a Sculpture Park and Walk between Abbeville Estate and The Quad, AKL’s retail and hotel district.Part ecological intervention and part artistic amenity, the Sculpture Park and Walk is an outdoor gallery and point of both play and rest.Paths for walking and running meander among native trees and groundcover plantings.A stormwater retention pond is cradled by lowland edge plants, which bolster quiet visitor contemplation and wildlife habitation —a corridor of trees leads birds to the pond, away from airplanes.Sculptures by New Zealand artists,situated in the curated landscape, highlight regional craft and expression.

Near the Sculpture Park and Walk,Surfacedesign collaborated with local experts and enthusiasts to design The Runway Mountain Bike Park.It features approximately three miles (five kilometers) of novice and intermediate trails, which are identified with airport-themed names such as“Takeoff”and “Final Approach.”Next to an existing soccer field, The Runway Mountain Bike Park offers a diversion for airport visitors, local workers, and Auckland cycling enthusiasts.It also demonstrates the airport’s continuing commitment to hosting free, public recreation.

(Editor / BIAN Zilin, LIU Yufei)

Location:Auckland, New Zealand

Assignment:Landscape, Planning

Status:Built

Year: 2017

Design:Surfacedesign, Inc.

Engineering:Harrison Grierson

General Contractor:Dempsey Wood

Local Landscape Architects:Bespoke Landscape

Photographer:Blake Marvin

Translator:DING Yao

Proofreader:WU Danzi