王來(lái)力 劉書(shū)軼 李啟正 張穎 王曉蓬
摘要: 為準(zhǔn)確核算絲綢產(chǎn)品的碳足跡,本文對(duì)核算邊界、核算數(shù)據(jù)、溫室氣體去除、研究結(jié)果計(jì)算等關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了分析討論。研究結(jié)果表明:選擇“搖籃到大門”或“大門到大門”作為絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡的核算邊界具有較好的可操作性;確定核算邊界內(nèi)的關(guān)鍵溫室氣體排放源,必要時(shí)選擇適用的數(shù)據(jù)分配方法并保持核算邊界內(nèi)分配方法的一致性,可提高核算數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量;蠶絲生物碳的溫室氣體去除量可在絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算結(jié)果報(bào)告時(shí)單獨(dú)說(shuō)明;絲綢企業(yè)的碳中和行動(dòng)可納入絲綢產(chǎn)品的碳足跡核算結(jié)果;核算邊界一致和排放因子數(shù)據(jù)一致是不同絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡計(jì)算結(jié)果可比的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵前提。
關(guān)鍵詞: 絲綢產(chǎn)品;碳足跡;核算邊界;碳中和;分配;核算數(shù)據(jù)
中圖分類號(hào): TS141
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A
文章編號(hào): 1001-7003(2023)04-0026-05
引用頁(yè)碼:
041104
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2023.04.004(篇序)
工業(yè)綠色低碳發(fā)展和產(chǎn)品綠色低碳消費(fèi)是中國(guó)碳達(dá)峰碳中和戰(zhàn)略的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容,產(chǎn)品生命周期碳足跡的核算可以為產(chǎn)品工業(yè)生產(chǎn)制造和產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)階段的碳減排提供重要參考。工業(yè)和信息化部發(fā)布的《“十四五”工業(yè)綠色發(fā)展規(guī)劃》將產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算列入工業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的主要任務(wù),國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委員會(huì)、工業(yè)和信息化部等部門發(fā)布的《促進(jìn)綠色消費(fèi)實(shí)施方案》提出探索建立重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)品全生命周期碳足跡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
碳足跡的概念和核算方法討論始于2005年前后,Carbon Trust在2007年發(fā)布了《Carbon Footprint Measurement Methodology,Version 1.1》,其后英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)會(huì)(British Standards Institution,BSI)、國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(International Organization for Standardization,ISO)、世界資源研究所(World Resources Institute,WRI)、世界企業(yè)永續(xù)發(fā)展委員會(huì)(World Business Council for Sustainable Development,WBCSD)等機(jī)構(gòu)推動(dòng)了碳足跡核算規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定[1-2]。BSI于2008年發(fā)布了《PAS 2050:2008 Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services》,并在2011年發(fā)布了更新版本PAS 2050:2011。WRI和WBCSD于2011年共同發(fā)布了《GHG Protocol: Product life cycle accounting and reporting standard》。該技術(shù)規(guī)范中雖未明確定義產(chǎn)品碳足跡的概念,但已基本完整地規(guī)定了產(chǎn)品生命周期溫室氣體排放量化、評(píng)價(jià)和報(bào)告的通用要求。ISO在2013年發(fā)布了《ISO/TS 14067:2013 Greenhouse gases—Carbon footprint of products—Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication》,定義了產(chǎn)品碳足跡的概念,規(guī)定了產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算邊界設(shè)定、核算數(shù)據(jù)清單、核算方法等要求,該技術(shù)規(guī)范后續(xù)更新為ISO 14067:2018國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。依據(jù)上述三個(gè)通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和技術(shù)規(guī)范進(jìn)行具體產(chǎn)品生命周期碳足跡核算、評(píng)價(jià)與報(bào)告時(shí),不同的核算人員對(duì)產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算的邊界設(shè)定、數(shù)據(jù)收集和分配方法等關(guān)鍵要素的理解不同,往往導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算結(jié)果的不確定度較高、可比性較差的問(wèn)題[3]。BSI在2014年發(fā)布的《PAS 2395:2014 Specification for the assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the whole life cycle of textile products》技術(shù)規(guī)范和中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì)2018年發(fā)布的《T/CNTAC 11—2018紡織產(chǎn)品溫室氣體排放核算通用技術(shù)要求》團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn),實(shí)現(xiàn)了國(guó)際通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和技術(shù)規(guī)范向紡織行業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)化。國(guó)內(nèi)外亦有相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)制定產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算的產(chǎn)品類別規(guī)則(Product Category Rules,PCR)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以更加詳細(xì)地規(guī)范產(chǎn)品碳足跡的核算,中國(guó)紡織行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《產(chǎn)品碳足跡產(chǎn)品種類規(guī)則紡織產(chǎn)品》,團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《產(chǎn)品碳足跡產(chǎn)品種類規(guī)則毛紗線》《產(chǎn)品碳足跡產(chǎn)品種類規(guī)則毛織物》《產(chǎn)品碳足跡產(chǎn)品種類規(guī)則毛針織品》等已在制定中。
絲綢產(chǎn)品是消費(fèi)者青睞的紡織產(chǎn)品類別,中國(guó)的蠶繭和生絲產(chǎn)量占全球80%以上[4],絲綢面料、絲綢服裝、絲綢家紡
產(chǎn)品等生產(chǎn)加工量亦是全球最大。絲綢產(chǎn)品的碳足跡核算對(duì)于絲綢行業(yè)的低碳發(fā)展具有重要意義,故本文對(duì)絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算的邊界設(shè)定、數(shù)據(jù)收集與分配、結(jié)果計(jì)算等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)進(jìn)行討論,為絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定提供參考。
1 核算邊界
產(chǎn)品碳足跡是對(duì)產(chǎn)品生命周期評(píng)價(jià)中的全球氣候變化影響指標(biāo)的量化,因此產(chǎn)品碳足跡的核算通常遵循生命周期評(píng)價(jià)的理論框架。絲綢產(chǎn)品全生命周期過(guò)程可分為蠶繭獲取、產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)制造、產(chǎn)品銷售使用、產(chǎn)品廢棄處理和回收再利用五個(gè)階段,每個(gè)階段又可細(xì)分為多個(gè)鏈段。蠶繭獲取階段主要為蠶的養(yǎng)殖,根據(jù)蠶的品種不同,養(yǎng)殖方式有傳統(tǒng)的桑蠶養(yǎng)殖、柞蠶養(yǎng)殖和工廠化桑蠶養(yǎng)殖等。生產(chǎn)制造階段則包括多個(gè)鏈段,如繅絲、織造、煉白、染色、印花、縫制等,銷售使用階段包括貿(mào)易零售、洗滌護(hù)理,廢棄階段是絲綢產(chǎn)品生命周期終點(diǎn),回收再利用階段則是再生絲綢產(chǎn)品的生命周期起點(diǎn)。
根據(jù)ISO 14067:2018中對(duì)產(chǎn)品碳足跡的定義,其可量化產(chǎn)品全生命周期內(nèi)或部分生命周期階段內(nèi)(一個(gè)或多個(gè)生命周期鏈段)溫室氣體排放和去除之后對(duì)氣候變化的影響。部分生命周期階段碳足跡(Partial carbon footprint of a product,partial CFP)的核算邊界可以有“搖籃到墳?zāi)埂保–radle to grave)、“搖籃到大門”(Cradle to gate)、“大門到大門”(Gate to gate)等不同情景。絲綢產(chǎn)品全生命周期過(guò)程有多種過(guò)程產(chǎn)品(如白廠絲、絲綢面料、絲綢服裝),若對(duì)過(guò)程產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行全生命周期評(píng)價(jià),由于其后續(xù)的應(yīng)用去向不能確定,通常不能獲得碳足跡核算所需的數(shù)據(jù),例如白廠絲可能用于生產(chǎn)染色面料進(jìn)而生產(chǎn)絲綢服裝,亦可能用于生產(chǎn)印花面料進(jìn)而生產(chǎn)絲綢圍巾,因此絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡的核算邊界選擇“搖籃到大門”或“大門到大門”具有較好的可操作性和實(shí)用性。在銷售使用、廢棄處理和回收再利用階段模式確定的情況下,例如從工廠到零售店鋪的運(yùn)輸方式和距離、線上或線下銷售形式、洗滌方式和次數(shù)、廢棄后的處理方法(如填埋、燃燒發(fā)電)、回收再利用方法等,亦可以將核算邊界設(shè)定為從“搖籃到墳?zāi)埂?,核算絲綢產(chǎn)品全生命周期的碳足跡。
“搖籃到大門”“大門到大門”的核算邊界可根據(jù)絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算目的進(jìn)行靈活調(diào)整,如圖1所示。“搖籃到大門”可選擇從蠶卵起始,到蠶繭、白廠絲、絲綢面料等不同過(guò)程產(chǎn)品,“大門到大門”可選擇從蠶繭起始,到白廠絲、絲綢面料,亦可選擇從白廠絲起始,到絲綢面料、絲綢服裝。雖然絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡的核算邊界具有較大的選擇空間,但在進(jìn)行碳足跡核算結(jié)果報(bào)告及不同產(chǎn)品間碳足跡比較,或者量化同一種產(chǎn)品采用優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)工藝后減少的碳足跡時(shí),需要明確說(shuō)明選擇的核算邊界。
2 核算數(shù)據(jù)
核算數(shù)據(jù)是產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算的基礎(chǔ),ISO 14067:2018將核算數(shù)據(jù)分為初級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)和二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)。初級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)是從產(chǎn)品生命周期過(guò)程直接測(cè)量或是根據(jù)直接測(cè)量結(jié)果計(jì)算得到的數(shù)據(jù),其中在產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算邊界范圍內(nèi)得到的數(shù)據(jù)為現(xiàn)場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù),初級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)之外的數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)稱為二手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),如文獻(xiàn)中的數(shù)據(jù)、行業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)數(shù)據(jù)。絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算邊界內(nèi)的溫室氣體排放源有直接溫室氣體排放和間接溫室氣體排放,燃料燃燒的溫室氣體排放(如天然氣鍋爐燃燒排放)、生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中化學(xué)反應(yīng)的溫室氣體排放(如碳酸鹽類反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生二氧化碳)、廢水處理中的溫室氣體排放(如甲烷、氧化亞氮)[5]等屬于直接溫室氣體排放數(shù)據(jù),核算邊界內(nèi)消耗的非現(xiàn)場(chǎng)燃燒的能源(如外購(gòu)電力)、物料(如染料、助劑、包裝材料)等屬于間接溫室氣體排放數(shù)據(jù)。人員的呼吸作用雖然受勞動(dòng)狀態(tài)影響,但作為基本的生理活動(dòng),其產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳排放通常不納入絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡的核算數(shù)據(jù)。生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、廠房等固定資產(chǎn)雖然直接、間接地產(chǎn)生溫室氣體排放,但由于其使用時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),且通常不是為某一種絲綢產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)而限定的投入,因此同樣亦不納入產(chǎn)品絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡的核算數(shù)據(jù)。絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算的主要數(shù)據(jù)如表1所示。
根據(jù)企業(yè)的計(jì)量水平不同,溫室氣體排放源數(shù)據(jù)有的可以精確到待核算的絲綢產(chǎn)品,有的則是某一時(shí)間段內(nèi)的總體數(shù)據(jù)。如某車間每月度的照明耗電數(shù)據(jù),若該月度內(nèi)車間同時(shí)生產(chǎn)包括待核算絲綢產(chǎn)品在內(nèi)的多種產(chǎn)品,則需要對(duì)月度的照明耗電數(shù)據(jù)按照產(chǎn)品特性、產(chǎn)量、價(jià)值等因素分配到待核算絲綢產(chǎn)品和共生產(chǎn)品[6]。在核算邊界內(nèi)若多個(gè)鏈段皆涉及數(shù)據(jù)分配,選擇的分配方法應(yīng)保持一致。如在前處理車間按照價(jià)值因素對(duì)坯綢的照明耗電量進(jìn)行分配,則在后續(xù)的印花車間同樣應(yīng)按照價(jià)值因素對(duì)印花面料的照明耗電量進(jìn)行分配。若某個(gè)鏈段產(chǎn)出具有利用價(jià)值的副產(chǎn)品時(shí),同樣需要對(duì)該鏈段的核算數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分配。如繅絲階段同時(shí)產(chǎn)生蠶絲、蛹襯、蠶蛹,則應(yīng)將繅絲階段的數(shù)據(jù)在三種產(chǎn)品中進(jìn)行分配。若產(chǎn)出的副產(chǎn)品利用價(jià)值較低(如僅作為固廢處理)或副產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量較少時(shí)(如少于產(chǎn)量的1%),則無(wú)需對(duì)該鏈段的核算數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分配。除收集絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算的投入、產(chǎn)出數(shù)據(jù)外,還需要考慮各階段過(guò)程產(chǎn)品的含水率,如繅絲階段的蠶絲含水率和復(fù)搖階段的蠶絲含水率不同,應(yīng)根據(jù)含水率數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)該兩個(gè)階段的產(chǎn)量數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行修正處理。
3 溫室氣體去除
ISO 14067:2018對(duì)產(chǎn)品碳足跡的定義中包括產(chǎn)品生命周期階段溫室氣體的排放量和去除量,其中溫室氣體去除方式有植物光合作用吸收二氧化碳并轉(zhuǎn)化為生物炭、人工碳捕捉封存和利用等。蠶絲雖然不是直接從植物中獲取,但傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)蠶模式投喂的桑葉、柞樹(shù)葉和現(xiàn)代工廠化養(yǎng)蠶模式投喂的飼料(含桑葉、豆粕)則是植物源產(chǎn)品,所含的碳元素可溯源到空氣中的二氧化碳。桑葉、柞樹(shù)葉或人工飼料經(jīng)蠶進(jìn)食后,其中所含的碳元素去向包括蠶呼吸作用轉(zhuǎn)換為二氧化碳排到大氣中、吸收到蠶的身體組織中(最終到蠶蛹中)、轉(zhuǎn)移到蠶沙和蠶絲中,因此桑葉、柞樹(shù)葉或人工飼料的固碳量并不等于蠶絲的固碳量。
產(chǎn)品碳足跡的量化單位為二氧化碳當(dāng)量,也即將甲烷、氧化亞氮、氫氟碳化物、全氟碳化物、六氟化硫等按照給定時(shí)間內(nèi)(如50年、100年)的輻射強(qiáng)迫影響轉(zhuǎn)化為等量的二氧化碳[7]。蠶絲的生物炭固碳效應(yīng)受絲綢產(chǎn)品使用時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短影響,使用時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)固碳效應(yīng)越顯著,反之則越不顯著。由于蠶絲產(chǎn)品的使用時(shí)間通常難以達(dá)到50年的時(shí)長(zhǎng),因此蠶絲生物炭的二氧化碳去除量可不納入蠶絲產(chǎn)品碳足跡的計(jì)算,但可以將該去除量在碳足跡核算報(bào)告中以數(shù)據(jù)清單的形式予以說(shuō)明。碳足跡核算邊界設(shè)定為“搖籃到墳?zāi)埂睍r(shí),采用燃燒的方法處理廢舊絲綢產(chǎn)品會(huì)將其中的碳元素以溫室氣體的形式排放到大氣中,但同時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生熱量。若將這些熱量進(jìn)行利用,則可以節(jié)約化石燃料的使用,減少溫室氣體排放,相當(dāng)于溫室氣體去除。
若絲綢產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)通過(guò)購(gòu)買碳匯、采用人工碳捕捉封存和利用的方式從大氣中去除溫室氣體,則應(yīng)在碳足跡核算中予以計(jì)算。如生產(chǎn)企業(yè)購(gòu)買一定量的碳匯,并聲明分配于待核算碳足跡的絲綢產(chǎn)品的份額,便可在碳足跡結(jié)果計(jì)算時(shí)用于抵消核算邊界內(nèi)的溫室氣體排放量。
4 結(jié)果計(jì)算
碳足跡核算邊界內(nèi)直接溫室氣體排放中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)排放可通過(guò)化學(xué)平衡方程式計(jì)算,能源燃燒的溫室氣體排放可基于能源含碳量、碳氧化因子、低位發(fā)熱值等因素計(jì)算。核算邊界內(nèi)間接溫室氣體排放按照GHG排放=AD×EF(AD為活動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù),EF為排放因子)的方法計(jì)算,AD由納入計(jì)算的非現(xiàn)場(chǎng)燃燒的能源(如外購(gòu)電力)、物料(如染料、助劑、包裝材料等)投入量數(shù)據(jù)組成,EF的計(jì)算則相對(duì)較為復(fù)雜。在碳足跡核算時(shí)可選擇相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布的EF數(shù)據(jù)、文獻(xiàn)中的EF數(shù)據(jù)、商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的EF數(shù)據(jù)等。在選擇使用EF數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),應(yīng)充分考慮其時(shí)間、地域的差異。如某種絲綢產(chǎn)品在浙江省生產(chǎn)制造,使用的電力由華東電網(wǎng)供應(yīng),則電力的EF數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)選擇華東電網(wǎng)發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)。
EF數(shù)據(jù)目前仍是制約產(chǎn)品碳足跡結(jié)果計(jì)算的關(guān)鍵因素,其主要表現(xiàn)為數(shù)據(jù)不完整、時(shí)效性較差、地域覆蓋不全。數(shù)據(jù)不完整是指諸多物料尚無(wú)EF數(shù)據(jù),如絲綢面料染色過(guò)程投入的某些染料EF數(shù)據(jù)尚缺失。時(shí)效性差是指現(xiàn)有的部分EF數(shù)據(jù)為歷史數(shù)據(jù),如5年前、10年前甚至更早時(shí)期的數(shù)據(jù)。地域覆蓋不全是指EF數(shù)據(jù)僅有某一個(gè)或某幾個(gè)特定區(qū)域的數(shù)據(jù),如不同國(guó)家、不同地域的電網(wǎng)輸出電力的EF不同,但已發(fā)布或研究得到的電力EF數(shù)據(jù)并未覆蓋所有國(guó)家、地域。隨著碳足跡領(lǐng)域的研究深入和拓展,EF數(shù)據(jù)仍在動(dòng)態(tài)更新中,在計(jì)算絲綢產(chǎn)品的碳足跡時(shí),應(yīng)對(duì)選用的EF數(shù)據(jù)詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。EF數(shù)據(jù)的一致性亦是不同絲綢產(chǎn)品在同一核算邊界范圍內(nèi)可比(如選擇相對(duì)低碳的絲綢產(chǎn)品)或者同一種絲綢產(chǎn)品不同生產(chǎn)工藝條件下可比(如量化與評(píng)價(jià)同一種絲綢產(chǎn)品生命周期的溫室氣體減排量)的關(guān)鍵前提。
絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡的計(jì)算結(jié)果為核算邊界內(nèi)各過(guò)程碳足跡的加和,以功能單位產(chǎn)品碳足跡的形式報(bào)告。根據(jù)產(chǎn)品類別不同可設(shè)定不同的功能單位,如繅絲階段可設(shè)定單位質(zhì)量的白廠絲為功能單位,織造階段可設(shè)定單位質(zhì)量或單位米數(shù)的坯綢為功能單位,制成品制造階段可設(shè)定一件絲綢服裝、一條絲巾、一條蠶絲被為功能單位。當(dāng)功能單位為米、件、條等非質(zhì)量單位時(shí),應(yīng)注明其質(zhì)量信息,以方便不同過(guò)程碳足跡加和時(shí)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確折算。
5 結(jié) 語(yǔ)
絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算可為絲綢產(chǎn)品低碳設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)制造過(guò)程碳減排、消費(fèi)者綠色低碳消費(fèi)提供參考,對(duì)絲綢行業(yè)的綠色低碳發(fā)展亦有重要意義。絲綢產(chǎn)品生命周期鏈條長(zhǎng),涉及的投入產(chǎn)出要素多,需充分、系統(tǒng)地分析絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題,以確保碳足跡核算結(jié)果的有效性和可比性。
1) 絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡的核算邊界可根據(jù)核算需求靈活設(shè)定,以“大門”為核算邊界終點(diǎn)更適合絲綢產(chǎn)品離散式的生命周期特點(diǎn),具有較好的可操作性。
2) 核算數(shù)據(jù)的完整性和準(zhǔn)確性是碳足跡核算的關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ),需明確核算邊界內(nèi)的關(guān)鍵溫室氣體排放源,必要時(shí)選擇適用的數(shù)據(jù)分配方法,以確保收集的核算數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量。
3) 蠶絲生物炭的溫室氣體去除效應(yīng)受絲綢產(chǎn)品的使用時(shí)長(zhǎng)影響,在報(bào)告絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡核算結(jié)果時(shí),可將生物炭對(duì)應(yīng)的溫室氣體去除量單獨(dú)說(shuō)明;絲綢企業(yè)的碳中和行動(dòng)可納入絲綢產(chǎn)品的碳足跡核算結(jié)果的報(bào)告。
4) EF數(shù)據(jù)影響絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡計(jì)算結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,核算邊界一致和EF數(shù)據(jù)一致是不同絲綢產(chǎn)品碳足跡計(jì)算結(jié)果
可比,或者量化同一種絲綢產(chǎn)品生命周期溫室氣體減排量的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵前提。
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Discussions on key issues of carbon footprint accounting of silk products
WANG Laili1a,b, LIU Shuyi1a, LI Qizheng2, ZHANG Ying1a, WANG Xiaopeng1b,c
(1a.School of Fashion Design & Engineering; 1b.Silk and Fashion Culture Center; 1c.Institute of Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-TechUniversity, Hangzhou 310018, China; 2.Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology,Shaoxing 312000, China; 3.International Silk Union, Hangzhou 310018, China)
Abstract:
The green and low-carbon development of industries and green and low-carbon consumption of products are the key elements of carbon peak and carbon neutrality strategy in China. The accounting of carbon footprint of products in the life cycle provides an important reference for the carbon mitigation in the industrial production and consumption progresses. The concept of carbon footprint and the discussion about its accounting methods started around 2005, and has subsequently experienced a series of developments and refinements. There are also related institutions at home and abroad developing Product Category Rules (PCR) for product carbon footprint accounting to standardize the accounting of product carbon footprint in more detail. Silk products are are favored by consumers. China is a major producer of silkworm cocoons and raw silk, and the largest producer and processor of silk fabrics, silk garments, and silk home textile products in the world. The carbon footprint accounting of silk products is of great significance for the low carbon development of the silk industry.
In order to accurately calculate the carbon footprint of silk products, the key issues such as the accounting boundary, accounting data, greenhouse gas (GHG) sequestration and result calculation were analyzed and discussed. The whole life cycle of silk products is divided into five stages, namely the acquisition of silkworm cocoons, the manufacture of products, the sales and use of products, the disposal of products and recycling. Each phase is divided into several segments. The accounting boundary of the carbon footprint of silk products can be adjusted flexibly based on the accounting purpose, but when the carbon footprint accounting results are reported and the carbon footprint of different products is compared, or the reduced carbon footprint of the same product using an optimized manufacturing process is quantified, the accounting boundary needs to be explained clearly. Accounting data are the basis of product carbon footprint accounting. The paper lists the GHG emission sources and data inventories of silk products at each stage, and gives examples of the distribution method of GHG emission sources in the accounting process. The ways of greenhouse gas sequestration involve absorbing carbon dioxide and converting it into biochar through plant photosynthesis, artificial carbon capture, storage and utilization. Generally, the use time of silk products is not more than fifty years, so the carbon dioxide sequestration of silk may not be included into the calculation of the carbon footprint of silk products. If manufacturers of silk products remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere by purchasing carbon sinks and adopting artificial carbon capture, storage and utilization, the greenhouse gases should be calculated in the carbon footprint accounting. When the GHG emission results are calculated, chemical reaction emissions of direct greenhouse gas emissions within the accounting boundary of carbon footprint can be calculated by chemical equilibrium equation. Indirect greenhouse gas emissions within the accounting boundary can be calculated according to the method of GHG emission = AD×EF (AD represents activity data, and EF represents the emission factor), and EF data are still the key factor restricting the calculation of carbon footprint results of products. The calculation result of the carbon footprint of silk products is the sum of carbon footprints in each process within the accounting boundary, and different functional units can be set according to different product categories. In this paper, the key technologies such as boundary setting, data collection and distribution, and result calculation are systematically discussed for the carbon footprint accounting of silk products and the development of standards. The results show that it is feasible to choose “cradle to gate” or “gate to gate” as the accounting boundary of carbon footprint of silk products. The quality of accounting data can be improved by determining the key emission sources of GHG within the accounting boundary, selecting the appropriate allocation methods and maintaining the consistency of the allocation methods within the accounting boundary when necessary. The GHG sequestration of silk can be explained separately in the report of carbon footprint sequestration results of silk products; the carbon neutralization actions of silk enterprises can be incorporated in the carbon footprint quantification results of silk products; consistent accounting boundary and emission factors are two key prerequisites for the feasibility of carbon footprint quantification results of different silk products.
The carbon footprint accounting of silk products provides a reference for low-carbon design of silk products, carbon emission reduction in the manufacturing process, and green and low-carbon consumption of consumers. It is also of great significance to the green and low-carbon development of the silk industry. The life cycle chain of silk products is long and involves many input and output elements. It is necessary to fully and systematically analyze the key issues of carbon footprint accounting of silk products to ensure the validity and comparability of carbon footprint accounting results.
Key words:
silk products; carbon footprint; accounting boundary; carbon neutralization; allocation; accounting data
收稿日期:
2022-07-11;
修回日期:
2023-02-24
基金項(xiàng)目:
中國(guó)工程院戰(zhàn)略研究與咨詢項(xiàng)目(2022-XY-19);中央外經(jīng)貿(mào)專項(xiàng)資金(繭絲綢)項(xiàng)目(浙財(cái)建〔2022〕95號(hào));浙江省教育廳一般科研項(xiàng)目(工程碩士專項(xiàng))(Y202148096);浙江省大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)暨新苗人才計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2022R406C077)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:
王來(lái)力(1985),男,教授,博士,主要從事紡織服裝綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展的研究。