邵晨
眾所周知,高考評(píng)卷時(shí),閱卷老師主要從內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)及語(yǔ)言三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行定檔評(píng)分。談到考場(chǎng)作文的語(yǔ)言問(wèn)題,很多同學(xué)苦惱不堪。有的同學(xué)簡(jiǎn)單句型不會(huì)寫(xiě),復(fù)雜句式更是錯(cuò)漏百出;有的同學(xué)埋頭苦背所謂的高級(jí)句型和精彩例句,到考場(chǎng)上只會(huì)生搬硬套,出力不討好??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),很多同學(xué)語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)薄弱,語(yǔ)言組織能力不強(qiáng),靈活應(yīng)變能力不足,很難在考場(chǎng)緊張而有限的時(shí)間內(nèi),寫(xiě)出準(zhǔn)確且恰當(dāng)?shù)木渥?。為幫助英語(yǔ)薄弱生解決這個(gè)難題,筆者從紛繁復(fù)雜的高級(jí)句式和精彩例句中挑選出兩個(gè)萬(wàn)能句型,確??忌鷮W(xué)即能會(huì)、會(huì)即能用、用即能準(zhǔn),最終能在考場(chǎng)上寫(xiě)出高質(zhì)量提分句型。
在英語(yǔ)思維里面,轉(zhuǎn)折(讓步)和并列(遞進(jìn))關(guān)系是兩種最常見(jiàn)的認(rèn)知模式。不管是讓步還是轉(zhuǎn)折都表示前后句的對(duì)比。細(xì)微之處的差別在于,轉(zhuǎn)折是一種比較強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比,對(duì)比的兩件事往往是完全相反的。而讓步,則帶點(diǎn)“先抑后揚(yáng)”的意味。不管是并列還是遞進(jìn),都能夠表示前后句陳述方向的一致性,即情感態(tài)度的一致性。細(xì)微的差別之處在于,遞進(jìn)關(guān)系所陳述的兩件事物不僅方向一致,更有一種意義的疊加與增進(jìn)。
因此,不管是何種類型的文章,只要掌握了這兩種邏輯關(guān)系的表達(dá)法,就相當(dāng)于掌握了作文提分的兩大法寶,讓文章條理更加清晰,邏輯更加分明。
一、典型示例
1.表轉(zhuǎn)折(讓步):…as…
表示轉(zhuǎn)折(讓步)關(guān)系的邏輯詞有很多,比如but,although,though,even if,even though,while,as等。在眾多邏輯詞中,as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句最有可能組織出吸睛的提分句型。原因有二:其一、as作為讓步的含義,同學(xué)們用得比較少,增加了認(rèn)知上的高級(jí)感。其二、as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句需要倒裝,增加了結(jié)構(gòu)上的高級(jí)感。as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,具體用法如下:
(1)形容詞+as+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞。如:
Successful as he is,he is modest.
(2)名詞+as+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞。如:
Senior high school student as he is,he is knowledgeable.
(3)副詞+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)部分。如:
A. Hard as I studied,I couldn't catch up with others in one month.
B. Much as you like math,you couldn't do math exercises in English class.
(4)動(dòng)詞原形+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)的另一部分(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞)。如:
A. Try as we may,we couldn't solve the problem in one day.
B. Dislike English as you might,you must acknowledge that it is one of the
most important languages in the world.
C. Fail in the examination as we did,we gained a lot of experience.
小結(jié):在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句倒裝時(shí),置于句首的名詞前不能加冠詞;much前不能加very;動(dòng)詞需要是原形,如果動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞,需要把動(dòng)詞及其后面的賓語(yǔ)一起置于句首。
2.表并列(遞進(jìn)):not only…but also…
表示并列和遞進(jìn)的邏輯詞也有很多,比如and,as well as,besides,moreover,in addition,not only…but also…等。在這些邏輯詞中,not only…but also…句型因其強(qiáng)大的功能和靈活多變的句式而備受同學(xué)們的喜愛(ài)。然而很多同學(xué)在使用該句型時(shí),邏輯不清,忽略細(xì)節(jié),寫(xiě)出的高級(jí)句式錯(cuò)漏百出,拉低整篇文章的質(zhì)量。下面我們就系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)一下該邏輯詞的使用方法。
該句型在邏輯上起到遞進(jìn)的作用,連接的內(nèi)容可以是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等詞或詞組,也可以是從句或者簡(jiǎn)單句等句子,示例如下:
(1)基本式
A. 連接主語(yǔ):Not only I but also my brother is a big fan of football.
B. 連接賓語(yǔ):My farther likes not only swimming but also reading.
C. 連接謂語(yǔ):He not only handed in his homework timely,but also finished it carefully.
D. 連接表語(yǔ):He is not only a teacher but also a poet.
E. 連接賓補(bǔ):The sudden news made people not only surprised but also thrilled.
F. 連接狀語(yǔ):You can exercise not only in the stadium but also in the playground.
G. 連接定語(yǔ):I like reading books not only on artificial intelligence but also
on time travel.
H. 連接從句:The rules of the game is that you need to guess not only what is ?drawn but also who draw the picture.
I. 連接簡(jiǎn)單句:Tom not only has a gift for playing piano,but also he is a
famous writer.
(2)倒裝式
有時(shí)為表強(qiáng)調(diào),可以把not only置于句首,這時(shí)not only后引導(dǎo)的句子要倒裝,公式為:Not only+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞…,but also…具體示例如下:
A. 正裝:I was not only tired but also hungry.
倒裝:Not only was I tired but also I felt hungry.
B. 正裝:Tom not only has a gift for playing piano,but also he is a famous writer.
倒裝:Not only does Tom have a gift for playing piano,but also he is a
famous writer.
C. 正裝:The mobile game not only has attracted millions of teenagers but also
a lot of adults are addicted to it.
倒裝:Not only has the mobile phone attracted millions of teenagers but ?also a lot of adults are addicted to it.
D. 正裝:Lin Qiaozhi not only devoted her life to medical work,but also she ?was truly kind and considerate.
倒裝:Not only did Lin Qiaozhi devote her life to medical work,but also she was truly kind and considerate.
小結(jié):在not only…but also…句型中,若原句中有be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞就直接把它們提到主語(yǔ)之前,若沒(méi)有則需要找助動(dòng)詞來(lái)幫忙,在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中,助動(dòng)詞為did,在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中,助動(dòng)詞為do或does,在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,助動(dòng)詞為have或has。需要注意的是,如若把did或does提前,原句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需變成動(dòng)詞原形,因?yàn)闀r(shí)態(tài)和單復(fù)數(shù)的變型已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到助動(dòng)詞上了。
(3)省略式
有時(shí)為了語(yǔ)言更精簡(jiǎn),還可以把not only…but also…句型中的also省略。示例如下:
A. He is not only a writer but a poet.
B. He is famous not only in China but in the world.
C. Not only did we pick several baskets of apples,but we realized the importance of teamwork.
二、考場(chǎng)演練
以上兩個(gè)句型是否真的是萬(wàn)能的?下面我們用18個(gè)例句檢驗(yàn)一下該句型在近三年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷、全國(guó)甲卷和全國(guó)乙卷應(yīng)用文中的適切性。
1. 這是一個(gè)特別棒的節(jié)目,在這里你不僅可以與同學(xué)們分享你的想法,而且能夠了解到更多的中國(guó)文化。(2022年全國(guó)I:假定你是校廣播站英語(yǔ)節(jié)目“Talk and Talk”的負(fù)責(zé)人李華,請(qǐng)給外教Caroline寫(xiě)郵件邀請(qǐng)她做一次訪談。內(nèi)容包括:1.節(jié)目介紹;2.訪談的時(shí)間和話題。)
2. 盡管“Talk and Talk”是一個(gè)新節(jié)目,卻擁有很多粉絲。(2022年全國(guó)Ⅰ)
3. 海洋不僅給我們提供充足的食物,而且能夠維持大自然的平衡。(2022全國(guó)甲:你校將以六月八日世界海洋日為主題,舉辦英語(yǔ)征文比賽,請(qǐng)你寫(xiě)一篇短文投稿。內(nèi)容包括:1.海洋的重要性;2.保護(hù)海洋的倡議。)
(1)正裝
(2)倒裝
4. 盡管看英文電影有趣又輕松,但與看英文書(shū)相比,沒(méi)有那么有益于學(xué)習(xí)。(2022全國(guó)乙:學(xué)校英文報(bào)正在開(kāi)展以Learning English Beyond the Classroom為題的討論。請(qǐng)使用圖表中的調(diào)查結(jié)果寫(xiě)一篇短文投稿,內(nèi)容包括:1.學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)狀況描述;2.簡(jiǎn)單評(píng)論;3.你的建議。)
5. 具體而言,通過(guò)讀英文書(shū),你不僅可以擴(kuò)大詞匯量,而且可以提高對(duì)于長(zhǎng)難句的理解能力。(2022全國(guó)乙)
6. 我最喜歡的欄目是青年人的成功故事,它不僅陪伴我度過(guò)了艱難時(shí)光,而且提升了我的自信心。(2021新高考I:你校英文報(bào) Youth 正在慶祝創(chuàng)刊十周年。請(qǐng)你寫(xiě)一篇短文投稿,內(nèi)容包括:1.讀報(bào)的經(jīng)歷;2.喜愛(ài)的欄目;3.期望和祝福。)
7. 盡管中國(guó)文化博大精深,我卻不知道哪些傳統(tǒng)文化更吸引外國(guó)朋友。(2021全國(guó)甲:假定你是李華,你校計(jì)劃舉辦介紹中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的主題班會(huì),并在英語(yǔ)網(wǎng)站上展示,請(qǐng)你給外國(guó)朋友Chris寫(xiě)封信,向他了解哪些中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化更吸引外國(guó)朋友,內(nèi)容如下:1.闡明寫(xiě)信事由;2.征求建議;3.表達(dá)感謝。)
8. 盡管網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)很方便,過(guò)久的屏幕時(shí)間很傷眼睛。(2021全國(guó)乙:你校將舉辦英語(yǔ)演講比賽。請(qǐng)你以Be smart online learners為題寫(xiě)一篇發(fā)言稿參賽,內(nèi)容包括:1.分析優(yōu)勢(shì)與不足;2.提出學(xué)習(xí)建議。)
9. 網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)不僅傷害眼睛,還很容易讓我們分心。(2021全國(guó)乙)
10. 在網(wǎng)上,我們不僅可以獲得最新的消息,而且可以不受時(shí)間地點(diǎn)的限制去學(xué)習(xí)。(2021全國(guó)乙)
11. 他不僅教授我們知識(shí),還鼓勵(lì)我們永不放棄。(2020全國(guó)I:你校正在組織英語(yǔ)作文比賽。請(qǐng)以身邊值得尊敬和愛(ài)戴的人為題,寫(xiě)一篇短文參賽,內(nèi)容包括:1.人物簡(jiǎn)介;2.尊敬和愛(ài)戴的原因。)
12. 他豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和對(duì)教學(xué)的投入不僅讓我們輕松接觸到專業(yè)的知識(shí)還塑造了我們的性格。(2020全國(guó)Ⅰ)
13. 盡管他對(duì)我們要求很嚴(yán)格,但是沒(méi)有同學(xué)不喜歡他。(2020全國(guó)Ⅰ)
14. 盡管鐘南山年齡大了,但是他對(duì)工作依然充滿熱情。(2020全國(guó)Ⅰ)
15. 通過(guò)這次活動(dòng),我們不僅知道農(nóng)民有多辛苦,而且知道食物有多珍貴。(2020全國(guó)II:上周末,你和同學(xué)參加了一次采摘活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)你為班級(jí)英語(yǔ)角寫(xiě)一篇短文,介紹這次活動(dòng),內(nèi)容包括:1.農(nóng)場(chǎng)情況;2.采摘過(guò)程;3.個(gè)人感受。)
16. 盡管我們采摘之后都筋疲力盡,我們都覺(jué)得這是有意義并且難忘的一天。(2020全國(guó)Ⅱ)
17. 盡管已經(jīng)盡力了,我們還是不能確定情節(jié)是不是對(duì)觀眾有吸引力,也不能確定臺(tái)詞是否準(zhǔn)確。(2020全國(guó)Ⅲ:假定你是李華,你和同學(xué)根據(jù)英語(yǔ)課文改編了一個(gè)短劇。給外教Miss Evans寫(xiě)封郵件,請(qǐng)她幫忙指導(dǎo)。郵件內(nèi)容包括:1.劇情簡(jiǎn)介;2.指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容;3.商定時(shí)間地點(diǎn)。)
18. 您不僅精通英文而且有英文課文改編短劇經(jīng)驗(yàn)。(2020全國(guó)Ⅲ)
三、參考答案
1. This is an amazing program where you can not only share your ideas with students,but also learn more Chinese culture.
2. New program as “Talk and Talk” is,it has a large group of fans.
3.(1)正裝:Ocean not only offers us sufficient food,but also maintains the balance of nature.
(2)倒裝:Not only does ocean offer us sufficient food,but also maintains the balance of nature.
4. Interesting and relaxing as watching English movie is,it is less helpful than reading English books.
5. Specifically,by reading English books you can not only enlarge your vocabulary but also boost your understanding of long and difficult sentences.
6. My favorite column is the Success Stories of Youth,which not only accompanied me through the hard time but also boosted my confidence.
7. Profound as traditional Chinese culture is,I don't know which kind of Chinese culture is more appealing to foreign friends.
8. Convenient as online learning is,too long screen time does harm to our eyes.
9. Online learning not only does harm to our eyes,but also makes us distracted.
10. On the Internet,we can not only get the latest news,but also learn knowledge without time and space limit.
11. He not only teaches us knowledge,but also encourages us never to give up.
12. His rich experience and devotion to teaching not only give us easy access to professional knowledge but also shape our character.
13. Strict as he is,nobody dislikes him.
14. Old as Zhong Nanshan is,he is passionate about his job.
15. Through this activity,we not only know how laborious the farmers are but also learn how precious the food is.
16. Worn out as we were after the picking activity,we all believed that it was a meaningful and unforgettable day.
17. Hard as we tried,we are not sure whether the plot is appealing to the audience and the lines are accurate.
18. You not only have a good command of English but also have experience of adapting text into a short play.
【本文系2022年廣東省教育研究院中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育專項(xiàng)研究課題“深度學(xué)習(xí)視域下基于單元大觀念的高中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)探究與實(shí)踐”(立項(xiàng)編號(hào)GDJY-2022-A-yyb81)階段性研究成果】
責(zé)任編輯吳昊雷