解析被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

鄭小林

一、含義及構(gòu)成

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。其中be有各種時(shí)態(tài)的變化，并有人稱和數(shù)的變化。

點(diǎn)撥：將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，應(yīng)先確定句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，并找出句子的賓語(yǔ)。然后，將句子的賓語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成be + v.-ed形式。

二、主要幾種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，其構(gòu)成：am / is / are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 。

（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，其構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。

（3）含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，其構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。

（4）一般將來(lái)時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：will / shall + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。

拓展：◆ “不及物動(dòng)詞 + 介詞 / 副詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，要把它們作為整體看待，介詞或副詞不可與其動(dòng)詞拆開或漏掉。如：

Our homework was handed in yesterday afternoon.

◆含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，如果把主動(dòng)句中的直接賓語(yǔ)（指物）變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)，則需在間接賓語(yǔ)（指人）前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~to或for。如：

Danny gave me a ticket just now. →

A ticket was given to me by Danny just now. ?（直接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)）

I was given a ticket by Danny just now. ?（間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)）

◆ 使役動(dòng)詞（make等）和感官動(dòng)詞 （see， watch， notice， hear等）后面常接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ); 但在被動(dòng)句中，這些詞后面的動(dòng)詞不定式都需要帶to。如：The boss made us work for ten hours today.→

We were made to work for ten hours today by the boss.

三、中考鏈接

1.（2022·北京）On our farm， the tea leaves_____________by hand when they are ready.

A. pick B. picked C. are picked D. were picked

2.（2022·廣西·貴港）—People_____________to take their temperatures before they go into the supermarket during the COVID-19 pandemic （新冠疫情）.

—I think it’s a good way to protect ourselves.

A. are asking ? ? B. are asked C. asked D. ask

3.（2022·四川·涼山州）With double reduction policy （雙減政策）， students_____________less homework now so that they have enough time to take part in more activities.

A. will give B. were given ? ? ? ? ?C. are given

4.（2022·湖北·黃岡、孝感、咸寧）—Many DIY cards_____________to mothers on Mother’s Day every year.

—How creative！

A. is sending ? ? ? ? ? ?B. are sending C. is sent ? ? ? ? D. are sent

5.（2022·貴州·銅仁）—Mum ?could I watch the movie The Battle at Changjin Lake （《長(zhǎng)津湖》）tonight？

—Of course， if your homework____________.

A. finishes B. finished ? ? ? ? C. was finished ? ? D. is finished

6.（2022·江蘇·徐州）I_____________by aliens on my way home the other day. Do you believe me？

A. have attacked ? ? B. was attacked ? C. was attacking ? ? D. am attacked

7.（2022·遼寧·盤錦）It’s said that tea_____________for the first time about 5， 000 years ago.

A. drinks B. drank C. is drunk D. was drunk

8.（2022·四川·雅安）The 24th Winter Olympic Games_____________in February， 2022， Beijing.

A. hold B. held C. is held D. was held

9. （2022·湖南·郴州）A new supermarket_____________on Center Street next year.

A. was built B. will be built C. is built

10. （2022·遼寧·本溪、遼陽(yáng)、葫蘆島）Five more clubs_____________next week to make our school life rich and colorful.

A. set up ? B. are set up ? C. will be set up ? ? D. were set up

11. （2022·四川·樂山）—Waiter， a glass of apple juice， please.

—Sorry. Apple juice_____________only at breakfast.

A. serves ? B. is served ? ? ? C. is serving

12. （2022·海南）Few students could understand the sentence until it_____________by Miss Chen.

A. explained B. was explained C. was explaining

答案： 1-5 CBCDD 6-10 BDDBC 11-12 BB

（作者單位：江蘇鹽城市毓龍路實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校）