[摘要] 目的
分析妊娠期高血壓疾病(HDP)孕婦微量尿蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)與各臨床指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,探討其對(duì)HDP腎功能損害評(píng)估的臨床意義。
方法 選取2018年5月—2019年10月在青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科規(guī)律產(chǎn)檢的不同類型HDP孕婦共225例,其中妊娠期高血壓55例,子癇前期89例,子癇4例,慢性高血壓40例,慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期37例,隨機(jī)選取同期在我院產(chǎn)檢的正常單胎孕婦60例作為對(duì)照組。全部研究對(duì)象檢查ACR、血常規(guī)、血凝常規(guī)、尿常規(guī)、肝腎功能、血脂等生化指標(biāo),尿蛋白異常者進(jìn)行24 h尿蛋白定量檢測(cè)。
結(jié)果
ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度線性相關(guān)(r=0.800,Plt;0.05);ACR與舒張壓(DBP)、尿酸(UA)、尿素(UREA)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.484~0.574,Plt;0.05),與清蛋白(ALB)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.579,Plt;0.05)。UA、ACR聯(lián)合診斷HDP孕婦腎損傷的受試者工作特征曲線曲線下面積為0.996,截?cái)嘀禐?.881,特異度為0.951,靈敏度為0.929。
結(jié)論 ACR與DBP、UA、UREA、LDH升高和ALB降低相關(guān);ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度線性相關(guān),在HDP診斷方面有更準(zhǔn)確便捷的評(píng)估價(jià)值;UA、ACR隨HDP病情嚴(yán)重程度的增加而增高,二者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)評(píng)估HDP孕婦腎損傷有臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 高血壓,妊娠性;白蛋白尿;肌酸酐;尿分析;診斷
[中圖分類號(hào)] R714.25
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2023)06-0845-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.191
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20231229.1010.005;2024-01-02 10:48:28
APPLICATION VALUE OF URINE ALBUMIN-TO-CREATININE RATIO IN HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
CHEN Xiang, ZHAN Ying, LU Caixia, ZHENG Fumin, LIU Shiguo
(Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China)
; [ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and clinical parameters in patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and to explore the clinical significance of ACR in assessing impairment in renal function.
MethodsWe included a total of 225 pregnant women with different types of HDP who received regular prenatal examinations at The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from May 2018 to October 2019, including 55 with gestational hypertension, 89 with preeclampsia, 4 with eclampsia, 40 with chronic hypertension, and 37 with chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. A total of 60 normal pregnant women with a single fetus examined at the same hospital during the same period were randomly selected as the control group. All the subjects had ACR, routine blood, routine coagulation, routine urine, liver and kidney function, and blood lipid tests. Patients with abnormal urine protein levels received 24 h urine protein mea-
surement.
ResultsACR was highly linearly correlated with 24 h urine protein level (r=0.800,Plt;0.05), positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, uric acid, UREA, and lactate dehydrogenase (r=0.484-0.574,Plt;0.05), and negatively correlated with albumin (r=-0.579,Plt;0.05). For ACR plus uric acid diagnosing renal impairment in pregnant women with HDP, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.996, the cut-off value was 0.881, the specificity was 0.951, and the sensiti-
vity was 0.929.
ConclusionACR is associated with increased diastolic blood pressure, uric acid, UREA, and lactate dehydrogenase levels and decreased albumin levels. The highly linear correlation between ACR and 24 h urine protein level indicates that ACR is an accurate and convenient indicator for the diagnosis of HDP. ACR and uric acid levels increase with the severity of HDP, and their combination has clinical value in evaluating renal injury in pregnant women with HDP.
[KEY WORDS]hypertension, pregnancy-induced; albuminuria; creatinine; urinalysis; diagnosis
妊娠期高血壓疾?。℉DP),尤其是子癇前期,病情可能迅速惡化。因此,尋找一種早期評(píng)估子癇前期的臨床指標(biāo)至關(guān)重要。與連續(xù)采集24 h尿液相比,隨機(jī)收集單次尿液檢測(cè)其微量尿蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)更為簡(jiǎn)便,有助于HDP的早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷和及時(shí)治療[1-5]。本研究通過(guò)比較正常孕婦與不同類型HDP孕婦之間ACR、血常規(guī)及生化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)結(jié)果的差異,分析不同類型HDP ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量及相關(guān)輔助檢查參數(shù)的相關(guān)性,評(píng)價(jià)ACR在HDP中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值?,F(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選取2018年5月—2019年10月在青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院規(guī)律產(chǎn)檢的不同類型HDP孕婦共225例。入選孕婦均符合第9版《婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)》HDP的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),已存在腎臟疾病、肝腎功能不全、妊娠前糖尿病、風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病的孕婦被排除在外[6]。本研究的225例HDP孕婦中妊娠期高血壓(B組)55例,子癇前期(C組)89例,子癇(D組)4例,慢性高血壓(E組)40例,慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期(F組)37例。隨機(jī)選取同期在我院產(chǎn)檢的正常單胎孕婦60例作為對(duì)照組(A組)。所有入選孕婦對(duì)此次研究知情同意。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 尿液采集 留取尿液前詳細(xì)告訴孕婦樣本的采集方法以及注意事項(xiàng)。所有受檢者均隨機(jī)留取5 mL中段尿送實(shí)驗(yàn)室離心,取上清液采用全自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測(cè)尿微量清蛋白和尿肌酐水平,計(jì)算ACR。我院ACR正常參考值范圍為(0~37)×10-3。所有尿蛋白陽(yáng)性者均檢測(cè)24 h尿蛋白定量。
1.2.2 血常規(guī)及生化指標(biāo)的測(cè)定 清晨采集肘靜脈血,測(cè)定血紅蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、空腹血糖(FBG)、清蛋白(ALB)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素(UREA)、尿酸(UA)、總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)等。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用R語(yǔ)言軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以±s表示,多組比較采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步的組間兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以P50(P25,P75)表示;兩變量之間相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析;以受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評(píng)價(jià)多個(gè)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合的診斷價(jià)值。以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)" 果
2.1 各組孕婦ACR比較
正常孕婦與不同類型HDP孕婦的ACR不符
合正態(tài)分布,采用BOC-COX方法將ACR變換為logACR后數(shù)據(jù)符合正態(tài)分布,再行方差分析。結(jié)果顯示,與A組相比,C、D、F組logACR均顯著增高(F=132.10,Plt;0.05),但B、E組與A組間差異無(wú)顯著性(Pgt;0.05)。見表1。
2.2 各組孕婦血常規(guī)和生化指標(biāo)的比較
與A組相比較,C、D、F組孕婦的LDH、ALT、AST、Cr、UREA、UA、TC顯著增高,PLT、ALB顯著降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=5.71~15.84,Plt;0.05);而Hb、FBG、TG的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05)。見表2。
2.3 ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量的相關(guān)性分析
兩變量之間的相關(guān)分析采用最小二乘法擬合回歸直線,用Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)表示其相關(guān)程度。相關(guān)分析顯示,ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度線性相關(guān)(r=0.800,Plt;0.05)。
2.4 ACR與臨床資料各指標(biāo)的多元線性回歸分析
ACR變換為logACR后數(shù)據(jù)符合正態(tài)分布,以logACR為因變量,將單因素方差分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的臨床資料各指標(biāo)作為自變量,進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析和多元線性逐步回歸分析。相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,ACR與DBP、UA、UREA、LDH呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.484~0.574,Plt;0.05),與ALB呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.579,Plt;0.05),與體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、收縮壓(SBP)、PLT、ALT、AST、Cr、TC無(wú)相關(guān)性(r=-0.277~0.438,P>0.05)。多元線性逐步回歸分析結(jié)果見表3。
2.5 ACR聯(lián)合UA對(duì)HDP孕婦腎損傷診斷價(jià)值
以24 h尿蛋白定量0.3 g為診斷腎損傷的界點(diǎn),腎損傷病人共計(jì)130例,占總樣本數(shù)的45.6%。分別以UA、ACR及二者聯(lián)合預(yù)測(cè)值為檢驗(yàn)變量繪制ROC曲線。由ROC曲線得出UA、ACR單獨(dú)及聯(lián)合診斷HDP孕婦腎損傷的曲線下面積(AUC)、截?cái)嘀?、特異度和靈敏度。結(jié)果顯示,UA、ACR單獨(dú)診斷HDP孕婦腎損傷的AUC均gt;0.80,而二者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的AUC為0.996,優(yōu)于單獨(dú)檢測(cè)。二者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的靈敏度和特異度優(yōu)于UA而低于ACR單獨(dú)檢測(cè)。見圖1、表4。
3 討" 論
尿微量ALB被認(rèn)為是腎臟血管內(nèi)皮功能損傷的一種標(biāo)志[6-8],與高血壓、糖尿病、腎臟疾病等疾病相關(guān),被認(rèn)為是高血壓病人腎臟功能預(yù)后的一個(gè)參數(shù)[9-11]。在正常妊娠期間,腎臟會(huì)發(fā)生重要的解剖和生理適應(yīng)性變化,在妊娠中起著關(guān)鍵的作用,是HDP最易損害的器官[12-13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),子癇前期腎小球病變的主要特征是內(nèi)皮增生和足細(xì)胞病變。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增生與蛋白尿的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[14-17]。過(guò)去,24 h尿蛋白定量一直是診斷子癇前期的傳統(tǒng)金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的研究?jī)A向于用ACR來(lái)代替24 h尿蛋白定量[18-20]。ACR是一種快速而簡(jiǎn)單的替代尿蛋白定量的檢測(cè)與評(píng)價(jià)方法,該指標(biāo)是通過(guò)將單一尿液樣本中的蛋白濃度除以Cr濃度得到的[21-23]。
KAMINSKA等[10]通過(guò)回顧性分析不同疾病的ACR來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)其在腎臟疾病、高血壓、妊娠期高血壓、子癇前期、糖尿病、免疫性疾病等病程中診斷蛋白尿的有效性,結(jié)果顯示,ACR與24 h尿蛋白濃度呈高度正相關(guān),不同類型HDP孕婦與正常孕婦的ACR差異有顯著性,提示ACR檢測(cè)是一種快速而可靠的方法,可以消除每天24 h收集尿液的需要。SACHAN等[24]通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)ACR在診斷子癇前期和子癇孕婦中的準(zhǔn)確性,探討ACR與胎兒預(yù)后關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組ACR均值明顯低于患病組。本研究結(jié)果顯示,子癇前期組、子癇組、慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期組的HDP孕婦ACR均顯著高于正常組;相關(guān)分析也顯示,ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量呈顯著正相關(guān),隨著病情的加重,ACR和24 h尿蛋白定量也隨之增加。因此,ACR有望取代24 h尿蛋白定量來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)HDP的嚴(yán)重程度,值得在產(chǎn)科領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步研究和推廣。
UA是氧化應(yīng)激、組織損傷和腎功能障礙的標(biāo)志物[25-27],UA升高也是子癇前期孕婦的常見臨床表現(xiàn)。雖然UA不在子癇前期的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,但有研究表明,UA升高與子癇前期相關(guān)[28-30]。子癇前期病人UA水平升高是由于腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率下降導(dǎo)致UA清除率下降所致[31-32]。幾項(xiàng)研究評(píng)估了UA在預(yù)測(cè)HDP嚴(yán)重程度方面的價(jià)值[33-34],KHALIQ等[35]也回顧性分析了UA在子癇前期中的作用,上述研究結(jié)果均顯示,血清UA水平隨著子癇前期程度的加重而升高。然而,迄今為止,許多研究結(jié)果是相互矛盾的。
UA與ACR都是HDP腎損害的指標(biāo)。HDP引起的腎小球損失會(huì)導(dǎo)致腎臟功能障礙,與健康孕婦相比,腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率和腎血漿流量降低導(dǎo)致血清中UA、UREA等代謝產(chǎn)物無(wú)法通過(guò)尿液排出[36]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,子癇前期及子癇孕婦血清UA、ACR顯著高于正常孕婦,且隨病情嚴(yán)重程度的增加而升高。提示UA和ACR都是腎臟損傷的重要生物標(biāo)志物[37]。本文分別以UA、ACR及其聯(lián)合預(yù)測(cè)值為檢驗(yàn)變量繪制ROC曲線進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示,二者聯(lián)合使用時(shí)診斷的靈敏度、特異度高于UA單獨(dú)使用。因此,聯(lián)合檢測(cè)UA和ACR可提高診斷HDP腎損傷的AUC和截?cái)嘀?,有利于HDP孕婦早期腎損害的診斷。
綜上所述,ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量高度相關(guān),可以消除每天24 h采尿的復(fù)雜性和局限性,聯(lián)合檢測(cè)UA和ACR水平對(duì)診斷HDP孕婦早期腎損害有臨床價(jià)值。但本研究選取病例數(shù)相對(duì)較少,并且影響血常規(guī)和生化指標(biāo)的因素較多,因此,ACR與血常規(guī)、生化指標(biāo)參數(shù)的確切關(guān)系以及我國(guó)尿蛋白對(duì)應(yīng)的ACR確切診斷數(shù)值,還需要今后多中心、大樣本隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究的驗(yàn)證,以指導(dǎo)不同類型HDP的臨床診斷和治療。
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