[摘要] 目的
探究血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)、中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)和系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù)(SII)對行減瘤手術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)移性腎細(xì)胞癌(MRCC)病人的預(yù)后價值。
方法 回顧性分析2012年1月—2016年12月于青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科確診MRCC并行減瘤手術(shù)的80例病人的臨床病理資料。使用X-tile軟件計算外周血炎癥指標(biāo)的最佳截點值,據(jù)此將病人分為高數(shù)值組和低數(shù)值組,比較兩組間差異,并采用單因素分析和多因素Cox回歸分析了解炎癥相關(guān)指標(biāo)等臨床病理特征對病人預(yù)后的影響。
結(jié)果 NLR、PLR、SII的最佳截點值分別為2.7、161.0、734.1。高NLR、PLR、SII數(shù)值均與更差的Fuhrman分級相關(guān)(χ2=4.863~17.875,Plt;0.05)。單因素分析顯示,F(xiàn)uhrman分級(χ2=6.045,P=0.014)、T分期(χ2=3.969,P=0.046)、是否為透明細(xì)胞癌(χ2=9.743,P=0.002)、NLR(χ2=17.025,Plt;0.001)、PLR(χ2=8.441,P=0.004)、SII(χ2=44.345,Plt;0.001)是行減瘤手術(shù)的MRCC病人總體生存期(OS)的影響因素。多因素Cox回歸分析顯示,SII(HR=5.087,95%CI=2.218~11.665,Plt;0.05)、是否為透明細(xì)胞癌(HR=0.487,95%CI=0.258~0.918,Plt;0.05)、Fuhrman分級(HR=1.684,95%CI=1.019~2.782,Plt;0.05)是MRCC病人OS的的獨立影響因素。
結(jié)論 術(shù)前高SII數(shù)值提示行減瘤手術(shù)的MRCC病人較差的生存結(jié)局。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 癌,腎細(xì)胞;腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移;血小板計數(shù);淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù);中性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù);系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù);預(yù)后
[中圖分類號] R737.11;R446.113
[文獻標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號] 2096-5532(2023)06-0821-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.176
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20231218.1556.002;2023-12-19 17:34:48
PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF PREOPERATIVE PERIPHERAL BLOOD INFLAMMATORY MARKERS FOR METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
LI Xiangyu, MAO Xin, ZHANG Qingsong, PEI Xingchao
(Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China)
; [ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo explore the prognostic value of the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) undergoing cytoreductive surgery.
MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 80 patients diagnosed with MRCC undergoing cytoreductive surgery in the Department of Urology of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2012 to December 2016. Using X-tile 3.6.1 software, the optimal cut-off values of the peripheral blood inflammatory markers were determined to divide the patients into high-level and low-level groups for comparison analysis. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the influence of inflammatory indicators and other clinicopathological features on patient prognosis.
ResultsThe optimal cut-off values of NLR, PLR, and SII were 2.7, 161.0, and 734.1, respectively. High NLR, PLR, and SII values were all significantly associated with a worse Fuhrman grade (χ2=4.863-17.875,Plt;0.05). The univariable analysis showed that Fuhrman grade (χ2=6.045,P=0.014), T stage (χ2=3.969,P=0.046), being clear cell carcinoma or not (χ2=9.743,P=0.002), NLR (χ2=17.025,Plt;0.001), PLR (χ2=8.441,P=0.004), and SII (χ2=44.345,Plt;0.001) were influencing factors for the overall survival (OS) of patients with MRCC undergoing cytoreductive surgery. The multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that SII (HR=5.087,95%CI=2.218-11.665,Plt;0.05), Fuhrman grade (HR=1.684,95%CI=1.019-2.782,Plt;0.05), and being clear cell carcinoma or not (HR=0.487,95%CI=0.258-0.918,Plt;0.05) were independent factors affecting the OS of the patients.
ConclusionPreoperative high levels of SII suggest a poor survival outcome in patients with MRCC undergoing cytoreductive surgery.
[KEY WORDS]carcinoma, renal cell; neoplasm metastasis; platelet count; lymphocyte count; absolute neutrophil count; systemic immune-inflammation index; prognosis
腎細(xì)胞癌(RCC),簡稱腎癌,發(fā)病率低于前列腺癌和膀胱癌,但卻是致死率最高的泌尿系統(tǒng)腫瘤[1]。得益于醫(yī)學(xué)診斷水平的提升及人民對健康的重視,
早期腎癌的診斷率逐漸提高,但仍有25%~30%的病人初次就診時就已發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,局限性腎癌病人即便接受手術(shù)治療,術(shù)后仍有20%~30%的概率發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[2-3]。轉(zhuǎn)移性腎細(xì)胞癌(MRCC)預(yù)后很差,該病病人的中位生存期約為13個月,5年生存率小于10%[4]。放化療對腎癌治療效果不佳,包括外科手術(shù)與靶向治療在內(nèi)的綜合治療是目前最佳的治療方案,但由于手術(shù)對病人的打擊和療效的局限性,并不是所有病人均可通過手術(shù)獲益,故急需尋找更多可用指標(biāo),幫助我們篩選合適的病人進行減瘤手術(shù),有效延長病人生存期[5-6]。術(shù)前外周血炎癥指標(biāo)可用于評估多種實體腫瘤的預(yù)后,相關(guān)研究已經(jīng)證實其在評估肺癌、肝細(xì)胞癌、結(jié)直腸癌等預(yù)后方面的價值[7-9],其在非轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌及泌尿系統(tǒng)其他腫瘤中的作用也有相關(guān)文獻報道[10-12]。國內(nèi)目前尚無術(shù)前外周血炎癥指標(biāo)對MRCC影響的相關(guān)報道,本研究旨在明確其對MRCC的預(yù)后價值,以期為臨床醫(yī)生提供合理治療建議。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
納入2012年1月—2016年12月在青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院經(jīng)影像學(xué)或病理學(xué)診斷為MRCC,并行減瘤性腎切除手術(shù)且術(shù)后經(jīng)病理學(xué)證實的80例病人,對其臨床病理資料進行回顧性分析。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①多源性腫瘤;②合并可影響病人血常規(guī)結(jié)果的其他疾?。虎坌g(shù)后病理結(jié)果為非RCC;④疾病臨床信息未知或不完整。收集的臨床病理資料包括:年齡、性別、病理類型、轉(zhuǎn)移部位、術(shù)前血常規(guī)結(jié)果等。治療后定期電話隨訪,最后一次隨訪時間在2021年12月。隨訪過程中,記錄病人的死亡時間,總體生存期(OS)定義為減瘤術(shù)后至病人因腫瘤或非腫瘤原因死亡的時間。本研究共納入80例病人,其中男性49例(61.3%),女性31例(38.8%);平均年齡為(58.7±9.5)歲;中位隨訪時間為61個月(5~69個月),共有71例病人(88.8%)在觀察期間死亡,中位生存時間為38個月。本研究經(jīng)青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),研究對象均知情并自愿簽署知情同意書。
1.2 研究方法
收集病人術(shù)前1周內(nèi)血常規(guī)檢驗結(jié)果,根據(jù)外周血中性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)(N)、淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)(L)、血小板計數(shù)(P)計算出各病人的中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR,N/L)、血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR,P/L)以及系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù)(SII,P×N/L)。使用X-tile軟件繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,并計算NLR、PLR、SII的最佳截點值,據(jù)此將病人分為高數(shù)值組和低數(shù)值組,分析術(shù)前外周血炎癥指標(biāo)與其他臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。采用單因素分析和多因素Cox回歸分析了解炎癥相關(guān)指標(biāo)等臨床病理特征對病人預(yù)后的影響。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 26.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。計量資料以±s表示,兩組比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)和構(gòu)成比表示,兩組比較采用χ2檢驗;生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier分析和log-rank檢驗。對病人預(yù)后影響因素的分析采用單因素及多因素Cox回歸分析,確定其風(fēng)險比(HR)及95%置信區(qū)間(CI)。Plt;0.05認(rèn)為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)" 果
2.1 術(shù)前外周血炎癥指標(biāo)最佳截點值
使用X-tile軟件確定術(shù)前1周內(nèi)外周血相關(guān)炎癥指標(biāo)的最佳截點值。NLR的最佳截點值為2.7,據(jù)此將病人分為高NLR組(NLR≥2.7,42例,52.5%)和低NLR組(NLRlt;2.7,38例,47.5%)。PLR最佳截點值為161.0,以該值為分界,將病人分為高PLR組(PLR≥161.0,42例,52.5%)和低PLR組(PLRlt;161.0,38例,47.5%)。SII最佳截點值為734.1,以該值為分界,將病人分為高SII組(SII≥734.1,34例,42.5%)和低SII組(SIIlt;734.1,46例,57.5%)。
2.2 術(shù)前外周血炎癥指標(biāo)與其他臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
高NLR、PLR、SII水平均提示更差的Fuhrman分級(χ2=4.863~17.875,Plt;0.05)。此外,高NLR水平還與更差T分期有關(guān)(χ2=6.189,P=0.013);高PLR水平還與更大的腫瘤最大徑相關(guān)(χ2=7.050,P=0.008);高SII水平還與病人高齡(t=2.335,P=0.022)、更大腫瘤最大徑(χ2=5.805,P=0.016)、更差T分期(χ2=5.848,P=0.016)相關(guān)。NLR、PLR、SII水平與病人性別、是否有肺轉(zhuǎn)移、是否為透明細(xì)胞癌均無關(guān)。見表1。
2.3 MRCC病人預(yù)后影響因素分析
單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)uhrman分級、T分期、是否為透明細(xì)胞癌、NLR、 PLR、SII是行減瘤手術(shù)
的MRCC病人OS的影響因素,而病人的性別、年齡、是否有肺轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤最大徑與OS無關(guān)。見表2。將單因素分析中與OS相關(guān)(即Plt;0.05)的因素納入多因素Cox回歸分析,其結(jié)果顯示,SII(HR=5.087,95%CI=2.218~11.665,Plt;0.05)、是否為透明細(xì)胞癌(HR=0.487,95%CI=0.258~0.918,Plt;0.05)、Fuhrman分級(HR=1.684,95%CI=1.019~2.782,Plt;0.05)是病人OS的的獨立影響因素。見表3。
3 討" 論
炎癥反應(yīng)已被證實在腫瘤的發(fā)生、血管生成和轉(zhuǎn)移等各個階段均起到重要作用[13-15]。中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞參與人體免疫系統(tǒng)的組成,它們同樣參與腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[16-17]。中性粒細(xì)胞可產(chǎn)生多種炎癥因子,如白細(xì)胞介素-10、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子和前列腺素等,刺激腫瘤細(xì)胞復(fù)制、黏附、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移以及血管生成;近年關(guān)于腫瘤微環(huán)境的研究表明,中性粒細(xì)胞還會釋放如活性氧和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β等趨化因子,從而促使自己和其他細(xì)胞類型分化為促癌表型[18-20]。淋巴細(xì)胞可以誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,并通過特異性細(xì)胞免疫和體液免疫將腫瘤細(xì)胞清除,因此,淋巴細(xì)胞水平下降可能表明機體抗腫瘤反應(yīng)的下降[21-22]。腫瘤病人往往血小板升高,可能是因為一些腫瘤細(xì)胞可以產(chǎn)生和增加血小板生成素,血小板能釋放血管內(nèi)皮生長因子促進腫瘤血管的形成,同時作為循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞的盾牌,可能會阻止它們受到內(nèi)源性和外源性免疫攻擊,導(dǎo)致腫瘤的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[23-25]。
NLR、PLR、SII由2種或3種炎癥指標(biāo)計算得出,在一定程度上反映了機體免疫能力,已被多項研究證明其在評估腫瘤預(yù)后方面的價值。WIDZ等[26]回顧性研究了196例行根治性腎切除術(shù)和腎部分切除術(shù)的非轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌病人的病例資料,結(jié)果顯示,高NLR(≥2.69)與較高的Fuhrman分級、病理T分期及較差的OS顯著相關(guān),證明高NLR是病人OS的獨立危險因素。LEE等[27]分析了單中心687例接受腎切除術(shù)的非轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌病人的數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)果顯示,PLR與腫瘤大小、Fuhrman分級、病理分期和腫瘤壞死顯著相關(guān),是病人癌癥特異性生存率(CSS)和OS的獨立預(yù)后因素。ZHANG等[28]對209例接受根治性膀胱切除術(shù)的膀胱癌病人進行了回顧性分析,結(jié)果表明,SII是OS的獨立預(yù)測因子,而且比NLR、PLR和C反應(yīng)蛋白與清蛋白比值有更高的預(yù)測效能。同樣,JAN等[29]研究表明,SII作為上尿路尿路上皮癌病人的生存預(yù)測因子優(yōu)于NLR和PLR。
本研究比較了NLR、PLR、SII這3種炎癥指標(biāo)對80例行減瘤手術(shù)的MRCC病人預(yù)后的影響,結(jié)果顯示,高NLR、PLR、SII水平均提示更差的Fuhrman分級,此外,高SII水平還與病人高齡、更大腫瘤最大徑、更差T分期相關(guān)。這些結(jié)果與LI等[30]的研究結(jié)果是一致的。另外,高NLR水平還與更差T分期有關(guān),高PLR水平還與更大腫瘤最大徑相關(guān)。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,NLR、PLR、SII均為行減瘤手術(shù)的MRCC病人OS的影響因素,這與MJAESS等[11]的研究結(jié)果一致。多因素Cox回歸分析顯示,SII是OS的獨立預(yù)后因素,表明SII對于MRCC病人的預(yù)后價值最大。NLR、PLR、SII中僅SII是OS的獨立預(yù)后因素,可能因為SII的升高反映了中性粒細(xì)胞升高、血小板升高和(或)淋巴細(xì)胞減少,包含了3種炎癥細(xì)胞的變化,這3種炎癥細(xì)胞均與RCC預(yù)后不良有關(guān),而NLR、PLR只反映了2種炎癥細(xì)胞的變化。
SII獲取簡單、計算方便、檢測價格低廉,且多項研究證明了其對MRCC的預(yù)后價值,如CHROM等[31]的研究將SII納入MRCC病人IMDC評分中,發(fā)現(xiàn)以SII代替中性粒細(xì)胞和血小板提高了模型的預(yù)后性能;BUGDAYCI BASAL等[32]研究認(rèn)為,添加到IMDC評分中的SII可能在預(yù)測生存方面具有臨床益處。因并非所有MRCC病人均可從減瘤手術(shù)中獲益,且目前缺少更多有效的指標(biāo)幫助臨床醫(yī)師進行決策,故SII是MRCC病人的一個強有力的預(yù)后標(biāo)志物,可以在臨床中用于危險分層,預(yù)測MRCC病人的預(yù)后,篩選合適病人行減瘤手術(shù),從而延長病人生存時間?;谝陨蟽?yōu)點可將SII作為MRCC病人一個優(yōu)良的預(yù)后評價指標(biāo)進行應(yīng)用和研究。
本研究的局限性:①納入的樣本量過少;②為回顧性研究,隨訪過程中可能收集到錯誤信息。上述兩點局限性可能導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果發(fā)生偏倚。因此,未來有必要納入更多病例,甚至開展前瞻性研究來進一步探討。
綜上,術(shù)前高SII水平與行減瘤手術(shù)的MRCC病人的不良生存結(jié)局獨立相關(guān),對MRCC的預(yù)后具有重要的預(yù)測價值。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)