重大建筑學(xué)人：兼蓄質(zhì)直，因勢成境

杜春蘭/

2020年的春日不同以往，一場突如其來的“戰(zhàn)疫”防護(hù)既成為全民族乃至全世界共同面對的挑戰(zhàn)，又刺激了遠(yuǎn)程交互技術(shù)等諸多變革。居家的日子中，仔細(xì)思索《世界建筑》“重大建筑學(xué)人”這一厚重命題，諸多人物浮現(xiàn)，萬千故事奔涌。從抗戰(zhàn)烽火中博采眾長的孕育和淬煉，至建國后扎根于西南奮楫而上的成長，再至改革開放以來立足于山地建筑學(xué)的國際化發(fā)展，重大建筑學(xué)人在宏觀和微觀互動的時空演替中不斷汲取新鮮的智慧和營養(yǎng)，同時亦以空間和社會營造的方式回饋著每一個時代?；仡欀卮蠼ㄖW(xué)人歷時性的群體成長歷程，會發(fā)現(xiàn)某些共通的價值觀、方法論，集體無意識地錨固著彼此，在已逝的時間長河中熠熠生輝，照亮現(xiàn)在并奔向未來。

重大建筑學(xué)人在認(rèn)知觀中始終具備一種不問東西、格物致知的兼容并蓄。這種知性傳統(tǒng)并非是偶然，而是來自于不拘陳規(guī)和實用精神互惠的時空演化。生于憂患，重大建筑辦學(xué)初創(chuàng)即為山河破碎的抗戰(zhàn)時期，戰(zhàn)時陪都的地緣優(yōu)勢使大量優(yōu)秀的建筑學(xué)人云集重慶，造就了重慶大學(xué)建筑肇始階段的多元基因。其時，黃家驊、陳伯齊、夏昌世、朱尊誼、胡德元、龍慶忠等任教建筑設(shè)計時即進(jìn)行了德國理工、日本東工、鮑扎體系等多元辦學(xué)模式的嘗試，呈現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)調(diào)功能合理，重視建筑構(gòu)造，教育與實踐緊密結(jié)合的思想。行以致遠(yuǎn)，雖歷經(jīng)建國初期的泛政治語境的學(xué)習(xí)蘇聯(lián)，1960年代民族樣式風(fēng)潮，以及改革開放后各種現(xiàn)代設(shè)計思潮的洗禮，重建學(xué)人同樣是居中守正，博采眾長，于多元踐行中擇其善者而從之，再推而廣之。重大(重建工)建筑學(xué)秉承的認(rèn)知傳統(tǒng)源于地域性的文化包容，自清代“湖廣填四川”至抗戰(zhàn)江浙滬，再至三線建設(shè)和直轄后的大規(guī)模移民，重慶這座移民城市本身亦在不斷地進(jìn)行著空間結(jié)構(gòu)、社會體系和文化思潮的重構(gòu)。在不斷變化的時代主題中，重建學(xué)子的認(rèn)知拓展與再構(gòu)并不是非此即彼的替代性變化，而往往秉承歷史基因與時代風(fēng)尚的兼容，一如重慶的火鍋日益豐富的內(nèi)容，有法而無式。

在主體間性的集體精神和氣質(zhì)方面，重大建筑學(xué)人大多呈現(xiàn)出一種質(zhì)直勇健的整體風(fēng)貌，男性淳厚好義，女性則從容大氣。這種集體氣質(zhì)的形成并非是建筑作為工科的專業(yè)習(xí)得，而是得益于長江三峽重慶段自古以來“俗素樸，無造次辯麗之氣”的地域環(huán)境影響。如果以當(dāng)前流行的數(shù)據(jù)畫像話語體系深描歷年來畢業(yè)的萬余名重大建筑學(xué)人，多半會貼上 “創(chuàng)新、務(wù)實、寡言”的集體標(biāo)簽。重大建筑學(xué)人這種整體氣質(zhì)反映于其論著與設(shè)計上，往往呈現(xiàn)出一種自下而上的獨立思考與探索，少有人云亦云的時尚跟風(fēng)。如葉仲璣、唐璞、黃忠恕、陳啟高、葉啟燊、李再琛和萬鐘英等等敢為人先的教育改革者皆是如此。因而少談主義而篤行不倦成為重大建筑學(xué)人一貫的治學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。比如重大建筑學(xué)十分突出的兩個方向：建筑物理與建筑歷史，皆是如此。前者需通過反復(fù)實驗不斷試錯探索真知的格物致之；后者需扎根于窮鄉(xiāng)僻壤尋找“禮失諸野”的田野調(diào)查。兩者都是清苦艱難之事，不如意處十之八九，非有毅力且灑脫者方能成就。重大建筑學(xué)人這種務(wù)實的集體氣質(zhì)同樣體現(xiàn)于設(shè)計思考之中，表現(xiàn)為注重倫常日用的生活回歸和安逸得體，少有精英敘事的簽名建筑中的傲慢與高冷。馬希米亞諾·福克薩斯“少一點美學(xué)，多一點倫理”的口號對重大建筑學(xué)人來說只是本應(yīng)具有的建筑創(chuàng)作態(tài)度。

具體于方法論層面，很難用現(xiàn)代性術(shù)語來表述重大建筑學(xué)人用何種方式和方法來觀察事物和處理問題，所幸能在傳統(tǒng)語匯中找到“因勢成境”一詞以概括這一群體的方法論邏輯。重慶山地環(huán)境極具復(fù)雜性，各種設(shè)計要素呈現(xiàn)出一種多尺度混雜的集體涌現(xiàn)，是教條主義專業(yè)細(xì)分難以應(yīng)對的抗解問題。得益于重大建筑學(xué)院建筑-規(guī)劃-景觀-技術(shù)“四位一體”的專業(yè)融貫，重大建筑學(xué)人在處理紛繁復(fù)雜的空間變量上并沒有陷入專業(yè)范式的藩籬，而是審時度勢的空間跨界與解構(gòu)。這種聚形成勢的空間營造邏輯并非是一種偶然，而是潛移默化的營造習(xí)得。在重大建筑學(xué)科80余年的教學(xué)、研究與實踐中，因勢成境的空間敘事成為一種建筑營造的習(xí)慣，進(jìn)而上升為一種解決復(fù)雜問題的邏輯方法。解讀重大建筑學(xué)人的實踐，諸如“山地營建十八法”的空間處理，再如采用當(dāng)?shù)夭牧虾凸に囁茉飕F(xiàn)代空間的“低技法”營造理念，或是大型公共建筑的復(fù)雜功能的分形集成，又如社區(qū)重塑的建筑社會學(xué)實踐，不勝枚舉，皆是如此。事實上，這種化繁為簡的智慧，大多源于重大建院對主體意識和批判精神的提倡。當(dāng)前重大建筑學(xué)人地域性批判主義的建筑佳作，大多可以在1980年代初重建工學(xué)生期刊《建卒》中詩性浪漫的烏托邦實踐中找到理念的雛形，青澀時的他們同樣耀眼和璀璨。

在這個萬物互聯(lián)的全球化時代，當(dāng)前建筑學(xué)面臨著百年未有之現(xiàn)代性變革，政治、資本和技術(shù)跨界颶風(fēng)不斷地侵蝕建筑教育體系的底線，重慶大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院亦同樣迎風(fēng)逆行?；谏趹n患、砥礪前行的歷史經(jīng)驗，質(zhì)直勇健的集體氣質(zhì)和化繁為簡的破題稟賦，重大建筑學(xué)人永遠(yuǎn)在路上。

Spring in 2020 is distinctly unusual. The unexpected war against COVID-19 has not only been a challenge for the whole nation and even the world but also stimulated numerous innovations such as remote interaction technology. In the days at home,when I pondered the significant task of writing the preface of Chongqing University (CQU) architecture alumni for World Architecture, many people and stories boomed in my mind. CQU architecture was born in the Second World War with the baptism of fire, grew up rooted in southwest China after the founding of the PRC, internationalised development after the reform and opening up. CQU architecture alumni have been absorbing refreshed wisdom in the succession of space and time with macro and micro scales, and giving back to every era with space and society reconstruction. Maybe there is no unique flag or slogan which can be a perfect representative of the CQU architecture alumni's characteristics.But, when we study the growing process of CQU architecture alumni, we can find some common values and methodologies anchored to each other unconsciously, keep shining in the time river,illuminate the present and guide us to the future.

From the perspective of cognition, CQU architecture alumni are inclusive in obtaining knowledge from observation and comparison. This characteristic is not accidental but comes from the evolution of breaking outmoded conventions and seeking practicality. CQU architecture was born in the crisis of the war against Japan. During the wartime, a large number of excellent architects gathered in Chongqing and formed the multiple genes of CQU architecture from its birth. The harmony of various teaching modes such as Technische Universit?t Berlin, Tokyo Tech, and Beaux-Arts is instituted in our classes under the guidance from Prof. HUANG Jiahua, CHEN Boqi, XIA Changshi, ZHU Zunyi, HU Deyuan, LONG Qingzhou et al., who had the teaching ideas of emphasising rational function planning, construction, the combination of education and practice. After going through learning from the Soviet Union in the pan political context during the initial stage of the PRC,the national style trend in the 1960s, and various modern ideological trends of design after reform and opening up, the CQU architecture alumni kept their original aspiration, adopt the strengths of various ideas and then used them extensively. The cognitive tradition of CQU architecture alumni stems from the inclusiveness of local culture. Chongqing, as a city of immigrants, has been reconstructing its spatial, social, and cultural system as its multiple immigration of Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong etc.during Qing dynasty, the corps of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai during the Second World War and theThird-line Construction in the 1960s and 1970s, and internal migration after being a municipality. During the changing time themes, the development of CQU architecture alumni cognition was not composed by separated phases of various ideas, but an integration of custom and prevail with rules but no rigid actions just as Chongqing hotpot.

In terms of the intersubjective collective spirits,individuals of CQU architecture alumni are upright and brave. The women aspire calm and magnanimity,and the men pursuit honesty and loyalty. The collective spirits are not from the professional education of architecture as an engineering discipline, but affected by the regional environmental characteristics of simplicity in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges."Innovative, pragmatic, and concise" could be the best words applied to more than ten thousand architects graduated from CQU. The qualities of CQU architecture alumni show in their works as bottom-up independent thinking and explorations(e.g., the advanced education reform guided by Prof.YE Zhongji, TANG Pu, HUANG Zhongshu, CHEN Qigao, YE Qishen, LI Zaichen, and WAN Zhongying)."Less doctrines more practices" becomes a tradition in CQU architecture education, especially showing in the two outstanding directions of CQU architecture- Architectural Physics and Architectural History.The study of Architectural Physics requires trial and error, while the study of Architectural History indepth field trips. Both of them are difficult and plain with less satisfactory. Only persistent scholars who have low material desire could achieve success. The realistic quality of CQU architecture alumni can also be seen in their design works, which desire the return of daily life but not haughty from the elite. The slogan of"less aesthetics more ethics" by Massimiliano Fuksas is just a fundamental kind of design attitude of CQU architecture alumni.

In terms of methodology, it's hard to use a modern word to state how CQU architecture alumni observe the world and solve problems.Fortunately, "Yin Shi Cheng Jing" - a traditional term can be used to summarise their methodology logic. Various design elements show the patterns of multi-scale mixed emergence in the context of the complex mountain environment in Chongqing,which cannot be solved by the subdivision of discipline. Benefiting from the integrity education mode of Architecture, urban planning, landscape architecture, and technology in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, CQU architecture alumni leap the gaps between disciplinaries and reorder spaces according to their context. The logic of space construction is due to the invisible, formative influence on students from the daily practices of the teachers."Yin Shi Cheng Jing" has been a habit of architecture design and even a logical method to solve complex problems in the 80-years teaching, research, and practice activities of our school. You can get the method in the practices of CQU architecture alumni such as the eighteen architecture spatial design methods of the mountain area, the concept of "low technique" with local materials and crafts, the fractal integration of complex functions of large-scale public buildings, and the community revitalisation based on the architecture in sociology perspective et al. In fact, the wisdom of simplification comes from the advocation of subject consciousness and critical spirit by our school. You can find the embryonic forms of many outstanding architectural works with regional criticism nowadays in the poetic and romantic Utopia practice in the journal Jianzu in the early 1980s. Some of CQU architecture alumni have been shining since their college years.

In the era of globalisation and connection,architecture is facing unprecedented changes. The hurricanes from policy, capital, and technology have been transforming the architectural education system. The School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University has been determinately moving forward with the historical experience of thriving on problems, the quality of integrity and perseverance, and the talent of turning complexity into simplicity.