追尋嶺南文化之光

吳沫

在中國對外交流與貿(mào)易發(fā)展進程中，廣州一直扮演著十分重要的角色。她不僅是中國古代海上絲綢之路的發(fā)源地，還是世界海上交流史上長盛不衰的港口。廣州的南越王墓就以數(shù)萬件隨葬品向人們展示了2 000 多年前這座城市的繁盛。

Guangzhou has played a pivotal rolein China’s foreign exchange and tradedevelopment. Not only is it the historicalbirthplace of the Maritime Silk Road inChina， but it also boasts a rich maritimetrading history. The tomb of the NanyueKing unearthed here， with its vastcollection of burial artifacts， provides awindow into the city’s prosperity over twomillennia ago.

1983年6月9日上午，在廣州市越秀區(qū)象崗山一處工地，工人們在向下挖掘時意外發(fā)現(xiàn)了一塊塊排列整齊的大石板，從石板間的縫隙還隱約可以看見黑漆漆的空間，施工當(dāng)即被叫停。之后，隨著廣州市文管會考古隊緊張、有序的科學(xué)發(fā)掘，一座塵封2 000 多年的古墓被逐漸揭開神秘的面紗。

On the morning of June 9th， 1983， at aconstruction site in Xianggangshan， YuexiuDistrict， as workers dug into the ground，they unearthed neatly arranged， massivestone slabs. Through the gaps between theseslabs， they caught a glimpse of a pitch-blackchamber， prompting an immediate halt toconstruction activities. Following this， ateam of archeologists from the GuangzhouMunicipal Cultural Relics Administrationembarked on a meticulous and well-organizedexcavation， gradually unveiling the secrets ofa tomb that had remained sealed for over twomillennia.

這座墓室南北長10.85 米，東西寬12.5 米，高2.1 ～ 2.3米，面積約100平方米，分為前后兩部分，共有七室，采用了前廳后庫的墓葬結(jié)構(gòu)。其中，前部有三室，中間的一間為前室，相當(dāng)于廳堂，四壁及頂部繪有紅、黑兩色相間的云紋圖案，室中發(fā)現(xiàn)有鐵刮刀、組玉佩、銅鏡、石硯等物。東西兩側(cè)為耳室：東耳室用于存放宴樂之器，三套青銅樂器和兩套石編磬整齊擺放；西耳室則儲放了各種用器、藥品與珍玩。墓室后部靠前的中室為墓主人的寢宮，其內(nèi)放置了一棺一槨以及一組精致的漆木屏風(fēng)，墓主身著成套的絲縷玉衣，躺于棺槨之中，棺槨內(nèi)外放置有大量玉璧、鐵劍以及墓主的其他心愛之物；墓室后部的中后室為儲藏室，用于儲藏食物、放置炊具和儲容器；墓室后部左右為側(cè)室：東側(cè)室為四位妃妾的葬所，西側(cè)室為七位仆役的葬所。

The tomb measures 10.85 meters from north to south and 12.5 meters from east to west， with a height rangingfrom 2.1 to 2.3 meters. It covers an area of approximately 100 square meters and is divided into two parts： the frontand the rear， comprising a total of seven chambers， with the front serving as front halls and the back as storage room.In the front section， there are three chambers， with the antechamber in the center serving as the reception area. ewalls and ceiling of this antechamber were adorned with intricate red and black cloud patterns. Numerous artifactswere discovered here， including iron scrapers， jade pendants， bronze mirrors， and stone inkstones. On both theeast and west sides of the front section， there are wing chambers. e east wing chamber was used to store musicalinstruments for banquets， neatly arranged with three sets of bronze musical instruments and two sets of stonechimes. e west wing chamber contained various utensils， medicines， and precious items. Moving to the back of thetomb， the central chamber served as the sleeping quarters for the tomb’s occupant. Inside， there are an inner co nand an outer co n， along with an exquisite lacquered wooden screen. e tomb’s occupant， placed in the innerco n， was dressed in a set of jade and silk burial suit. Numerous jade discs， iron swords， and other cherishedpossessions were carefully arranged both inside and outside the two co ns. e central rear chamber of thetomb served as a storage room for food， cooking utensils， and containers. To the le and right of the rearchamber were side chambers. e east side chamber was the burial place for four wives and concubines，while the west side chamber was where seven servants were interred.

這座墓葬未經(jīng)盜擾，經(jīng)過科學(xué)發(fā)掘，被確認(rèn)是目前所發(fā)現(xiàn)的嶺南地區(qū)規(guī)模最大、隨葬品最豐富的漢墓，也是20世紀(jì)80年代中國最重大的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。

The tomb， untouched by grave robbers， hasundergone meticulous scienti c excavation. It standsout as the most expansive in size and the richestin terms of burial artifacts among all the tombsdiscovered in the Lingnan region. It is alsoone of the most signi cant archaeologicaldiscoveries in China in the 1980s.

墓主為何人

這座墓葬藏匿于山崗腹部，從中出土的各式珍寶讓人眼花繚亂，顯示出墓主的特殊身份、巨大財富和奢華生活。這不禁讓人疑惑：墓主究竟是何人呢？

Hidden within the heart of a hill， this burial site astonisheswith its treasures， serving as a testament to the status， wealth，and opulent lifestyle of its occupant. Naturally， the questionarises： who was the individual buried in this tomb？

幸運的是，考古工作者在這座墓葬中發(fā)現(xiàn)了墓主身份的憑證——璽印。墓主腰腹處共置有九枚印章，包括“文帝行璽”金印、“帝印”玉印和“趙眜”玉印等。其中，“文帝行璽”金印意義非凡，它是迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大的一枚西漢金印，也是目前最早的以龍為鈕的帝王璽印。“文帝行璽”說明，墓主生前為一國之統(tǒng)治者?！暗塾　庇裼〉褡馏せ⒓~，盡顯王者之氣?！摆w眜”玉印則顯示墓主名為趙眜。目前，多數(shù)學(xué)者傾向于認(rèn)為這座神秘古墓的墓主正是南越國的第二位王，亦即南越國開國之君趙佗之孫——趙眜。

Fortunately， archaeologists have pieced together theidentity of the tomb’s occupant through the discoverieswithin. Nine seals， positioned around the waist and abdomenof the tomb owner， provide crucial clues. Among them， agold seal bearing the inscription 文帝行璽 （AdministrativeSeal of Emperor Wen）， a jade seal titled 帝印 （ImperialSeal）， and another jade seal engraved with the name 趙昩（Zhao Mo） are particularly noteworthy. e gold seal holdsimmense historical significance as the largest Western HanDynasty gold seal ever unearthed， featuring an exquisitedragon-shaped knob. This seal unequivocally suggests thatthe tomb’s occupant held a position of national rulershipduring his lifetime. The jade seal， adorned with a strikingchihu design （a combined shape with tiger’s head and clawsand dragon’s body）， exudes an unmistakable air of royalty，and the jade seal bearing the name “Zhao Mo” rmly pointsto the identity of the tomb’s enigmatic owner as Zhao Mo，widely believed by most scholars to be none other than thesecond king of Nanyue and the grandson of Zhao Tuo， thefounder of Nanyue Kingdom.

珍寶薈萃

墓中，南越王身著一套完整的絲縷玉衣，頭枕絲囊珍珠枕，口含珍珠團，手握兩件龍形玉觽，腳蹬雙連玉璧，同時還有47件玉璧置于棺槨內(nèi)外。這套玉衣是我國目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的唯一一套絲縷玉衣，共使用玉片2 291片。玉片以絲縷編綴、麻布粘貼等方式不計其繁地組成了頭套、上身衣、袖筒、手套、褲筒和鞋六部分，從而形成了長達1.73米的完整人形。此外，南越王的面部蓋有“覆面”，胸腹部有珠襦飾物。

In the tomb， the Nanyue King is dressed in a set of jade burialsuit sewed with silk thread. His head rests upon a pearl-studdedpillow， and he holds a cluster of pearls in his mouth. His handsgrasp two dragon-shaped jade scepters， and his feet are adornedwith a pair of interconnected jade disks. Both inside and outsidethe two co ns， 47 jade disks are meticulously arranged. e jadeclothing found in the tomb is the only one of its kind discovered inChina so far， consisting of a staggering 2，291 jade pieces intricatelyassembled using techniques such as silk-threading， weaving，and adhesion. This ensemble， measuring 1.73 meters in length，recreates a complete human figure. It includes a head covering，an upper body garment， sleeves， gloves， trousers， and even shoes.Moreover， the visage of the Nanyue King is concealed beneath adelicate “mask”， while his chest and abdomen are adorned withexquisite pearl decorations.

當(dāng)墓中的隨葬品被一一清理出來，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些隨葬品不僅數(shù)量大、種類多，其中還有不少珍罕之物，彰顯出當(dāng)時南越國的強盛國力。

As the tomb’s contents were meticulously unveiled， it becameclear that it held not only a large number and variety of burialartifacts but also an array of rare and precious items. is grandeurserves as a testament to the immense national strength of theNanyue Kingdom during that era.

這是出自棺槨頭箱的犀角形玉杯，應(yīng)是南越王生前使用的酒具。它由一整塊青玉雕琢而成，內(nèi)部中空，集淺浮雕、高浮雕、鏤雕、陰刻等技法于一體，構(gòu)思巧妙、精美絕倫，堪稱漢代玉雕的絕品，屬于國寶級文物。

This jade drinking vessel， shaped like a rhinoceroshorn， was discovered within the head section of thecoffins， believed to have been utilized by the NanyueKing during his lifetime. It is carved from a single pieceof green jade， with a hollow interior， incorporating aremarkable combination of artistic techniques， includingshallow and high relief， openwork carving， and intaglio.Its clever and intricate design elevates it to the status ofa masterpiece in the Han Dynasty jade carving， and it isregarded as a national treasure.

此外，南越王墓中還出土了11組玉佩、58件玉劍飾、10把鐵劍以及錯金銘文銅虎節(jié)、銅承盤高足玉杯等珍貴文物。這些文物都顯示出南越王曾經(jīng)擁有的顯赫地位。

Furthermore， the tomb has yielded 11 sets of jade pendants， 58 jade swordornaments， 10 iron swords， as well as extraordinary items like a bronze tigershapedtally adorned with golden inscriptions， a bronze dish with a trivet and ahigh-footed jade cup. All these treasures collectively bear witness to the onceillustrious reign of the Nanyue King.

漢楚越文化交融

南越國建立之前，嶺南仍處于原始部落社會。趙佗建立南越國之后，推行“和輯百越”的政策：尊重當(dāng)?shù)卦饺送林?，讓越人參政，鼓勵漢人與越人通婚；同時，他引進中原地區(qū)大量先進的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，極大地促進了嶺南地區(qū)經(jīng)濟、文化的發(fā)展，以及嶺南文化與嶺南以北的楚文化、中原地區(qū)的漢文化的深度融合。因此，南越王墓中出土的器物常常兼具嶺南越式、楚式和漢式的特點。

Before the establishment of the Nanyue Kingdom， the Lingnan region existedas a primitive tribal society. However， with the founding of the Nanyue Kingdom byZhao Tuo， he implemented a policy of “harmonizing the hundred Yue”. This involved aprofound respect for the local Yue indigenous people， their inclusion in political processes，encouragement of intermarriage between the Han and Yue communities， and introduction ofadvanced production technologies from the Central Plains region. is strategy played a pivotalrole in propelling the economic and cultural advancement of the Lingnan region. It also fostered adeep integration of the Lingnan culture with the Chu culture to the north and the Han culture of theCentral Plains. Consequently， the artifacts recovered from the tomb of the Nanyue King frequently exhibita distinctive blend of Yue， Chu， and Han styles.

海外遺珍

南越王墓中隨葬的一些器物具有明顯的異域風(fēng)格，一些物品在中國少有產(chǎn)出，被認(rèn)為很可能是經(jīng)海上貿(mào)易而來的舶來品。其中，主棺槨的足箱內(nèi)出土了一件精美的蒜頭紋銀盒，其造型、紋樣和風(fēng)格鮮見于漢代中國境內(nèi)出產(chǎn)的金銀器，卻在西亞波斯帝國出產(chǎn)的金銀器上找到了明顯的淵源，被認(rèn)為很可能來自當(dāng)時的波斯地區(qū)。此外，隨葬品中還有異域風(fēng)格的金花泡、玻璃珠子。這些物品都成了廣州在南越國時期已與海外地區(qū)發(fā)生文化交流與貿(mào)易往來的重要物證。

Among the burial items unearthed from thetomb， some display distinctive exotic styles. Theseitems， seldom seen in China， are believed to havelikely been acquired through maritime traderoutes. One particularly striking discovery was ameticulously cra ed silver box with patterns of garliccloves， found within the main co n’s foot section. Itsdesign， patterns， and style are rarely seen in gold andsilverware produced in the Han Dynasty in China butbear clear in uence from the Persian Empire in WestAsia. It is highly probable that this exquisite pieceoriginated in the Persian region of that era. Otherburial items that exhibit similar foreign influenceinclude gold flower bubbles and glass beads. These ndings collectively provide evidence of the extensivecultural exchange and trade that occurred betweenGuangzhou and foreign regions during the Nanyueperiod.

南越王墓見證了廣州在2000多年前已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為具有海上貿(mào)易功能的重要港口城市。2 000 多年來，廣州一直是中華文化向外傳播和展示的重要窗口。

The tomb of the Nanyue King stands as a testament toGuangzhou’s historical role as a significant port city in maritimetrade over two millennia ago. For more than 2，000 years， Guangzhouhas consistently served as a vital gateway for the dissemination ofChinese culture to the wider world.