觀點對立型文章的讀寫指南

江蘇 王 蓉

文體導(dǎo)讀

觀點對立型文章通常將正面論據(jù)與反面論據(jù)結(jié)合起來，并通過鮮明的對比，引導(dǎo)人們對某個話題進(jìn)行辯證思考。觀點對立型文章通常先闡明主題，然后闡述對立的兩種觀點，再表明自己的立場、態(tài)度及理由，從而形成“主題—一方的觀點及理由—另一方的觀點及理由—自己的看法”的文本結(jié)構(gòu)。閱讀觀點對立型文章，能培養(yǎng)思維的邏輯性、批判性和創(chuàng)造性。

策略導(dǎo)航

1.巧用彩色筆細(xì)品文章。借助彩色筆對文章中的不同部分做標(biāo)注。例如，用紅色筆標(biāo)注觀點，用藍(lán)色筆標(biāo)注理由，用綠色筆標(biāo)注結(jié)論，用黃色筆標(biāo)注好詞好句。寫作時，根據(jù)彩色筆標(biāo)注的情況進(jìn)行仿寫。

2.利用“TCCA原則”搭建文本框架和讀寫支架。引出話題的Topic，提出正、反面觀點的Claim、Counter-claim，作者的觀點（Author's opinion），簡稱“TCCA”。“TCCA原則”是觀點對立型文章常采用的一種寫作視角，但有些文章并未完全包括TCCA 的四種要素。在閱讀觀點對立型文章時，利用“TCCA原則”有助于我們快速地理解文章。在寫觀點對立型文章時，我們應(yīng)恰當(dāng)利用“TCCA原則”，同時考慮如何拓展段落，并運(yùn)用正確的時態(tài)和人稱。

案例導(dǎo)練

Is online learning as good as face-to-face learning?

網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)和面授學(xué)習(xí)一樣好嗎？

Nearly everyone has some experiences of learning in a face-to-face classroom environment.Because of that,we're often more comfortable learning in environments that look like classrooms.However,online learning has become more and more popular in recent years.Is online learning as good as face-to-face learning?

Learning online has a lot of advantages.As the learners are attending the class in their own environment,they can control it better.They can adjust lighting,heat and noise levels to ones they are comfortable with.The more comfortable they are,the better they can learn.They also avoid the issue of potentially disruptive classmates.

The work done in class can be much more focused online,too.When group work is held through text or video chats,it's easier to concentrate on the topic at hand.It has been suggested that online,a group will put much more effort into the task at hand.Feedback given online can be in-depth and consistent.

However,there're some things that online learning just can't offer.The learner has to be fairly dedicated,as while he is learning online it can be much easier to disengage from the task at hand.It's also harder to check if they're paying attention to the instructor.

The same goes for group work.Face to face,every participant needs to contribute,as it's much more obvious if they don't.Being physically in the same room together creates a much stronger bond between team members,too.

Ultimately,learning is a social activity.While the Internet has made communication easier,it's not always as effective as face-to-face meetings.Learners can get to know each other better in a physical space,while online there's always a sense of being disconnected from their peers.

Looking at these points,it's easy to see a case for both online and face-to-face learning.Both are effective in different ways.Online learning is fantastic for those who otherwise can't access education at all due to location or illness.Face-to-face learning is better for bonding,and allowing learners to learn from each other as well as their instructors.

Overall,online learning is as good as face-to-face learning,but it works best in certain situations.In the vast majority of cases,face-to-face learning is the way to go.

Ⅰ.閱讀自測

Ⅱ.語言汲取

（一）觀點類的核心表達(dá)

1.利弊表達(dá)

Learning online has a lot of advantages.網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)有很多優(yōu)勢。

The more comfortable they are,the better they can learn.他們越是舒適自在，他們就能學(xué)得越好。

When group work is held through text or video chats,it's easier to concentrate on the topic at hand.當(dāng)小組活動是通過文字或視頻聊天(的方式)進(jìn)行時，人們更能專注于手邊的話題。

However,there're some things that online learning just can't offer.然而，有些東西是網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)無法提供的。

The same goes for group work.這個情況也同樣適用于小組工作。

Looking at these points,it's easy to see a case for both online and face-to-face learning.看了這些觀點后，顯而易見，網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)和面授學(xué)習(xí)各有其理由。

2.網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)與面對面學(xué)習(xí)

online learning 網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)

face-to-face learning 面授學(xué)習(xí)

attend the class in one's own environment 在自己的環(huán)境中上課

adjust lighting,heat and noise levels 調(diào)整光線、溫度和噪聲水平

text or video chats 文字或者視頻聊天

concentrate on the topic at hand 專注于手邊的話題

put much more effort into the task at hand 投入更多的精力在手頭的任務(wù)上

feedback given online 網(wǎng)上給予的反饋

disengage from the task 從任務(wù)中脫離

pay attention to the instructor 關(guān)注老師

make communication easier 使溝通更便捷

create a much stronger bond between team members 在團(tuán)隊成員間建立更緊密的聯(lián)系

get to know each other better in a physical space 在現(xiàn)實空間中更好地了解彼此

a sense of being disconnected from their peers 和同伴脫節(jié)的感覺

allow learners to learn from each other as well as their instructors 能讓學(xué)習(xí)者之間互相學(xué)習(xí)以及向老師學(xué)習(xí)

3.其他

in-depth 深入的

consistent 一致的

fairly dedicated 相當(dāng)專注的

a social activity 一個社交活動

the way to go 可行的發(fā)展方向

（二）精彩表達(dá)

1.While the Internet has made communication easier,it's not always as effective as face-to-face meetings.雖然網(wǎng)絡(luò)使溝通更便捷，但是它不總是和面對面會談一樣有效。

本句中，While 引導(dǎo)一個讓步狀語從句，it's not always as effective as face-to-face meetings為主句，句中not always構(gòu)成了部分否定結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“不總是”。常見的部分否定結(jié)構(gòu)還有not all.../all...not（并非都）、not both.../both...not（并非兩個都）和not every...（不是每個都）。

2.Learners can get to know each other better in a physical space,while online there's always a sense of being disconnected from their peers.學(xué)習(xí)者可以在現(xiàn)實空間更好地了解彼此，而線上空間總是有一種和同伴脫節(jié)的感覺。

本句中，while 連接了一個并列句，表示前后句的對比，意為“而；可是”。通過對比體現(xiàn)了網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)和面對面學(xué)習(xí)的差異。常見的表示對比的單詞和詞組還有：instead、however、whereas、on the other hand、on the contrary、as opposed to等。

3.Online learning is fantastic for those who otherwise can't access education at all due to location or illness.網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)極其有利于那些因地理位置或疾病無法接受教育的人。

本句中，otherwise 意為“以其他方式；用別的方法”，相當(dāng)于if there is no online learning，引出因為地理位置或疾病而喪失面對面教育機(jī)會的一類人的情況。

Ⅲ.語料拓展

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered new ways of learning.新冠肺炎的廣泛傳播引發(fā)了新的學(xué)習(xí)方式。

the rise of E-learning 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化學(xué)習(xí)的興起

on digital platforms 在數(shù)字平臺上

reliable Internet access 可靠的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接

arrange a learning schedule that meets one's individual needs 安排適應(yīng)某人需求的學(xué)習(xí)計劃表

an efficient way to deliver lessons to students by using a number of tools such as videos,PDFs,Podcasts 通過諸如視頻、PDF、播客等工具有效地向?qū)W生授課

access the learning material at a time of their comfort 在舒適的時候獲取學(xué)習(xí)材料

the flexibility of time and place 時間和地點的靈活性

take classes from anywhere at any time 在任何時間、任何地點上課

have the option to learn at their own pace and ability 可以選擇以自己的節(jié)奏和能力學(xué)習(xí)

struggle to participate in digital learning 努力參與數(shù)字化學(xué)習(xí)

the struggle with focusing on the screen for long periods of time 很難長時間專注于屏幕

a greater chance for students to be easily distracted by social media or other sites 學(xué)生更有可能被社交媒體或其他網(wǎng)站分心

result in a sense of isolation for students 導(dǎo)致學(xué)生的孤立感

increase in screen time 屏幕時間的增加

develop bad posture and other physical problems due to staying hunched in front of a screen 由于維持弓背的姿勢坐在屏幕前而形成不恰當(dāng)?shù)淖撕推渌眢w問題

provide digital equipment to students in need 為需要的學(xué)生提供數(shù)字設(shè)備

use a range of collaboration tools and engagement methods 使用各種各樣的合作工具和參與方式

We had a heated discussion about/on...我們就……進(jìn)行了激烈的討論。

Different people hold different ideas/opinions.不同的人持有不同的觀點。

People take different attitudes towards...人們對……有不同的態(tài)度。

hold the opinion/think that...認(rèn)為……

argue/claim/maintain/think/believe that...認(rèn)為……

hold the view/opinion that...認(rèn)為……

hold a different view that...持不同的觀點

hold an opposite opinion 持相反的觀點

to begin with/in the first place/initially/first and foremost 首先

in the second place/besides/in addition/moreover 其次

last but not least/finally/lastly 最后

on the contrary 正相反；恰恰相反

on one hand...on the other hand...一方面……另一方面……

in my opinion/as far as I am concerned/as for me/from my personal point of view...我認(rèn)為……

Through the discussion,we all think that...通過討論，我們一致認(rèn)為……

We finally reached an agreement on this problem.我們最終在這一問題上達(dá)成了一致。

Ⅳ.句式仿寫

1.盡管你每天來上課，但是這不完全意味著你專心于課堂。

__________________,it does not always mean you are committed to the class.

2.這就是唯一的那點小缺陷，否則將是圓滿的成功。

This is the one downside. __________________success.

3.面對面學(xué)習(xí)通常會有統(tǒng)一的進(jìn)度，而網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)可以讓你根據(jù)自己的節(jié)奏和能力學(xué)習(xí)。

Face-to-face learning often goes according to the fixed schedule，________________.

Ⅴ.寫作實踐

由于疫情，學(xué)校利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)實現(xiàn)了“停課不停學(xué)”。在此期間，學(xué)生們對網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)有了更深切的體會；返校后，學(xué)校給學(xué)生們布置了主題為“Online learning”的征文活動。請你根據(jù)以下要點，寫一篇征文。

1.網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)的興起；

2.網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)的利弊；

3.你的觀點。注意：

1.詞數(shù)80左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3.至少需要使用兩個本文中解析過的句式；

4.注意段落內(nèi)的邏輯關(guān)系。

Online learning

?評價導(dǎo)思

A self-assessment checklist for my argumentation reading

1.閱讀本文前，我認(rèn)真閱讀了觀點對立型文章的相關(guān)知識?！鮕es □No

2.在閱讀過程中，我會借助彩色筆對文本中的不同部分做標(biāo)注?！鮕es □No

3.在閱讀過程中，我會用“TCCA原則”梳理文章?！鮕es □No

4.在這篇文章中，我最喜歡的部分是_________。

□Topic □Claim □Counterclaim □Author's opinion

5.讀完這篇文章后，我會嘗試著對熱點話題進(jìn)行辯證思考。□Yes □No

6.讀完這篇文章后，我會花費_________來讀完一篇大約350詞的觀點對立型文章。

□5 minutes □7 minutes □9 minutes □others

7.本次讀寫活動后，我會對網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)有更多批判性思考?！鮕es □No

8.為了更好地閱讀觀點對立型文章，我需要_________。

___□加倍努力 □持之以恒 □培養(yǎng)良好的思維品質(zhì) □形成高效的讀寫策略