經(jīng)典英語讀物在英語教學(xué)中的“趣讀活用”

湖北 李 蜜

經(jīng)典英語讀物符合《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017 年版2020 年修訂）》（以下簡稱《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》）中對校本課程資源開發(fā)的要求，具有針對性、實(shí)用性和選擇性。下面本文從經(jīng)典英語讀物的特點(diǎn)，經(jīng)典英語讀物對教學(xué)的作用，經(jīng)典英語讀物的開發(fā)構(gòu)想與實(shí)施、教學(xué)課堂實(shí)例呈現(xiàn)這幾方面淺談經(jīng)典英語讀物在英語教學(xué)中的“趣讀活用”。

一、經(jīng)典英語讀物的特點(diǎn)

（一）語言原汁原味，語言特征適合學(xué)習(xí)

在學(xué)習(xí)一門語言的過程中，教師讓學(xué)生接觸什么樣的語言材料，選用什么樣的材料作為教材直接關(guān)乎其語言素質(zhì)的發(fā)展。例如，《典范英語》（Good English）引進(jìn)于英國，作者均為行家里手，語言鮮活生動(dòng)、純正地道、難度適宜，堪稱“典范”。領(lǐng)略并學(xué)習(xí)這樣的語言材料，是學(xué)生奠定扎實(shí)的語言根基，創(chuàng)造性地運(yùn)用語言的前提和基礎(chǔ)。

（二）激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣，熏陶培養(yǎng)世界觀

《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》把“激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣”作為英語教育的首要任務(wù)，因?yàn)檫@關(guān)系到英語教育的成敗。學(xué)生能否對英語學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生興趣，關(guān)鍵要看學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容。心理學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，青春期前后，孩子的閱讀興趣的發(fā)展處于故事期和文學(xué)期。許多經(jīng)典英語讀物的故事情節(jié)引人入勝，符合學(xué)生的心理特點(diǎn)。通過學(xué)習(xí)這些生動(dòng)有趣而又極富內(nèi)涵的作品，學(xué)生在語言和心智方面都會得到發(fā)展。

二、經(jīng)典英語讀物對教學(xué)的作用

（一）對教材的豐富與補(bǔ)充

任何語言都需要學(xué)習(xí)者沉浸在語言環(huán)境中潛移默化地學(xué)習(xí)，而大量閱讀原汁原味的語料，是英語習(xí)得的首要前提。英語教材是中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的主要閱讀材料，但其內(nèi)容有限，不足以滿足學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的閱讀需求。學(xué)生與其“功利”地在“刷題”中閱讀，不如沉浸在文學(xué)中，這樣更加有利于其深度提升英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。

（二）培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力

不同于英語課本上的閱讀材料，經(jīng)典英語讀物更具故事性，章回小說更能激起學(xué)生的好奇心，讓學(xué)生在不知不覺中大量閱讀，在真實(shí)語境中習(xí)得語言知識與語法結(jié)構(gòu)。相較于教師“填鴨式”的英語教材教學(xué)，學(xué)生在自主閱讀時(shí)如遇到問題，更有自主解決閱讀障礙的動(dòng)力，因此自主閱讀不僅可以提高其對未知語言知識和文化背景的探索能力，也能加深其對語言知識和文化知識的印象和掌握程度，讓學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)中占有主動(dòng)權(quán)，逐漸獲得自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力、培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀習(xí)慣。

三、經(jīng)典英語讀物的開發(fā)構(gòu)想與實(shí)施

（一）充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主體作用

經(jīng)典英語讀物作為英語教材的拓展材料，在教學(xué)形式上應(yīng)與教材的教學(xué)形成互補(bǔ)。教材教學(xué)多以教師主導(dǎo)，學(xué)生是知識的接受者。然而，在經(jīng)典英語讀物校本課程的教學(xué)中，教師應(yīng)以學(xué)生為主體，充分認(rèn)識到英語教育是人的教育，是人的精神的教育，遠(yuǎn)非僅僅傳授語言知識和技能。在經(jīng)典英語讀物閱讀教學(xué)的初期，學(xué)生有畏難情緒，教師需要向?qū)W生傳授英語閱讀技巧、介紹相關(guān)作品的背景知識，舉辦閱讀開篇儀式等活動(dòng)，激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀興趣，為學(xué)生掃除閱讀“起點(diǎn)”障礙。待學(xué)生逐漸敢于嘗試閱讀經(jīng)典英語讀物，興趣漸濃之時(shí)，教師應(yīng)逐漸給學(xué)生提供發(fā)展自主閱讀能力的空間，為學(xué)生搭建閱讀的“腳手架”和“合作圈”，讓學(xué)生暢游在文學(xué)的世界里，感受文學(xué)之美、語言之美、世界之美。

（二）以“活動(dòng)觀”為引領(lǐng)增加閱讀趣味

經(jīng)典英語讀物以其特有的故事性和趣味性吸引著學(xué)生，教師可以此為平臺創(chuàng)設(shè)活動(dòng)激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣，改變學(xué)生對英語學(xué)習(xí)即“死記硬背”的刻板印象。

在經(jīng)典英語讀物閱讀教學(xué)初期，教師可以帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生觀看同名影視作品片段并開展配音活動(dòng)，讓學(xué)生快速了解故事梗概、激發(fā)其閱讀興趣，同時(shí)也能提高學(xué)生的英語口語能力。在閱讀經(jīng)典英語讀物的過程中，讓學(xué)生以小組為單位，分工合作，勾勒故事梗概，提煉語言素材，品析寫作手法，翻譯經(jīng)典片段。在閱讀完經(jīng)典英語讀物后，教師可以讓學(xué)生以小組為單位自主編寫劇本，或依托原著表演小說舞臺劇。根據(jù)劇情將各小組的表演片段剪輯成一部完整的電影，作為經(jīng)典英語讀物的班級整體輸出作品。還可以以小組為單位，全班合力翻譯整本小說，之后署名并裝訂成冊，翻印給每一位學(xué)生。這一系列活動(dòng)將使學(xué)生獲得極強(qiáng)的英語學(xué)習(xí)成就感和學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力。

（三）以高考題型為依托促高效閱讀

經(jīng)典英語讀物的體裁多為記敘文，在新高考改革后，一般閱讀理解B 篇、完形填空、讀后續(xù)寫的語篇體裁都是記敘文。近年來，應(yīng)用文寫作考查的寫作體裁也逐漸向記敘描寫性體裁轉(zhuǎn)型，2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷中的“七選五”試題也是記敘文，在高考英語試卷中，除聽力外的9 個(gè)語篇里有5 個(gè)語篇以記敘文為載體，可見，對于學(xué)生來說，閱讀記敘文和輸出記敘描述性語言的能力在高考中尤為重要。在此前提下，將經(jīng)典英語讀物作為教材的補(bǔ)充就顯得尤為適恰，可以將其與高考英語的各種題型相結(jié)合。

1.經(jīng)典英語讀物改編為記敘文閱讀理解

黃石二中2022 屆高三暑期8 月學(xué)科能力測試英語試題的B 篇閱讀選材于美國作家杰克?倫敦創(chuàng)作的中篇小說White Fang（《白牙》）的Chapter 2?？荚嚱Y(jié)果反饋出，學(xué)生對于此類閱讀理解題目興趣甚濃，學(xué)生也愿意在考試后，以此篇章為起點(diǎn)，開啟整本書的閱讀之旅，實(shí)現(xiàn)以考促讀。試題呈現(xiàn)如下：

B

She-wolf seemed to be looking for something,stopping now and again to search rocks and overhanging banks.Arriving at the mouth of a cave,she sniffed,looked around,and then crept through its narrow entrance.It was small,but cozy and dry.She-wolf lay down.This was the place she’d been looking for.

…

She felt the loss deeply,but knew that life must go on.She had her cub to feed and protect.Motherhood is the most powerful force in nature.There would come a time when She-wolf would again take the left fork to the lynx’s lair—for the sake of the little grey cub.

24.What was She-wolf looking for over rocks and overhanging banks?

A.Some food to eat.

B.A place to rest.

C.A spot to give birth to little cubs.

D.A shelter to hide from men.

…

27.Which of the following best describes the jungle law?

A.Cruel and fierce.

B.Kind and friendly.

C.Complex but harmonious.

D.Exciting and interesting.

2.經(jīng)典英語讀物改編為完形填空

一直以來，都是教師出題，學(xué)生做題。秉承翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的教學(xué)理念，在經(jīng)典英語讀物的閱讀教學(xué)過程中，教師可在給出學(xué)生指導(dǎo)性的建議后，讓學(xué)生嘗試出題。學(xué)生出題考學(xué)生，一方面，鍛煉了他們出題者的思維意識，另一方面，激發(fā)了全班學(xué)生的好勝心和做題的興趣。以下為學(xué)生根據(jù)Reader’s Digest中的Stepping Up to the Plate，改編的完形填空題。

Stepping Up to the Plate

When ten-year-old Reese Osterberg lost her home in Fresno County,California,because of the largest wildfire in state history early last fall,she had a very 2 concern:Did anyone grab her baseball cards?

…

She got so many,in fact,that she started Cards from Reese,an 19 that collects baseball cards and donates them to those in need. Reese is trying to share her favorite things with others,as she explains it: “Come on! Giants !”

2.A.pressing B.instant

C.prestigious D.present

…

19.A.institution B.charity

C .quango D.association

（出題人：304 班學(xué)生 陳同學(xué) 戴同學(xué)）

3.經(jīng)典英語讀物改編為讀后續(xù)寫

在日常教學(xué)中，教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生讀經(jīng)典英語讀物，為學(xué)生打開閱讀之門，讓學(xué)生體會到文學(xué)之美，點(diǎn)燃學(xué)生閱讀的興趣之火。有學(xué)生在閱讀了莎士比亞的The Merchant of Venice(《威尼斯商人》）之后，將故事改編為讀后續(xù)寫，并且自己撰寫了參考范文。

The Merchant of Venice

Antonio was a rich merchant in Venice.He owned a lot of ships which traveled everywhere around the world to transport goods.As a Christian,he never asked for a percent of interest when others borrowed money from him since the religion teaches people to be kind to everyone.However,things changed when his old friend Bassanio came to him,asking for more money.

...

However,Antonio’s friend Lorenzo came with a disturbing letter from Antonio.After read it,Bassanio’s face became as pale as chalk.It was the news that all the ships of Antonio suffered shipwreck and due to the promise,Antonio was sent to the prison,waiting to be judged by the duke and the jury as he couldn’t pay Shylock back in time.Although Antonio had good relationships with the duke and the jury,the Jew forced the court to punish Antonio as the promise had been proved by a officer.And by the time he was sentenced to death,he was very eager to meet Bassanio.

Paragraph 1:“Let me help you,”said Portia,“My cousin is a law doctor and he was usually invited by the duke to deal with difficult cases.”___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2:Winning the charge,Antonio and Bassanio couldn’t wait to thank the judge,who only wanted Bassanio’s ring.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

學(xué)生撰寫的參考范文：

Paragraph 1:“Let me help you,”said Portia,“My cousin is a law doctor and he was usually invited by the duke to deal with difficult cases.” Then,she set out for her cousin with Nelissa.However,on the way,Portia whispered to her maid,“We should try to cheat the rings from our lords’ finger,in case that they don’t really love us.”She met her cousin and he taught her a lot.Dressed up as a male judge,she fleet her coach to the court with Nelissa,where Antonio was sitting in the sight of Bassanio and Gratiano.With the help of Portia,the Jew committed a loss as he couldn’t get even a drop of Antonio’s blood as the promise said.

Paragraph 2:Winning the charge,Antonio and Bassanio couldn’t wait to thank the judge,who only wanted Bassanio’s ring.Bassanio took his hand back,for he wanted to obey the promise with Portia,but the judge seemed unhappy,which finally drove Bassanio to give the ring to her.Meanwhile,Nelissa managed to get her husband’s ring,too.Back to Belmont separately,Nelissa found that her husband’s ring had lost.She told Portia the news and then she discovered Bassanio’s ring was lost,too.In front of the table,it was Antonio who mediated the argument which may lead to breaking up.Returning the rings to their husbands,they chatted happily.

（出題人：303 班 陳同學(xué)）

四、經(jīng)典英語讀物閱讀教學(xué)課堂實(shí)例呈現(xiàn)

下面，筆者以英國小說家查爾斯·狄更斯創(chuàng)作的長篇小說David Copperfield（《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》）的Chapter 2 Banished to Boarding School為例，呈現(xiàn)教學(xué)課堂實(shí)踐的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。

（一）文本閱讀

章回文本如下：

My mother said a tearful goodbye to me the following morning,and after a long ride I arrived in front of a high wall with a sign reading “SALEM HOUSE”.This was to be my new school.

...

Two months into the new term,I was called to the Creakles’ office.Mrs Creakle was sitting with a letter in her hand.

“I’m sorry to say that your mother has been very ill,”said Mrs Creakle,“and now she is dead.”

（二）根據(jù)章節(jié)內(nèi)容，設(shè)置開放性閱讀理解問題

1.What is the boarding school,or rather,Mr.Creakle’s school,like?

2.What was David’s impression on Steerforth ?

3.When term finished,David got back home.Was there any change at home?

（三）語言賞析（選擇1 句為例）

1.Salem House was ashabby,square,brick building.It was silent inside because it was holiday time and all of the other boys were at home.

shabby:looking old and in bad condition because of being used for a long time or not being cared for 破爛的，破舊的

e.g.He wore a shabby overcoat.他穿著一件破舊的大衣。

e.g.Her home is a rented one-bedroom apartment in a shabby part of town.她的住所是一套租來的一居室公寓，位于城里很差的地段。

（四）讀后續(xù)寫素材積累

1.外貌描寫

The only people around was a teacher,called Mr.Mell,and Mr.Creakle’s wooden–legged assistant,Tungay,a horrible man with a booming voice.

2.神態(tài)描寫

Traddles frowned,but then his face slowly broke into a smile.

3.環(huán)境描寫

Salem House was a shabby,square,brick building.It was silent inside because it was holiday time and all of the other boys were at home.

4.“說”的描寫

My mother said a tearful goodbye to me the following morning,and after a long ride I arrived in front of a high wall with a sign reading...

5.動(dòng)作描寫

At that second,Mr.Creakle’s hand suddenly shot out and grabbed my ear,pinching it tightly.

6.情緒描寫

Everything I saw dragged my spirits down further.

（五）學(xué)生自編舞臺劇及自編劇本的呈現(xiàn)

Scene 1

David’s mother said a tearful goodbye to David.

After a long ride,David arrived in front of a high wall with a sign“SALEM HOUSE”

道具：一塊紙板，上面寫著“SALEM HOUSE”

Scene 2

地點(diǎn)：教室

布景：The classrooms had long rows of desk，and their floors were filthy and littered with old scraps of paper.

The dormitory where David was to sleep was bare andunwelcoming.

道具：一塊紙板，上面寫著“Take care of him,he bites.”

對話：

David Copperfield:Where’s the dog? (looking around fearfully)

Mr.Mell:It is not for a dog.It’s for you

...

Scene 8

David 抱著弟弟從樓上走下來

Miss Murdstone:He’s got it!(screamed)

David looked at her in shock

Miss Murdstone:Give it back.Give the baby back now!(shrieked)

David Copperfield:I’m not going to hurt him.

Miss Murdstone:You will never touch it again.Do you understand me?

Mom:You are right,my dear Jane.David won’t hold the baby again.

A few days pass.

Miss Murdstone:How long do we have to put up with you?

David Copperfield:A month.

Miss Murdstone:Then listen to me.From now on,you are forbidden to talk to Peggoty and you are not allowed to sneak up to your room.

A month passed.

轉(zhuǎn)場：家——學(xué)校

Scene 9

地點(diǎn)：校長辦公室

Mrs Creakle:I am sorry to say that your mother has been very ill,and now she is dead.

在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，教師無需刻意地讓學(xué)生去仿寫，而是要注重高質(zhì)量的語料輸入，讓學(xué)生在活動(dòng)中內(nèi)化語言積累，加深印象，理解和感悟語料的使用語境。有時(shí)，刻意練習(xí)可能會給學(xué)生帶來閱讀壓力，從而增加他們的畏難情緒，減弱他們的閱讀興趣。經(jīng)典英語讀物閱讀教學(xué)理念的目標(biāo)是讓學(xué)生感受文學(xué)之美、激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀興趣、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生終身閱讀的習(xí)慣，注重過程教學(xué)，幫助學(xué)生提升英語學(xué)科素養(yǎng)。