• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Arbitrariness and Rationality

    2022-11-26 02:51:46Gvodiak
    Language and Semiotic Studies 2022年1期
    關(guān)鍵詞:流體動力年銷售額銷往

    Vít Gvo?diak

    The Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences Prague, Czech Republic

    Abstract

    Keywords: semiology, linguistic sign, Ferdinand de Saussure, convention, motivation

    Everything that relates to language as a system must, I am convinced, be approached from this viewpoint, which has scarcely received the attention of linguists: the limiting of arbitrariness. This is the best possible basis for approaching the study of language as a system. In fact, the whole system of language is based on the irrational principle of the arbitrariness of the sign, which would lead to the worst sort of complication if applied without restriction. (CGL, p. 133)

    This statement from the sixth chapter of the second part of theCourse in General Linguisticsmade in the context of explaining the relation between absolute arbitrariness and relative arbitrariness, points out that language systems do not operate in harmonic accordance with the arbitrary nature of linguistic signs and hints at the former being only possible as a restriction imposed on the latter.

    In case of arbitrariness—as with many other Saussure’s terms—there are two types of false preconceptions. The first results mostly from the notoriously problematic posthumous edition of theCourse, never authorized by de Saussure himself, which in many respects poses a philological challenge. For this reason, I will try to broaden the resource pool as much as possible, and in addition to the 1916 version of theCourse in General Linguistics(hereinafter referred to asCGL) as edited by C. Bally and A.Sechehay will also draw on student notes from Saussure’s three lecture cycles (namely the second and third cycle/volume, as these are relevant to the present paper; I refer to them as Saussure 1997 and Saussure 1993) as well as Saussure’s manuscript found in 1996 and published in French in 2002 asécrits de linguistique générale(which I refer to in its English translation from 2006 asWGL). Since my goal is not to reconstruct the historical genesis of the concept of arbitrariness but rather use these sources as inputs for more systematic considerations, the second type of preconception to be dispelled is that arbitrariness—even though it is called the first principle and one of the basic principles of any type of semiological study (CGL, p. 67)—cannot be assigned the status of a singular linguistic principle. The notion that a language phenomenon can be explained by means of a single, unified methodological principle is wrong for the same reason the notion that language itself is a single, unitary entity is mistaken (WGL, p. 161), therefore, plurality nature of approaches is a principal precondition of all linguistic investigations (WGL, p. 5). More precisely, as formulated in theCGL: when examining a language, the object is not givena priori, but “it is the viewpoint that creates the object” (CGL, p. 8). Saussure’s viewpoint is formed by a set of well-known mechanisms (sign, value, langue, etc.)—each of which in itself represents an important cornerstone of structural semiology. These mechanisms are nevertheless at the same time interconnected and intertwined and their unravelling presents a significant challenge. What follows is an attempt to answer the questions of how exactly the differentiation between absolute and relative arbitrariness in Saussurean semiology relates to the systemic nature of language, what constitutes the irrationality of arbitrariness, and what could be considered its rational counterpart.

    1. Arbitrariness and Relative Arbitrariness

    With respect to the linguistic sign, arbitrariness is most often considered to be its first principle (CGL, pp. 67-70; Saussure, 1993, p. 87). It represents not only an immediate continuation of the ideas of Dwight Whitney (Koerner, 1973, p. 315), which Saussure was well familiar with (see e.g. Jakobson, 1971), but also a contribution to the complex discussion that dates all the way back to classical antiquity, as personified by Cratylus and Hermogenes, and which often led modern expounders of Saussure’s ideas to misleading interpretations, especially in relation to Peirce’s semeiotic.

    Among the several formulations of the problem offered by theCGLand other Saussure’s texts, we can for simplicity’s sake pick the one below listing the two fundamental features of arbitrariness (both have resulted in a number of critical responses, among the best known of which are Bolinger, 1965; Jakobson, 1962,1966; Benveniste, 1971):

    (1) Anti-reductiveness: even though it is, within a sign, possible to differentiate between the signifying and the signified component (signifiantandsignifié), their unification in the unity of the sign is not determined by anything outside of the sign.Thesignifiant-signifiépair at the same time cannot be reduced to a single unit, either mental or physical.

    (2) Stabilization and immanence: arbitrariness works as the stabilization principle of signs with respect to the mutable, individual psychology of their users and mutability of the extra-sign world. Therefore, Saussure identifies arbitrariness with unmotivatedness (Saussure, 1993, p. 85). Linguistic sign as a combination ofsignifiantandsignifiéis not determined by either purposes and intentions of speakers, nor by the nature of what the speakers talk about; arbitrariness is therefore an important cornerstone of Saussurean immanentism. A sign is seen as in no way connected to the thing it refers to. Constitution of a sign is undetermined by reference; in other words,signs are “free and arbitrary in relation to the object” (WGL, p. 140).

    It would then appear, at least when considering the genesis of theCGLthat arbitrariness was not initially seen by Saussure as particularly problematic. Indeed, he did not handle arbitrariness in his first lecture cycle at all. A brief mention appears in the second cycle: basic properties of writing (which are essentially similar to those of language in general) include the arbitrary nature of signs, and therefore nonexistence of (causal) relation between signs and the things they refer to; the character of sign value is purely that of differentiation, and therefore negative (Saussure, 1997, pp. 7,113; cf.WGL, p. 147). Arbitrariness is given closer attention in the last lecture cycle,where it is seen as the most important property of language and as such plays a key role in semiology (Saussure, 1993, p. 76; cf. Koerner, 1973, p. 335).

    Even though language can be considered an institution of sorts, it is precisely its arbitrariness that makes it idiosyncratic and incomparable to other human institutions(Saussure, 2006, pp. 146-147). In case of customs, laws, fashion or symbols, we are dealing with a “necessity” between means and ends, and “the natural relation of things” (CGL, p. 75;WGL, p. 147). Language on the other hand is autonomous in selection of its means and its identification with other institutions only leads to misunderstandings (WGL, p. 149). Even though arbitrariness serves as a functional distinctive feature on the level of institutions (sign systems), it cannot be seen as a feature which exhausts the properties of the system of language. On the contrary, the notion of an entirely arbitrary system of signs is impossible. Linguistic arbitrariness/unmotivatedness cannot be reduced to zero (Saussure, 1993, p. 89), while the opposite pole of complete motivatedness is equally impossible. Absolute motivatedness and absolute arbitrariness are constructs that refer to abstract limits of possibility and which in their pure form do not exist in any language (CGL, p. 133).

    Arbitrariness in language is, in general, limited by solidarity with the tradition of the language’s past states (CGL, pp. 73-74), i.e. by its temporality. If language could be a non-temporal system, it most likely could and would also be completely arbitrary. It is precisely temporality that prevents complete freedom of selection in language. The second limiting principle is the differentiating nature of language, or its synchronic systemic character, which prevents revolutionary changes and complete randomness. Saussure and theCGLattempt to weaken the power of arbitrariness by means of introducing the concept of relative arbitrariness.

    The difference between absolute and relative arbitrariness is discussed only in the third lecture cycle (Saussure, 1993, pp. 85-90), in relation to the question of abstract units. In theCGL(p. 132), this appears as continuation of the differentiation between associative and (especially) syntagmatic relations. From the associative (paradigmatic)standpoint, the expression “dix-neuf” (nineteen) is motivated by its relations to expressions such as “dix-huit” (eighteen) or “soixante-dix” (seventy); from the syntagmatic standpoint, it is motivated by its components “dix” and “neuf” (CGL,p. 131). Both systemic relations thus at first glance seem to neutralize the proposed absolute arbitrariness of linguistic signs; on closer inspection we nevertheless see that the components of a sign motivated in this way are themselves arbitrary and,moreover, the differentiating value of the whole motivated sign is not a simple sum (of values) of its components (CGL, p. 132).

    Despite the suggested terminological similarity and the mutual conceptual relatedness, we need to distinguish between absolute and relative arbitrariness, based mostly on the following pair of features:

    (1) Absolute arbitrariness and relative arbitrariness (or motivatedness) are not principles of the same order. Relative arbitrariness is a more complex systemic relation. It has a dual nature; it includes the internal relation between signifiantandsignifiéas well as the external relation between terms as complete signs. Relations between terms (signs) are in all probability secondary—provided that no two signs exist such that each of them separately consists of a combination ofsignifiantandsignifié, we cannot consider external relations at all. Internal relations may be independent of external relations, whereas each external relation does presuppose(at least two) internal relations (Saussure, 1993, p. 90). Absolute arbitrariness is a precondition of relative arbitrariness/motivatedness. Further terminological and conceptual support for the belief in this categorical difference rests in the fact that relative arbitrariness and relative motivatedness—due precisely to their relativity—may function as synonyms, or, to use Saussurean diction, represent two sides of the same coin. There is, however, no such synonymy with absolute arbitrariness; absolute arbitrariness and absolute motivatedness are the extreme poles of an opposition.

    (2) Absolute arbitrariness cannot constitute the foundations of sign value or language system. The language system,langue, is dependent on intra-systemic differences (WGL, p. 189), it is a set of values, “the existence of which is only made possible due to the fact of their being in opposition” (WGL, p. 51). From the standpoint of both modalities of arbitrariness, this fact is formulated relatively clearly:“Reduction in any system of langue of absolute arbitrariness to relative arbitrariness;this is what makes up the ‘system’.” (WGL, p. 233) The third lecture cycle makes it apparent exactly how important Saussure considered the fact that without the internal relation of arbitrariness, two words (two signs) cannot be compared with respect to their relative motivatedness. A sign is built on an autonomous internal relation betweensignifiantandsignifiéwhich is not or does not have to be affected by its relation to other signs at all. We could say that absolute arbitrariness involves a certain type of atomism, something Saussure however was most likely aware of,when he referred to the arbitrariness of linguistic signs as an “irrational principle”, the limitation of which is a precondition of the study of language as a system (Saussure,1993, p. 87). It is in fact the external relation of relative motivatedness that represents one of the principles of order and regularity (CGL, p. 139) and aids in construction of language system in the narrower sense by reduction of absolute arbitrariness to relative arbitrariness, that is to say, a “relatively rational” language system, which can be studied by logic and grammar (Saussure, 1993, p. 96), or even studied at all.

    伊頓是一家全球領(lǐng)先的動力管理公司,2016年銷售額達(dá)197億美元。伊頓提供各種節(jié)能高效的解決方案,以幫助客戶更有效、更安全、更具可持續(xù)性地管理電力、流體動力和機(jī)械動力。伊頓致力于利用動力管理技術(shù)和服務(wù),提高人類生活品質(zhì)和環(huán)境質(zhì)量。伊頓在全球擁有約9.5萬名員工,產(chǎn)品銷往超過175個國家和地區(qū)。

    2. Rationality and Irrationality

    Saussure does not give any special, explicitly defined attention to rationality, it nevertheless does appear in several places in his writings as an attribute which is supposed to associate correctness of explanation or of a certain categorization. For instance, differentiation of the object of linguistic study into speaking and language which is in turn further divided into synchrony and diachrony is seen as “the rational form” (CGL, p. 98). Elsewhere, Saussure takes this even further when he asserts that even though linguistic facts must be investigated by different methods (WGL,p. 5), due to the nature of language linguistics is nevertheless obligated to use only two standpoints, synchronic and metachronic, i.e. diachronic (WGL, p. 188).TheCGLchapter “Rational Divisions” provides a list of categories of subjects of linguistic disciplines—i.e. morphology, lexicology, syntax—based on associative and syntagmatic relations. Study of a living language has to employ the rational method which “consists of (a) setting up the system of sounds as revealed by direct observation, and (b) observing the system of signs used to represent—imperfectly—these sounds” (CGL, p. 37). The completely non-systematic use of the term shows that the “rational” attribute is used in at least two non-synonymous ways:

    (1) Rational, meaning motivated. A relation is rational given that it is causal or has some sort of its own norm. Given this standpoint, non-arbitrary and symbolic systems may be seen as rational because sign units of such systems have “rational” relations to the things that are being referred to (CGL, pp. 68, 73). Monogamous matrimony is (probably) more reasonable than polygamy, whereas the sign relation between the expression “cow” and the notion of cow is based on “pure unreason” (WGL, p. 149).The form of matrimony and the suitability of any of its variations can be subject to rational or philosophical discussion (WGL, p. 149;CGL, p. 73) while an arbitrary sign cannot, because “any subject in order to be discussed must have a reasonable basis” (CGL, p. 73). If, however, language unlike all other human institutions is in fact completely arbitrary, not based on any reasonable norm, and its speakers use it without having explicit knowledge of its system, this then also means that arbitrariness is the cause due to which language itself is principally beyond rational and scientific, linguistic understanding. It is along these lines that one could probably interpret the complaint (CGL, p. 133) that language is not fully rational. If it were, it would be possible to study it “independently”.

    It is, however, precisely the combination of the notions of “independently”and “rational” which in this case leads to a dead end. This is because Saussurean semiology uses the conception oflangueand attempts to propose study of language in itself, its special character determined by the arbitrary nature of signs. “Full rationality”—if we were to understand it in the sense of “full motivatedness” or “full symbolicity”—however upsets this notion of an independent language which was as an ideal form supposed to be the subject of interest of linguistics. In other words,should language be fully rational, we could not study it separately and independently because its units (signs) would be causally linked to the things they refer to. At the same time, if we were to study language as a completely independent phenomenon, its study could not be rational.

    Saussure rules out these extremes not by opting for one of the absolutes and refusing the other, but rather by reference to “relative rationality” which governs language, yet at the same time allows for it to qualify as an object which can be studied reflectively, i.e. rationally (CGL, p. 73). The attributes of “rational” and“irrational” then do not amount to much more than abstract conceptions which,similarly to “absolute motivatedness” and “absolute arbitrariness”, do not set the rules of any specific games, or an even more specific game strategy, but rather attempt to outline the conditions for existence of playgrounds and spaces for games to be played in, regardless of the actual games being played there and whose arbitrariness and rationality at each given moment are necessarily relative. If we were to understand arbitrariness and rationality in one of the specific forms, Saussurean semiology would find itself in the unenviable position of trying to avoid its own redundancy on the one hand and actual unfeasibility as a scientific discipline on the other hand.

    (2) Rational, meaning conventional. In contrast to the aforementioned identification of the rational with the motivated, there is a somewhat cryptic statement in theCGLto the effect that given precisely the arbitrariness of linguistic signs, language system appears to be organized “freely” based on “a rational principle” (CGL, p. 78).

    The statement can nevertheless also be understood as saying that the arbitrary character of the units is not based on the exclusion that is seemingly hinted at, but rather in a curious connection between the “free” and the “rational” which cannot be reduced to rational motivatedness. This “free rationality” could simply be called conventionality and identified with arbitrariness. This is supported by Saussure’s familiarity with the works of Dwight Whitney, who conceived of “arbitrary” and“conventional” as synonyms (Koerner, 1973, p. 317; cf.CGL, pp. 10, 76), as well as certain statements by Saussure which seem to hint at the fact that the life of signs is based on a contract, without which a sign cannot exist (WGL, p. 68). Such understanding of “arbitrary convention” is most probably given its most explicit formulation in theCGL’s section on immutability and mutability of the sign (CGL,pp. 71-78), which points out thede factoinseparable connection of language with the community of speakers and time. The hypothetical rational principle which organizes language is not in contradiction of the social character of language, because it does not work based on a purely “l(fā)ogical base” (in this case, the formulations of theCGLsuggest that the reader identifies “rational” with “l(fā)ogical”), but it is in contradiction of the social force which works within time. The social force in time is the principle of continuity which “cancels freedom” (CGL, p. 78), and, should we understand it as a different expression for “convention” (“free” in the sense of “dynamic”), we would at the same time have to refuse its identification with arbitrariness, because it is not(absolute) arbitrariness but rather continuity which forms the basis of sign connections betweensignifiantandsignifié.

    All these interpretations are evidently faced with a number of difficulties, and there is unfortunately no straightforward path to solving them. Two more general facts can nevertheless be taken into consideration, which are referred to repeatedly by Saussure in his texts and which lead to the belief that, from the standpoint of rationality, internal or absolute arbitrariness represents a sort of threshold for semiological inquiry, below which Saussurean semiology cannot operate but without which it at the same time cannot exist.

    The first of these is the assertion (CGL, p. 122) that language has at its disposal only complex units whose complexity is “deprived of any natural unity” and which cannot be further simplified. The basic language units are not to be thought of as chemical elements, but rather as chemical mixtures (WGL, p. 4). Searching for rational relations below the level of these mixtures is meaningless in the same way as it is meaningless to look for unified language facts independently with respect to phonological and psychological facts, albeit they may in fact exist that way(WGL, p. 68). If the systematicity oflangueis from the standpoint of arbitrariness a secondary property, then it must be acknowledged that rational relations are likewise qualitatively secondary and that no decompositional analysis of sign can either capture or isolate them. An analytical approach may with respect to language facts identify a pair of sign components/objects,signifiantandsignifié, or—as they are called elsewhere, using more obscure terminology—signs and ideas, these however do not constitute objects of the same kind and any independent considerations of them as separate entities only lead to postulation of “two different grammars” (the grammar of ideas and the grammar of signs), each of which is “incorrect and incomplete” (WGL,p. 5). Given this standpoint, there is no rationality in language such as would not be a rationality of complex units.

    The other fact is the concept of differentiating value, probably the most important cornerstone of systematic semiology which at the same time plays a key role in differentiating between absolute and relative arbitrariness. The sign value which—in surprising opposition to theCGL(p. 114)—Saussure in his manuscript principally identifies with meaning, significance, function and even use (WGL, p. 12) cannot be considered only from the standpoint of the internal, absolutely arbitrary relation betweensignifiantandsignifié.

    Saussure brings up this fact repeatedly. One comprehensive example being for instance the following set of assumptions which Saussure proposed in his manuscript(WGL, p. 20): (1) The sign exists solely based on its meaning, (2) meaning exists solely based on its sign, (3) signs and meanings exist solely based on the difference between signs. The first two assumptions represent a mirror requirement of the obligatory reciprocity ofsignifiantandsignifié. The third assumption then represents a conglomerate of two levels of difference, on the one hand a purely negative level,which articulatessignifiantandsignifiéseparately, on the other hand a positive level of its kind, which operates at the level of signs as complex units. The first of these levels—the comparison of the units ofsignifiantand the units ofsignifiéindividually—is a difference in the proper sense for its pure negativity and, above all, because it delimits both components of the sign which have no existence of their own before this differentiation. Relations at the second level should not be thought of as relations of difference, but rather as relations of units which, because of their positive nature, are only distinct (CGL, p. 121). Arbitrariness seems to be in some way breaking between these the two levels. From the point of view of thesignifiantsignifiérelation, arbitrariness assumes existence of negative values of the sign components, i.e. differential values in the proper sense, corresponding to the first level. At the same time, arbitrary relation of sign components is itself a prerequisite for determining the value of the sign as a whole, which corresponds to the second level. Even though Saussure (WGL, p. 238) in relation to definition of semiology as a discipline concerned with values which are not connected to extra-linguistic “things”by any sort of causal or rational relations speaks of “arbitrarily determinable value”,arbitrariness does not in fact construct the system in any way, nor can it principally do so, as this would lead to “the worst sort of complication”.

    Since “[a]rbitrary and differential are two correlative qualities” (CGL, p. 118),arbitrariness is a necessary part of the sign value delimitation mechanism; at the same time, it requires the first level and conditions the second. Its primary use for Saussure is however more that of a shorthand answer to those who would insist to pollute the immanent “purity” of language by extra-linguistic motivatedness. Should—hypothetically—components of signs be unified based on some sort of external or rational motivation, then (linguistic) values would also be determined by external motivation and necessarily precede the system, precede linguistic differentiation. The irrationality of absolute arbitrariness is a precondition of relative sign values, because it is a precondition of the very existence of an autonomous language system which—should it be motivated/rational—would be a thoroughly non-autonomous system and could only be studied in the same manner as other symbolic systems. The very notion of the language system, and, by the same token, linguistics and semiology as independent scientific disciplines would in that case appear superfluous.

    3. Conclusion

    Even though the terms rational and rationalistic are not synonymous and the way Saussure uses the former is not systematic, while he does not use the latter at all,Valentin Voloshinov suggests considering Saussure’s semiology as a rationalistic project. His main reason for this (Voloshinov, 1973, pp. 57-58) is the fact that arbitrariness and conventionality of language is a characteristic property of philosophical rationalism of the 18th century, which, being a study of forms, abstracts from ideological contents and focuses solely on “the inner logic of the system of signs itself” (Voloshinov, 1973, p. 58). It is therefore not difficult for Voloshinov to define Saussure’s semiology precisely as based on the conception of arbitrariness, with the Leibnizian idea of universal grammar. Although certain support for this notion could be found e.g. in Saussure’s assertion that linguistics cannot consider sensory data to be the source of its inquiries (WGL, p. 5), and that (linguistic) sign is not the opposite of the physical and the mental, because “[t]here is one domain, interior,psychic, where both sign and meaning are to be found, bound indissolubly one to the other” (WGL, p. 6), this forms a rather vague support, against which there could be raised arguments at the very least from the standpoint of its problematic conception of substance. Voloshinov’s line of thought nevertheless gives, albeit indirectly, rise to two questions worth attention. The first of these is the relation between (linguistic)sign and (language) system which finds its expression in assertions on “l(fā)anguage as a system of arbitrary signs”; the other is then the relation between arbitrariness and convention, which finds its expression in assertions on “arbitrary convention”.

    The relation between sign and system is primarily a question of the mechanism of value, without which it would not be possible to consider the systematic nature of language at all (CGL, p. 112). The role played by arbitrariness here may therefore seem vague or even inappropriate. In his critique of arbitrariness, émile Benveniste(1971) says that the union of sign components is not arbitrary, but rather necessary;Saussurean semiology based on arbitrariness is then not a manifestation of rationalism,but rather of philosophical relativism. The assertion that “the whole system of language is based on the irrational principle of the arbitrariness of the sign” (CGL,p. 133) cannot be understood as a belief in arbitrariness as a constituting principle of the system of language. It can only be understood as a constitutive principle in the sense of a force in opposition to which linguistic system is formed. It therefore does not come as a surprise that absolute arbitrariness is seen by many commentators as“an excessive relativist rigidity that contradicted the general ‘spirit’ of Saussure’s teaching” (Gasparov, 2012, p. 73), because the two most important concepts—those of arbitrary sign and the system—appear as opposing forces.

    When Saussure states that “l(fā)anguage represents arbitrary convention” (WGL, p.140), he is in fact guilty of a certain simplification for the sake of explanation—a similar formulation is used by Voloshinov (1973, p. 58) when he speaks of “l(fā)anguage as a system of conventional, arbitrary signs”—and with this simple gesture identifies two principles which are correlated but hardly identical. Arbitrariness can be seen as a pre-rational precondition of constitution of a sign or a linguistic system whicha priorirules out any determination other than an internal linguistic one, without however constituting a construction mechanism of the said determination. Convention in the sense in which it is used by Saussure is largely of a pragmatic nature; it does not precede the system as its precondition but is rather formed—as acknowledged by theCGL(p. 78), after all—continually (see mainlyWGL, p. 67) as a combination of the social force and temporal nature of language. It is therefore superfluous at best to speak of “arbitrary convention”, because every convention presupposes arbitrariness.Every convention—as accentuated by David Lewis (2002, p. 70)—is a convention due to, among other things, the principal necessity of existence of at least one alternative which could fulfill the role of the existing convention with the same effectiveness.Should there be no such alternative, there would be no convention either, but rather an unavoidable necessity, that is to say, a necessity which could be found in symbolic systems with their own, non-arbitrary bases. Arbitrariness is, given this standpoint,a plurality of possibilities, which can be entirely irrational, because the number of options within complex systems is infinite (seeWGL, p. 52). Convention, on the other hand, is selection of a specific option over others. While from the standpoint of the continuity principle, selection as convention (CGL, p. 78) is not entirely rational,from the standpoint of cultural dynamics it represents a necessary precondition for the establishment of convention. This selection is not and in principle cannot be a conscious decision of any particular individual, but only a collective, cultural custom or pattern (CGL, p. 68). This leads to somewhat indeterminate conclusion that selection is not only a prerequisite, but also a product of the dynamics of interpersonal linguistic dynamics.

    猜你喜歡
    流體動力年銷售額銷往
    首年銷售額破100萬,好潤集團(tuán)強(qiáng)勢布局江西市場
    油藏開發(fā)流體動力地質(zhì)作用對儲集層的改造
    太行明珠將方便小米粥銷往28個省
    憑借產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),中漁科技年銷售額增長超200%! 智能漁機(jī)設(shè)備將迎來一個美好機(jī)遇
    福伊特將上調(diào)銷往北美的造紙機(jī)織物價格
    造紙信息(2019年3期)2019-09-10 07:22:44
    巴斯夫2018年銷售額小幅增長
    上海建材(2019年2期)2019-07-13 05:55:58
    燕山大學(xué)重型機(jī)械流體動力傳輸與控制實(shí)驗(yàn)室
    某船用低速柴油機(jī)曲柄銷軸承彈性流體動力潤滑分析
    這家企業(yè)苦練“內(nèi)功”,將茶粕銷往東南亞、日本、澳大利亞、西班牙等,現(xiàn)又進(jìn)軍國內(nèi)蝦蟹市場
    年銷售額2629 億美元 授權(quán)行業(yè)再增長4.4% 其中玩具占13.3% 為351 億美元
    玩具世界(2017年9期)2017-11-24 05:17:37
    久久亚洲精品不卡| 大香蕉久久网| 天天添夜夜摸| 99久久国产精品久久久| 91大片在线观看| 老司机亚洲免费影院| aaaaa片日本免费| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 国产不卡一卡二| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 成年版毛片免费区| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看 | 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频 | 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出 | www.熟女人妻精品国产| 免费在线观看视频国产中文字幕亚洲| 99久久人妻综合| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 午夜免费观看网址| 日韩免费高清中文字幕av| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区 | av片东京热男人的天堂| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 在线视频色国产色| 999精品在线视频| 高清欧美精品videossex| 国产激情久久老熟女| 亚洲成人手机| av线在线观看网站| 日韩熟女老妇一区二区性免费视频| 一区二区三区精品91| www.精华液| 国产免费男女视频| 午夜福利欧美成人| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 久久久国产成人精品二区 | 国产在线一区二区三区精| 十八禁网站免费在线| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 一级片'在线观看视频| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 成人手机av| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线 | 窝窝影院91人妻| 777米奇影视久久| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 日韩欧美免费精品| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 国产无遮挡羞羞视频在线观看| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 久久香蕉激情| а√天堂www在线а√下载 | 亚洲人成电影观看| 久久中文字幕一级| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线 | 丰满的人妻完整版| av在线播放免费不卡| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 久久久国产成人免费| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 国产精品九九99| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 国产不卡一卡二| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 亚洲伊人色综图| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 91成人精品电影| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| 国产淫语在线视频| 亚洲,欧美精品.| www.自偷自拍.com| 久久中文字幕一级| 免费av中文字幕在线| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 精品久久久久久电影网| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 一区在线观看完整版| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 制服人妻中文乱码| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 国产精品免费大片| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 久久国产精品大桥未久av| 捣出白浆h1v1| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 欧美日韩黄片免| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 高潮久久久久久久久久久不卡| 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频 | 亚洲专区字幕在线| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产 | av天堂久久9| 欧美成人午夜精品| 五月开心婷婷网| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 身体一侧抽搐| av不卡在线播放| 免费在线观看日本一区| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 性少妇av在线| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 久久热在线av| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的| av天堂在线播放| a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 国产麻豆69| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 精品高清国产在线一区| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 亚洲片人在线观看| а√天堂www在线а√下载 | 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 国产成人影院久久av| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 色94色欧美一区二区| 在线av久久热| 老司机靠b影院| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 欧美日韩黄片免| 亚洲九九香蕉| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 亚洲片人在线观看| av福利片在线| 免费在线观看日本一区| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 国产精品 国内视频| 亚洲av欧美aⅴ国产| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 一进一出抽搐动态| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 99国产精品99久久久久| 少妇 在线观看| 老熟女久久久| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 久久香蕉国产精品| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 黄频高清免费视频| 中国美女看黄片| 看免费av毛片| 激情在线观看视频在线高清 | 露出奶头的视频| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 午夜精品在线福利| 国产精品久久视频播放| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 中文字幕人妻丝袜制服| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 亚洲五月天丁香| 多毛熟女@视频| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院 | 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 国产xxxxx性猛交| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 91麻豆av在线| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| av视频免费观看在线观看| 久久精品成人免费网站| 高清在线国产一区| a级毛片黄视频| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 操出白浆在线播放| 99国产精品99久久久久| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费 | 高清视频免费观看一区二区| a级毛片在线看网站| 国产麻豆69| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 国产亚洲精品一区二区www | 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 91大片在线观看| 成人精品一区二区免费| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 午夜免费观看网址| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 一级黄色大片毛片| 成年动漫av网址| 男女免费视频国产| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | www.熟女人妻精品国产| videos熟女内射| 国产成人影院久久av| 美女福利国产在线| 深夜精品福利| 一级片'在线观看视频| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频 | 国产片内射在线| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 久久香蕉国产精品| 大码成人一级视频| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 精品福利永久在线观看| 亚洲五月天丁香| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 夫妻午夜视频| av免费在线观看网站| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 丰满的人妻完整版| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频 | 又大又爽又粗| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 国产单亲对白刺激| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 午夜免费观看网址| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 久久亚洲真实| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕 | 人妻一区二区av| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| a级毛片在线看网站| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 亚洲av欧美aⅴ国产| 高潮久久久久久久久久久不卡| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 麻豆av在线久日| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 精品国产亚洲在线| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 精品高清国产在线一区| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 美女午夜性视频免费| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 香蕉国产在线看| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 亚洲专区字幕在线| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 久久中文看片网| 午夜久久久在线观看| 国产真人三级小视频在线观看| 免费不卡黄色视频| 999久久久国产精品视频| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 亚洲专区字幕在线| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯 | 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说 | 后天国语完整版免费观看| 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 久久久久久久精品吃奶| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡| 久久中文字幕一级| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 国产精品.久久久| 欧美色视频一区免费| 9191精品国产免费久久| av在线播放免费不卡| aaaaa片日本免费| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 成人免费观看视频高清| bbb黄色大片| 国产精品久久久久成人av| ponron亚洲| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 十八禁网站免费在线| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 久99久视频精品免费| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 手机成人av网站| 久久中文看片网| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 久久久精品区二区三区| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 一区福利在线观看| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 在线观看66精品国产| 久久中文字幕一级| 怎么达到女性高潮| avwww免费| 久99久视频精品免费| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 成人影院久久| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 在线观看日韩欧美| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区 | 久久这里只有精品19| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 国产成人精品无人区| 免费在线观看日本一区| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 成人手机av| 99国产精品99久久久久| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 精品国产国语对白av| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 操出白浆在线播放| 久久香蕉精品热| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 激情在线观看视频在线高清 | 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 一本一本久久a久久精品综合妖精| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | 日本欧美视频一区| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 亚洲成人手机| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| 久久香蕉激情| 久久久久久久国产电影| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 午夜免费鲁丝| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 欧美日韩精品网址| 久久精品亚洲av国产电影网| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 91老司机精品| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 在线观看66精品国产| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 亚洲色图av天堂| 久久性视频一级片| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 国产精品九九99| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 欧美精品高潮呻吟av久久| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 91大片在线观看| 午夜福利欧美成人| 少妇的丰满在线观看| av中文乱码字幕在线| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| cao死你这个sao货| 9191精品国产免费久久| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人 | 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 国产成人影院久久av| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽 | 麻豆成人av在线观看| 亚洲五月天丁香| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽 | 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 免费看a级黄色片| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 999久久久国产精品视频| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片 | 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 国产免费男女视频| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲 | 午夜福利免费观看在线| 久久 成人 亚洲| 午夜福利,免费看| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产 | 啦啦啦视频在线资源免费观看| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3 | 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 两个人看的免费小视频| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 不卡av一区二区三区| 国产精华一区二区三区| 亚洲成人免费av在线播放| 校园春色视频在线观看| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 成人手机av| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 午夜成年电影在线免费观看| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 天天躁日日躁夜夜躁夜夜| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院 | av不卡在线播放| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 91国产中文字幕| 不卡av一区二区三区| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 天堂√8在线中文| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 亚洲成人手机| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 国产高清videossex| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 我的亚洲天堂| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 99国产精品99久久久久| 久久国产精品大桥未久av| 国产在视频线精品| 大型av网站在线播放| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 成年版毛片免费区| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 老司机亚洲免费影院| 大型av网站在线播放| 午夜激情av网站| 亚洲人成电影观看| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 美女午夜性视频免费| 成人18禁在线播放| 亚洲av成人av| 色综合婷婷激情| 国产成人精品无人区| 久久久久久久国产电影| av一本久久久久| 亚洲九九香蕉| 婷婷成人精品国产| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 国产欧美亚洲国产| 黄色成人免费大全| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 1024香蕉在线观看| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 青草久久国产| 国产淫语在线视频| 王馨瑶露胸无遮挡在线观看| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放 | 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 国产99白浆流出| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 久久香蕉国产精品| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9 | 欧美精品av麻豆av| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 亚洲欧美激情在线| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 午夜91福利影院| 青草久久国产| 午夜福利视频在线观看免费| 黄片播放在线免费| av网站免费在线观看视频| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 69av精品久久久久久| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 91大片在线观看| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 久久人妻av系列| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| av线在线观看网站| 精品第一国产精品| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 国产成人欧美| 久久这里只有精品19| 丁香欧美五月| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 黑人操中国人逼视频| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕|