• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Exploring Saussure’s Analogy between Linguistic and Monetary Signs

    2022-11-26 02:51:46KristianBankov
    Language and Semiotic Studies 2022年1期

    Kristian Bankov

    New Bulgarian University, Bulgaria

    Abstract

    Keywords: arbitrariness, money sign, fungibility, scarcity, sign production

    To determine what a five-franc piece is worth one must therefore know: (1) that it can be exchanged for a fixed quantity of a different thing, e.g., bread; and (2) that it can be compared with a similar value of the same system, e.g., a one-franc piece, or with coins of another system (a dollar, etc.). In the same way a word can be exchanged for something dissimilar, an idea; besides, it can be compared with something of the same nature, another word. (Course, 1959, p. 115)

    1. An Analogy for the Arbitrariness of Linguistic and Monetary Signs

    One of the characteristics of Saussure’sCourseis its essentialness. Its exact, short and clear formulations have inspired innumerable researchers and form the basis of Structuralism, one of the most popular research paradigms. The short passage, which postulates the necessity of semiology, is a good example of Saussure’s style (and that of his students who published theCourse). Several references to the analogy between linguistics and economics (and between linguistic and monetary signs in particular),which have great potential for further development, are also set out in the text. It is these that I intend to examine here, and though I am not the first to undertake such a study, I argue that the approach proposed here is the first of its kind.

    At the beginning of the third chapter ofCourse, the various sciences are reviewed in order to separate those with a distinct synchronic and diachronic approach from those in which there is no reason for such a division. It is there that Saussure separates economics and linguistics from the rest (Course, 1959, p. 119), and compares political economy to the innovative “synchronic” linguistics he offers. Old-fashioned comparative linguistics is compared to economic history. In a second passage, quoted above (but see also p. 149), he develops the analogy specifically at a sign level.

    Until now, however, there has been no analysis of the analogy between the two types of sign in terms of the linguistic sign’s fundamental characteristic,arbitrariness.According to many scholars of Saussure, and particularly in De Mauro’s classical reading, the discovery of linguistic signs’ arbitrariness is the most important and mature step in the establishment of Saussure’s research paradigm (De Mauro, 2005,pp. 325-334). However, Saussure captures the language and the market in a so to speak “synchronic parallel” that would function differently in a different moment of the evolution of the money sign. He uses the value of a 5-franc silver coin as an analogy for the semantic value of the linguistic sign but does not compare it with a paper or commodity monetary sign.

    This is where my contribution comes in. A brief overview of the different historical money forms shows that they follow a semiotic development, going from a very low degree of arbitrariness between the signifier (e.g., the mental image of the currency token) and its value, as in the primitive forms, to a degree of arbitrariness and formal perfection beyond that of the linguistic sign (as in the case of electronic money). However, a small misunderstanding may come from the way the study is set up. For Saussure the study of the origin and development of language “is not even worth asking” (Course, 1959, p. 72), when it comes to the object of linguistics and where the notion of arbitrariness belongs. On the contrary here I am using this notion for a diachronic comparative analysis. For Saussure anything in language that is“prehistory”, e.g., before written records, was not suitable for scientific analysis for obvious reasons. The money sign, however, evolves after the linguistic written records were available and what follows is a series of synchronic comparisons, made with the same logic as Saussure’s comparison with the silver coin. In philosophy Simmel gives quite concrete examples of the evolution of the material substance of money in Chapter II ofPhilosophy of Money(see Simmel, 1990), but his perspective is different and I would say complementary to the one proposed here.

    Also, we know not very much on the origin of language, but still there has been a consistent scientific research on the matter since the early nineties of the XX century and it will not be too speculative if we imagine that it evolved in a similar way as the money sign—from contextually dependent forms of social interaction with zero degree of arbitrariness for prehistoric man, to the strongly formalized “arbitrary” languages of the present day.2What would have changed Saussure’s mind on the study of the prehistoric linguistic practices is the scientific evidence which today is far more available.

    2. The Different Forms of Money Signs

    Barteringis the first and most primitive form of economic exchange. In a barter system, commodities are exchanged according to their utilitarian value. A minimum degree of conventionality is required to determine what quantity of one commodity corresponds to another. Here, hypothetically, we can assume that any good possessed in excess functions as a sign for a future need that could be satisfied as the result of a future exchange. But the conventions are too numerous, and above all, the whole system is contextually dependent—there must be a coincidence of excess and need in time to motivate the two exchanges. Barter systems easily evolved into thecommodity moneysystem. Some of the merchandise typically exchanged under the barter system acquire a privileged function in the commodity money system by combining a higher utilitarian value with a higher durability. This includes grain, livestock, salt, leather,etc.—consumable goods, which become a convertible object as they provide a greater guarantee for future exchange. These are also sought after by those who do not have the need (for salt, leather, wheat, etc.), but are acquired with a view to their future conversion to goods available in excess. In this sense, they have a clearer semiotic function (and a higher degree of arbitrariness), since their possession is independent of both the possessor’s needs and his productive abilities. However, this is still reliant on the persistence of the market as a social convention.

    Economists often neglect the difference between this kind of commodity money and commodity money made fromprecious metals, cowries,ritual objects, stones, beads,etc. According to a semiotic analysis, the latter has a higher degree of arbitrariness, since their value comes not from the utilitarian function but from their symbolic value. They are not consumed, but just owned and exchanged. A hybrid option, and an important step to the next phase of the evolution of money, areinstrumentsas monetary signs(mostly in China). The most well-known arespade moneyandknife money.

    A real turning point in currency development is the invention of thecoin, as evinced by both a semiotic analysis and the historical facts that followed the spread of the use of coins. In the official histories of money,3however, there is again no explicit emphasis placed on this link. The qualitative difference that the coin introduces into market-based economic relations is expressed by the English termfungibility. Unlike commodity money, which was consumable or bearers of other functions and had to be judged separately for each deal, the coins in their conception were identical and countable. The coin introduces structural discretion into the thinking of economic value, just as phonetically distinct words emerged from the amorphous sound and visual matter of the gesture and shouting phase. Saussure quite accurately compares the word as an acoustic image pattern with a coin that, regardless of the particular token in our hands, always carries the same value.

    The coin turns money signs into “economic” writing. Much has been written about the changes in our civilization since the discovery of the printing machine, but only few note thatcoin minting is the first form of printed writing. Accordingly, its effects are remarkable:the coin provides a much more complete tool for political governance and a completely new stage in the organization of military campaigns and, above all, a qualitatively new level of entrepreneurship and market exchange. There are convincing studies about the role of coins in the Hellenic world, the Roman Empire, and ancient China.4

    All this, according to the analysis suggested herein, is due to the fact that the monetary sign, before all else, becomesgood for thinkingwith its increased level of arbitrariness. As the hypothesis that thinking is linguistic in nature dominated the 20th century, and as Saussure’s insights reflect the mechanism of this dependence,civilization’s progress as a result of the invention of a monetary sign with the properties of a linguistic sign becomes easier to explain.

    But money does not stop developing with the invention and refinement of the coin, though it has dominated economic exchange for nearly two millennia. Financial institutions began to develop intensively particularly from the fourteenth century onwards, with the beginning of the great geographic discoveries and the Trade revolution. Meanwhile we witness the emergence of bank institutions, credit, shared financial risk in investments, etc. All this multiplies the money turnover and so-called“representative money”, which, unlike the coins, do not have their own material value but only guarantee that they can be exchanged for gold or other valuables by a bank.From the name itself, it is clear that the new monetary form is a next step towards the arbitrariness of the monetary signs. Being much easier and safely portable than gold,they open a new level in trade and financial manipulation. If a coin makes economic value better for thinking, representative money makes itbetter for communication. The banknote is the most perfect form of representative money. It is no coincidence that the most complex work about the profound social function of money—Simmel’sPhilosophy of Money(1900)—is inspired by the historical period dominated by the banknote.

    Banknotes still exist today, but after the phase of representative money there is another structural change in the monetary system, which brings the symbolic function of money (defined by its level of arbitrariness) to that of the linguistic sign, on the side of the signified. For a long time, national banks have complied with banknote coverage. Banknotes were guaranteed with deposits of gold. Accordingly, the monetary sign had a triadic structure: 1) a banknote - 2) an economic value - 3) a gold equivalent deposited in the bank.

    But the dynamics of socio-economic processes, expressed in monetary relations,have surpassed the capacity of the “gold standard”. Its crisis began after the World War I; one by one countries started to abandon it; and the USA was the last in 1971.The next money form was the so-calledfiat money(orlegal tender). The value of this money form does not depend on an external reference, but on state law. This law serves as the social convention in a linguistic sign, defining the relation between signifier and signified.The sign structure of fiat money is identical from many perspectives to Saussure’s linguistic sign.In contrast to natural language, however,the level of arbitrariness also gains an ethical dimension in monetary signs. The value of money depends on the amount of money put into circulation. Some see the lagging gold standard as an emanation of neoliberalism and financial-corporate order, wherein the arbitrariness of a currency is a prerequisite for arbitrary financial manipulations,for example, with which a government can impoverish the savers through a single decision. But this topic exceeds the objectives of the article.

    The last form of money to date is e-money. Within this category we can distinguish two main types—electronic banking of ordinary national currencies,and new forms of digital currency such asBitcoin. In the first case, we have a direct continuation along the axis of a currency’s rising arbitrariness. I get my salary by bank transfer, meaning that the sensory indicator of the occurrence of this important event for me is an electronic record that I could reproduce on a screen. For conventional currency, the same “signified”, e.g., the same monetary value, I receive as a bundle of banknotes that, although extremely comfortable for daily purchases, carry a large number of constraints. By contrast, electronic payments make it possible for me to pay for a good or service at any point on the planet, and that does not require the recipient to be present to receive the sum. E-money is perfect from a communication point of view, and this is a qualitatively different shift in monetary sign forms. Regarding the independence of the signified from the signifier, e-money is of a different nature than the classic, arbitrary linguistic signs described by Saussure.

    Even more interesting is the case ofdigital currencies. The main difference from electronic banking of national currencies is that digital currencies are not issued by central banks; there is no legal government protection behind them. As an analogy with language, digital currencies are like jargon, whose importance depends on the number of people who use them, naturally in parallel with the literary language / official currency.In fact, my overall interest in the semiotic study of money was inspired by digital currencies, and from the lack of satisfactory socio-cultural models for their nature. This study is part of the theoretical basis for a larger research project, and so will not discuss digital currencies analysis, which would, however, keep us from linking with Saussure’s fundamental work. Here the main focus was to track the evolution of the sign-value relation’s arbitrariness to the type of currency, in the course of the emerging different forms of money. Accordingly, as a central difference between the two sign systems on which a reliable model of economic value can be built, “scarcity” is a necessary condition, on which the value of a currency in circulation depends. This has long been a central problem for central banks after the penetration of fully “arbitrary” monetary value, independent from any third-party valuables like the Gold standard.

    In the second part of the article, I will try to position the above-mentioned theoretical hypothesis among the most significant existing contributions to sociosemiotic analyses of money and economic value.

    3. Dynamic, Triadic, and Holistic Approaches

    As with many other topics, as well as that of economic value and money, semiotics is divided into two major paradigms. The two authors who devoted most of their work to this problem belong to different paradigms and although chronologically there is a complete coincidence in their contributions (both debuted in 1968 and during the next 10-12 years published several books), they entirely ignore each other. These are Ferruccio Rossi-Landi and Jean Baudrillard. Both authors are fierce critics of capitalism and bourgeois ideology, and they both rely on the theories of Karl Marx, in particular the theme of alienation (although at the end Baudrillard turns even against Marx), but their hypotheses are totally mutually incompatible. Rossi-Landi’s critique is based on a broadly developed analogy (or homology, as he prefers to call it) between physical and linguistic work (Rossi-Landi, 1975, pp. 1862-1888). In his model of the sign, the third member is always present, and in most cases, it constitutes the embodied work of “l(fā)inguistic workers”. Not only does he disregard the above-mentioned difference in language and currency, but he insists that it is ideologically condemnable to assume that systems of natural language spontaneously arise beyond the individual wishes of community members (pp. 1932 ff.). It is precisely such an assumption that conceals the fact that they, as the material artefacts, are the product of human labor that the masses have produced, but that elites control the channels of distribution and accordingly take advantage of something that does not rightfully belong to them.

    Augusto Ponzio, a student and principal follower of Rossi-Landi, goes even further in this doctrine by developing a direct analogy between the model of the Saussurian sign and the marginalist (liberal) school in economics. His main criticism is that both emphasize the moment of exchange, the market in one case, and the exchange of messages in the other, completely ignoring production and subjectivity,which are the real cause and source of exchange, the latter only constituting the surface of these processes (Ponzio, 1990, pp. 185 ff.).

    Rossi-Landi’s influence extends beyond the Bari circle. Umberto Eco himself is strongly influenced by Rossi-Landi’s doctrine, to such an extent that inTheory of Semioticsthe typology of signs is replaced by a typology of the various forms ofsign production(Eco, 1975, Chapter 3.6). However, it should be noted that in one of the most important chapters, which clarifies the characteristics of culture as a semiotic phenomenon, Eco pays special attention to prove that economic exchange can be considered as a semiotic interaction (together with the production of tools and the exchange of women). There he uses an entirely Marxist model of economic value, and at the same time he is the only one of the authors cited in this tradition who explicitly formulates the principle of currency’s scarcity:

    The only difference between a coin (as sign-vehicle) and a word is that the word can be reproduced without economic effort while a coin is an irreproducible item (which shares some of the characters of its commodity-object). This simply means that there are different kinds of signs which must also be differentiated according to the economic value of theirexpression-matter. (Eco’s emphasis, ibid., pp. 25-26)

    Eco, however, never returns to this typology of signs according to the economic value of their expressive matter—something that I have tried to do in the first part of this article.

    Baudrillard, opposite to Rossi-Landi, not only uses the dyadic model of the sign to criticize the capitalist economy, but also directs all his inquiries toward consumption rather than production. That is why both discourses are so distant, although their purpose and disciplinary membership are the same. More a visionary than a researcher,Baudrillard opens a discursive perspective on a semiological reading of the consumer society. His main diagnosis is that in new post-war capitalism, the leading instrument for class exploitation is no longer labor but consumption. Thus, the system deforms its logic. From a material process based on the real needs of people, consumption develops into an autonomous network of signifieds that (typical of the overall logic of postmodernism) loses touch with material reality and begins to refer to its components in a meaningless carousel of signifiers. In such a system media, advertising, and fashion accelerate the course of the carousel, which distracts the individuals rotated by it more and more from their authentic existence, thus increasing their alienation. Baudrillard exclusively uses Saussure’s conceptual apparatus in this analysis, though he does not pay attention to monetary signs’ analysis anywhere. Instead, he makes a direct parallel between the post-modern situation in culture and the transition from the financial logic of the gold standard (currency) to the wholly de-facto (arbitrary) monetary system:

    [...] this process culminates in the virtual international autonomy of finance capital, in the uncontrollable play of floating capital. Once currencies are extracted from all productive cautions, and even from all reference to the gold standard, general equivalence becomes the strategic place of the manipulation. (Baudrillard, 1975, p. 129 n. 9)

    He also offers some valuable insights into the function of money and credit in the following direction: “The illusionism is truly remarkable: society appears to extend credit to you in exchange for a formal freedom, but in reality, it is you who are giving credit to society, alienating your future in the process.” (Baudrillard, 1968, p. 160)Thus, he points out the relationship of finance to the temporal dimension of human existence, although his reading is entirely negative.

    In confirming that the dyadic tradition going from theCoursemore accurately captures the dynamics of monetary signs, we turn to Derrida’s remarkable 1991 workGivenTime(Derrida, 1992). This is his main treatise on economics, money and gifts. Derrida begins a long deconstruction of the metaphysical idea of giving or donating time,the link between economic value and temporality being direct. In the chapter entitled“The Madness of the Economic Reason”, he deconstructs the paradoxical situation described in one of Baudelaire’s short stories where one of the characters gives a beggar a fake coin, and at the end of the book expresses the analogy that credit isdifférance. Of course, Derrida’s aphoristic and blatant way of expression does not allow for identifying any model directly from his work, but the genius of some of his insights into money and finance is attested to by the detailed comment that Michel Tratner makes in his vast article entitled “Derrida’s Debt to Milton Friedman” (Tratner, 2003). It is here that the paradoxes of the “deconstructed” linguistic sign projected on the financial history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have quite logically led to the financial relativism of fiat money after 1971. Deconstruction in culture and monetarism in financial politics are similar in their deep structure, their apogee being in the seventies and eighties of XX century, and the socio-economic effect of the latter is probably part of the conditions that contributed to the enormous success of the former (Derrida’s debt, namely, p. 798).

    Baudrillard and Derrida also direct us to a third type of approach where money and economic value are at the heart of the study, and the semiotic paradigm is pragmatically chosen in terms of its adequacy for their research goals. In these approaches, which I call “holistic”, it is common that, thanks to semiotics, the greater importance of money for economic reality is emphasized above the economic and financial thought accepted in the mainstream.

    In his article from 1989 “Making Semiotic Sense of Money as a Medium of Exchange” Alan Dyer confronts the deep semiotic understanding of money as a medium of thinking with the major economic theories of money. In his words “By re-presenting objects and experiences as comparable containers of exchange value,money symbolically transforms life and, thus, mediates our understanding of it”(Dyer, 1989, p. 505). This also means that market transactions are not just culturally neutral economic exchanges, but a deeply human interaction of sharing a common understanding and a worldview. Steven Horwitz departs from these premises in his article “Monetary Exchange as an Extra-Linguistic Social Communication Process”(1992) and elaborates on the affinity between the subjectivist theory of the economic value (the famous Austrian school) and the hermeneutic ontology of Gadamer. His most important insights are about the parallel between the two systems where money does not correspond to messages as most of the researchers think, but they correspond to the language itself, within which prices have the function of word or message (p.208). In his model also the notion of text is projected on the economic reality and it corresponds to the notion of market (pp. 210 ff.)

    A detailed presentation of these methods as well as his own contribution is proposed by Wennerlind (see Wennerlind, 2001), and in any case the social dimension lies at the center of the hypotheses. So, he divided the institutional, liberal, and Marxist approaches.

    4. Instead of a Conclusion: Difference vs Scarcity

    Saussure’s insight into the analogy between political economy and linguistics (as well as between linguistic and monetary signs) opens a phenomenological research phenotype for the typology of the different monetary signs in terms of how “good”they are for thinking. From the review of existing contributions, those inspired by the dyadic model of the sign go further in that direction, comprising even the temporal dimension of the phenomenon and bringing our attention to a radical difference in the basic principle of semiosis between the linguistic and the monetary systems. If in the Saussureanlanguesystem is the difference between the signifiers to determine the value of the sign, in the monetary system, on the contrary, the more identical the signifiers the better for thinking they are. Therefore, in our analysis the invention of the coin is a cornerstone in the evolution of the money sign. But if it is not from the difference then where does the value of the money sign come from? As we have seen,the value of each money sign comes from the principle of scarcity, from its position in a system of quantity rather than in a system of differences.

    Now, can we identify a phenomenological ground for the perception of the economic value/scarcity,5comparable to the “condemnation” to semantic meaning,postulated by Merleau-Ponty - Greimas, as an actualization of the Saussurean heritage?

    Derrida often includes Heidegger in his arguments, precisely in relation to the paradoxical status of the given time and the metaphysical implications that the German philosopher exposes, interpreting everyday expressions close to giving and receiving time. Derrida, however, does not come to the central question from the point of view of my hypothesis, though his analysis often revolves around it. And this hypothesis is related to what Heidegger calls “the thesis of the primordial finitude of temporality” (Heidegger, 1996 [1927], p. 330). This means that the fundamental characteristic of human existence is its finitude in time, the ontological inevitability of death to which each life project is oriented. According to Heidegger, this situation precedes and is the condition for the everyday conceptualization of time, for the common meaning of temporality (p. 331). This means that despite any cultural differences in the perception of time, religious beliefs and poetic fantasies about the immortality of the human soul, the inevitable finitude is grounding the primordial comprehension of the surrounding world. On a more superficial level, where this topic meets economic issues, we can note that the finitude of human life and its phases from birth to death are at the heart of all public institutions. They would lose sense, just like any normal subject of conversation, at the moment when the finitude of human existence is suspended and life becomes eternal.

    I believe thatthe principle of scarcity of the money sign corresponds to the primordial finitude of human temporality, the being of the being there as a thrown project.“Time is money” is a cliché, behind which lies the deep homology between two dimensions, whose meaning and value depend on the limitations of their availability. It is this homology that makes money good for thinking, and gives authors such as Goetzmann the insistence that finance is the foundation of “the ability of humans to imagine and calculate the future” (Goetzmann, 2016, p. 2).

    Notes

    1 Saussure, F. de (1959 [1916]).Acourse in general linguistics(Trans., W. Baskin). New York: Philosophical Library (quoted asCoursein the text).

    2 […] it is only in the context of inherently meaningful collaborative activities, coordinated by“natural” forms of communication such as pointing and pantomiming, that totally arbitrary linguistic conventions could have come into existence. (Tomasello, 2008, pp. 327-328)

    3 Davies, 1997; Ferguson, 2008; Goetzmann, 2016.

    4 Seaford, 2004; Goetzmann, 2016.

    5 “Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human wants in a world of limited resources” (Sexton, 2017, p. 65).

    在线观看www视频免费| 999精品在线视频| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| www国产在线视频色| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| av福利片在线| 日韩高清综合在线| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 色综合站精品国产| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 超碰成人久久| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 窝窝影院91人妻| 脱女人内裤的视频| 波多野结衣高清作品| 久久九九热精品免费| 最近在线观看免费完整版| xxxwww97欧美| 97碰自拍视频| 国产黄片美女视频| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| svipshipincom国产片| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 三级毛片av免费| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 色播亚洲综合网| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 宅男免费午夜| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 成人三级黄色视频| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 欧美成狂野欧美在线观看| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 久久久久国内视频| 国产精品 国内视频| 亚洲九九香蕉| 色播亚洲综合网| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 舔av片在线| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 久久久久久大精品| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 88av欧美| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 亚洲激情在线av| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 久久天堂一区二区三区四区| 黄片小视频在线播放| 亚洲激情在线av| 欧美午夜高清在线| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 美女免费视频网站| 欧美午夜高清在线| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 亚洲中文av在线| av在线天堂中文字幕| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 亚洲av熟女| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 欧美3d第一页| xxxwww97欧美| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 九色成人免费人妻av| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 国产精品野战在线观看| 在线国产一区二区在线| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 国产精品久久久久久久电影 | 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| netflix在线观看网站| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| 黄色成人免费大全| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| av中文乱码字幕在线| 美女免费视频网站| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 制服诱惑二区| av片东京热男人的天堂| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 国产激情欧美一区二区| 国产免费男女视频| av福利片在线观看| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| www日本黄色视频网| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 免费看美女性在线毛片视频| 又大又爽又粗| 久久精品成人免费网站| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 精品久久久久久成人av| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 亚洲最大成人中文| 黄色成人免费大全| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| videosex国产| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 老司机靠b影院| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 国产精华一区二区三区| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 国产精品久久久久久久电影 | 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 久久久久性生活片| 高清在线国产一区| 91老司机精品| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 日本成人三级电影网站| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 成人三级黄色视频| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 极品教师在线免费播放| 一级片免费观看大全| 又大又爽又粗| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 最近在线观看免费完整版| 很黄的视频免费| 一本一本综合久久| 一本久久中文字幕| 禁无遮挡网站| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 国产精华一区二区三区| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 国产午夜精品论理片| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 在线观看日韩欧美| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 看黄色毛片网站| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 久久精品人妻少妇| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 亚洲精品中文字幕一二三四区| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 一本精品99久久精品77| 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 国产成人系列免费观看| 成人精品一区二区免费| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 亚洲最大成人中文| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 日本免费a在线| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 成人三级做爰电影| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩 | 夜夜爽天天搞| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 久久久精品大字幕| 午夜激情av网站| 2021天堂中文幕一二区在线观| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 后天国语完整版免费观看| 精品日产1卡2卡| 在线国产一区二区在线| 精品国产亚洲在线| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频 | 小说图片视频综合网站| 精品久久久久久,| www.999成人在线观看| 久久精品成人免费网站| 精品日产1卡2卡| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| ponron亚洲| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看 | 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 制服人妻中文乱码| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 欧美日韩黄片免| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 久久 成人 亚洲| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 美女午夜性视频免费| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 在线观看www视频免费| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 青草久久国产| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 丁香欧美五月| av在线天堂中文字幕| 欧美色视频一区免费| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 国产黄片美女视频| avwww免费| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 国产精品国产高清国产av| www日本黄色视频网| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 毛片女人毛片| 九色国产91popny在线| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 久久中文看片网| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 国产片内射在线| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 搡老岳熟女国产| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| www国产在线视频色| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 日日夜夜操网爽| 欧美日韩黄片免| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器 | 久久性视频一级片| 国产三级中文精品| 亚洲九九香蕉| xxxwww97欧美| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| 看黄色毛片网站| 男人舔奶头视频| or卡值多少钱| 99久久国产精品久久久| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 国产免费av片在线观看野外av| 日本 欧美在线| 午夜久久久久精精品| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| www.自偷自拍.com| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 午夜福利欧美成人| 精品久久久久久久末码| 午夜久久久久精精品| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 国产日本99.免费观看| 搞女人的毛片| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩 | 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 99久久精品热视频| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 窝窝影院91人妻| 久久人人精品亚洲av| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 成人手机av| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 美女大奶头视频| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 在线播放国产精品三级| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 国产av又大| 中文资源天堂在线| 国产真人三级小视频在线观看| 中国美女看黄片| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 级片在线观看| 悠悠久久av| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 老司机靠b影院| 日本免费a在线| 级片在线观看| ponron亚洲| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站 | 制服诱惑二区| 日日夜夜操网爽| 国产三级中文精品| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 观看免费一级毛片| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 久久香蕉激情| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 一进一出抽搐动态| www日本在线高清视频| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 国内精品久久久久久久电影| 曰老女人黄片| 波多野结衣高清作品| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 欧美3d第一页| 在线a可以看的网站| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 久久婷婷成人综合色麻豆| av视频在线观看入口| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 国产精品久久视频播放| 精品高清国产在线一区| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| www国产在线视频色| 精品电影一区二区在线| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 琪琪午夜伦伦电影理论片6080| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产| tocl精华| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 日韩欧美三级三区| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站| 亚洲精品在线美女| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 制服人妻中文乱码| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费| 美女午夜性视频免费| 操出白浆在线播放| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 在线播放国产精品三级| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 午夜老司机福利片| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 嫩草影视91久久| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 黄色女人牲交| 欧美3d第一页| 久久婷婷成人综合色麻豆| 一夜夜www| 中文字幕av在线有码专区| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 搡老岳熟女国产| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 国产日本99.免费观看| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看 | 免费在线观看日本一区| 美女午夜性视频免费| 日韩有码中文字幕| 日本成人三级电影网站| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩 | 欧美性长视频在线观看| www.999成人在线观看| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 午夜视频精品福利| 久久精品成人免费网站| 一本大道久久a久久精品| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 亚洲 欧美 日韩 在线 免费| 国产精品 国内视频| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 国产真实乱freesex| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| av免费在线观看网站| 老汉色∧v一级毛片| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 亚洲18禁久久av| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 在线播放国产精品三级| 国产三级在线视频| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 欧美性猛交黑人性爽| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 国产精品一及| 日本三级黄在线观看| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 久久香蕉激情| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放 | 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 成人三级黄色视频| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 日韩有码中文字幕| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 午夜两性在线视频| 岛国在线免费视频观看| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 国产乱人伦免费视频| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 看片在线看免费视频| 2021天堂中文幕一二区在线观| 久久久国产成人免费| 精品国产亚洲在线| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 美女大奶头视频| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 悠悠久久av| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 极品教师在线免费播放| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品 | 精品日产1卡2卡| 麻豆成人av在线观看| a级毛片在线看网站| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站 | 亚洲 国产 在线| 中国美女看黄片| 黄色成人免费大全| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 一本综合久久免费| 天天添夜夜摸| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 国产精品,欧美在线| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 精品第一国产精品| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 在线免费观看的www视频| 成人三级做爰电影| 美女免费视频网站| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 久久草成人影院| 在线视频色国产色| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 99久久精品热视频| 一本精品99久久精品77| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 精品第一国产精品| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 国产三级黄色录像| 亚洲国产欧美网| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 不卡av一区二区三区| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 国产精品 国内视频| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 91国产中文字幕| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看 | 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 嫩草影视91久久| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 黄色女人牲交| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 成人欧美大片| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 欧美日韩精品网址| www.www免费av| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 国产区一区二久久| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 哪里可以看免费的av片|