文/王逢鑫
“桌椅板凳”是漢語家具名詞。其英語的對應(yīng)詞分別是table/desk、chair/bench、stool??墒?,table/desk、chair/bench、stool可以另引申出別的意思。
table的意思是a piece of furniture that consists of a flat top supported by legs,即“桌子”。按其形狀和構(gòu)造,有l(wèi)ong table(長桌)、round table(圓桌)、square table(方桌)、rectangular table(長方桌)、folding table(折疊桌)、pull-out table(伸縮桌)等。按其功能,有office table(辦公桌)、computer table(電腦桌)、writing table(寫字臺(tái))、dinner table(餐桌)、picnic table(野餐桌)、coffee table(咖啡桌)、multi-purpose table(多用桌)等。
由于桌子有個(gè)平面,上面可以擺放東西,table具有a list of facts or numbers arranged in a special order usually in rows and columns的引申意義,即“一覽表”。例如:school timetable/curricular timetable(課程表、功課表)、table of contents(目錄)、airport timetable(機(jī)場時(shí)刻表)、railway timetable(列車運(yùn)行時(shí)刻表)、departure timetable(出發(fā)時(shí)刻表)、arrival timetable(到達(dá)時(shí)刻表)等。
table還具有“a list of sports teams, countries, schools, etc. that shows their positions in a competition”的意思,即“排行榜”,如medal table(獎(jiǎng)牌排行榜)。
China ranked third on the medal table with 9 gold medals at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. 中國代表團(tuán)在2022年北京冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上以9枚金牌位列獎(jiǎng)牌榜第三。
desk的意思是“書桌”。有sitting desk(坐式書桌)、standing desk(站立式書桌)、L-shaped desk(L形書桌)、treadmill desk(跑步機(jī)書桌)等。
information desk即“問詢處”或“服務(wù)臺(tái)”,可以簡化為desk。例如:
1. At the airport, the passenger went to the desk to ask where the taxi rank was. 在機(jī)場,這位旅客到服務(wù)臺(tái)詢問出租汽車站在什么地方。
2. In the lost-and-found office, I went to the desk and claimed my missing money. 在失物招領(lǐng)處,我到服務(wù)臺(tái)認(rèn)領(lǐng)我丟失的錢。
chair本是家具,后來具有seat of office or authority(職務(wù)或權(quán)威的位置)的引申意義。英國歷史上,最先由男性主政,出現(xiàn)了chairman一詞,其最初的意思是“occupier of a chair of office or authority, especially someone chosen to preside over a meeting”(職位或權(quán)力的占有者,尤其指主持會(huì)議的人),即“主席”。后來隨著女性參政,出現(xiàn)了female chairman(女性主席)。人們用chairwoman/chairlady區(qū)別于chairman(男性主席)。由于chairman和chairwoman/chairlady含有man和woman/lady 等突出性別的詞,人們常用 chair 或 chairperson,表示“性別中立”(gender-neural)。例如:
People often use “Madam Chair” to address a female chair. 人們常用Madam Chair稱呼一位女主席。
bench義為“長椅”,例如:park bench(公園長椅)。bench與英國議會(huì)相關(guān)的釋義是a seat where a particular group of politicians sit,即“議員席”。例如:There was cheering from the Opposition benches. 反對黨議員席那里傳來歡呼聲。
bench與體育相關(guān)的釋義是the seat where players sit when they are not playing in the game,即“場邊的運(yùn)動(dòng)員休息區(qū)”。例如:the substitutes’ bench(替補(bǔ)運(yùn)動(dòng)員休息區(qū))。
bench 的意義由“長椅”發(fā)展為“坐長椅的特殊人物”。bench與法律相關(guān)的釋義是a judge in a court of law,即“法官”。例如:
His lawyer turned to address the bench. 他的律師轉(zhuǎn)身對法官講話。
stool即“凳子”。例如:footstool(腳凳)、bar stool(酒吧高凳)、piano stool(鋼琴凳)、low stool(矮凳)等。closestool即“馬桶”,nightstool是“馬桶”的另一種說法。
英語中,從“凳子”聯(lián)想到“馬桶”,又從“馬桶”聯(lián)想到“糞便”。stool的引申義為“糞便”是一個(gè)委婉語。例如:His stools have been loose recently. The doctor has to exam his stool. 近來他的糞便很稀。醫(yī)生要驗(yàn)他的大便。 □