荷蘭盧嫩紀念公墓擴建項目

卡爾·布蘭德景觀事務(wù)所

盧嫩紀念公墓是近4 000名荷蘭士兵和平民最后的安息之地，他們在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)、隨后的其他暴力沖突（如荷蘭東印度群島戰(zhàn)役）及國際維和任務(wù)等戰(zhàn)火和紛爭中喪生。

費呂沃自然保護區(qū)內(nèi)有大片的森林和荒野，盧嫩紀念公墓就位于這片自然保護區(qū)內(nèi)。1949年，荷蘭戰(zhàn)爭墓地基金會（Dutch War Graves Foundation, OGS）提議建造盧嫩紀念公墓，根據(jù)OGS規(guī)程被認定為戰(zhàn)爭受害者的荷蘭人都可以葬于此地，因此墓地的需求量將不斷增長。為了以后容納更多的可能出現(xiàn)的戰(zhàn)爭受害者，OGS購買了現(xiàn)有墓地附近的土地，并對其進行擴建。這片新購的土地是一個樹木繁茂的三角形區(qū)域，計劃安置約5 000座墳?zāi)埂?009—2010年，卡爾·布蘭德景觀事務(wù)所提出了擴建戰(zhàn)爭公墓的總體設(shè)計方案：設(shè)計了一條長約1.5 km的蜿蜒道路，連接著8塊墓地，分階段進行開發(fā)建設(shè)。2015—2017年，OGS先建成了2個墓地。2020—2021年，受盧嫩國家退伍軍人公墓（Loenen National Veterans Cemetery,NVBL）委托，第3個墓地建為退伍軍人公墓。此外，紀念和教育中心現(xiàn)已完工，墓地的新入口也已經(jīng)建成。

原有的戰(zhàn)爭公墓由景觀設(shè)計師丹尼爾·哈斯佩爾斯設(shè)計，不張揚但十分有震撼力。公墓入口處設(shè)有一個木制的小教堂，小教堂后帶有一個中間放置十字架的星形空間。森林圍合的空間布局體系，以及光線的明暗對比是原公墓的設(shè)計亮點。為了延續(xù)這些特點，擴建的公墓不沿用原規(guī)劃方案，而是將其擴建成為一個獨立的空間。擴建部分內(nèi)有一條幽深而漫長的人行道，連通原公墓的主路和格羅恩達斯維格街道上新建的第二入口。這條美麗蜿蜒的小路，向布滿石南花植被的森林延伸，沿途有8個橢圓形的空地將被作為墓地使用。每一處墓地均為一個獨立的開放空間，都獨具特色，其位置和布局均與地形、環(huán)境及原有公墓相關(guān)聯(lián)。

雖然擴建部分的設(shè)計語言與原有墓地不同，但新設(shè)計依然能體現(xiàn)出部分原有特征，例如空間開合的變化、光線明暗的對比、建筑與森林的鮮明對比、簡約樸素的室內(nèi)空間、白色的運用，以及與森林形成鮮明對比的建筑元素。作為靜謐空間，公園式的墓地可以為親屬帶來安慰，為游客創(chuàng)造美麗的環(huán)境。紀念和教育中心位于星形空間的軸線上，面朝十字架，成為OGS和NVBL之間的連接通道。該建筑與周圍景觀有著獨特的空間關(guān)系，擁有別具一格的視野，形成從外部到內(nèi)部的層次過渡。

未來，空余的墓地仍然可以為其他的特定群體提供空間。

（編輯/劉昱霏）

項目位置：荷蘭盧嫩

項目類別：公墓擴建設(shè)計

項目規(guī)模：16.8 hm2

設(shè)計年份：2009—2017年

建設(shè)年份：2015—2017年（第一階段）2020—2021年（第二階段）

柑橘生產(chǎn)過程中存在的土壤酸化嚴重，瘠薄果園面積大，農(nóng)戶用肥量差異較大，肥料用量和配比、施肥時期和方法不合理，鈣、鎂、硼、鋅、鐵等中、微量元素缺乏現(xiàn)象普遍，果園水土流失嚴重，忽視有機肥施用，肥料利用率低等等這一系列問題，都會導致柑橘缺素的情況發(fā)生。《中國農(nóng)資》從本期開始，陸續(xù)推出“柑橘缺素如何解決”系列講堂，盡請關(guān)注。

施工現(xiàn)狀：第一、二階段現(xiàn)已實施

委托方：荷蘭戰(zhàn)爭墓地基金會(OGS)

合作方：史密斯·瑞思邁景觀事務(wù)所、瓦爾登堡辦公室；卡恩建筑事務(wù)所（紀念和教育中心設(shè)計）

翻譯：丁瑤

校對：吳丹子

Loenen Memorial Cemetery is the final resting place of nearly 4,000 Dutch soldiers and civilians.They lost their lives during World War II and in other violent conflicts that followed, such as the Dutch East Indies campaign, and in international peacekeeping missions.

Loenen Cemetery is located in a nature reserve on the Veluwe, consisting of forest and heath. The cemetery was built in 1949 on the initiative of the Dutch War Graves Foundation(OGS). Every Dutch national who is deemed a war victim according to the statutes of the OGS can be buried at Loenen. The number of graves will never be thinned. To accommodate possible additional war victims in the future, OGS purchased land adjacent to the existing cemetery. It is a triangular area with a wooded character that must provide space for a total of approximately 5,000 graves.In 2009—2010, Karres en Brands designed a master plan for the new war cemetery that will be developed in different stages over time. The design involves a 1.5 km winding path linking eight burial chambers. The OGS installed the first two burial chambers in 2015—2017, while the third was commissioned by the Loenen National Veterans Cemetery (NVBL) in 2020—2021 and set up as a cemetery for veterans. The memorial and education centre has also been built, as has a new entrance to the cemetery.

The original war cemetery designed by D.Haspels is modest but powerful. At the entrance you'll find a small wooden chapel, and behind it is a star-shaped space with a cross in the middle.The strength of the design lies in the organization of open spaces enclosed by forest, and in the contrast between light and dark. In keeping with these qualities, it was decided not to continue with the original plan, but to allow the extension to be an independent design. The extension consists of a long footpath connecting the main routes of the original cemetery to the new second entrance along Groenendaalseweg. There are eight elliptical open spaces along the path. The path is a beautiful winding line cut out into the forest with heather vegetation. The open spaces act as separate burial chambers, and each has its own character. The position and layout of these rooms is related to the topography, the environment, and the existing war cemetery.

Although the design language differs from the current cemetery, certain characteristics are reflected in the new design. The contrast between open and closed spaces, for example, the contrast between light and dark, the simple and modest interior, the use of white, and built elements that form a clear contrast against the forest. The parklike burial chambers are serene spaces that can offer comfort to relatives and form a beautiful backdrop for visitors. The memorial and education centre sits at one of the axes of the star and faces the cross. It forms a connecting link between the Netherlands War Graves Foundation and the Loenen National Veterans Cemetery. The building has a unique spatial relationship to the surrounding landscape with striking sight lines and layered transitions from the outside to the inside.

In the future, the burial chambers still to be placed can offer space to other specified groups.

(Editor / LIU Yufei)

Location:Loenen, The Netherlands

Assignment:Design cemetery extension

Size:16.8 hm2

Year of Design:2009—2017

Year of Construction:2015—2017 (first phase)2020—2021 (second phase)

Status:Phase 1 and 2 implemented

Client:Dutch War Graves Foundation (OGS)

In Collaboration with:Smits Rinsma, Bureau Waardenburg;KAAN Architects (Design memorial and education center)

Translator:Ding Yao

Proofreader:Wu Danzi