從100 hm2到0.000 1 hm2：法國草地公民濕地公園

岱禾景觀事務(wù)所

草地公民濕地公園坐落在塞納河和卡里耶爾蘇普瓦西市之間，占地113 hm2，是法國伊夫林省最大的生態(tài)涵養(yǎng)區(qū)和生物綠色保護區(qū)。這個擁有2.8 km河岸線和13 km慢行道的自然公園，是當(dāng)?shù)厝诉M行家庭戶外活動、休閑娛樂、自然觀光的首選。改造前這里曾是洪水泛濫的采砂場，經(jīng)過長達一個世紀(jì)的砂礫開采，這片基地演變成毫無利用價值的廢棄場所。開采形成的2個大型水塘，也因為疏于管理而雜草叢生，很大程度上影響了塞納河沿岸的風(fēng)光。不僅如此，周圍居民的活動范圍也被限定在特定的使用區(qū)間內(nèi)，在洪水季時，人們被禁止進入濕地區(qū)域。這不禁引人深思，這片廢棄的濕地區(qū)域該以何種方式重建？于是在大塞納河開發(fā)區(qū)管委會負責(zé)人菲利浦·多朵（Philippe Tautou）的建議下，濕地公園的規(guī)劃項目正式開展。

得益于自20世紀(jì)90年代就從對塞納河整體沿線的國土總體規(guī)劃中積累了豐富的規(guī)劃與景觀設(shè)計經(jīng)驗，岱禾景觀事務(wù)所（Agence TER）以創(chuàng)新的理念被選為草地公民濕地公園的設(shè)計團隊。

雖然場地具有洪澇的風(fēng)險，但同時也具有塞納河流域獨特的生態(tài)潛力，岱禾的團隊采取對當(dāng)?shù)匾押币姷臐竦貐^(qū)域提供保護的設(shè)計方案。設(shè)計方案中不設(shè)置任何傳統(tǒng)的隔斷式堤岸，而是以“自然捍衛(wèi)者”的立場去“接納”河水。借鑒自然形成的礫石淺灘河岸形態(tài)，岱禾團隊對岸線進行了微地形重構(gòu)，使之利于河水自由漲落和適于魚類產(chǎn)卵。設(shè)計方案結(jié)合塞納河岸線重新布置了生態(tài)修復(fù)區(qū)，為生態(tài)過渡帶、河岸植物群落和河灘沖積層提供場所；還通過增設(shè)步道和觀景臺，讓人們能夠更方便地親近河岸。

草地公民濕地公園由3個特點鮮明的區(qū)域構(gòu)成：1）容納河岸植被及沖積沙層的洪水緩沖區(qū)；2）由工業(yè)荒地和水塘改建成的生態(tài)開闊區(qū)；3）公園和城市之間的慢行道和活動過渡區(qū)。

河谷與高地的自然脈絡(luò)被清晰地梳理出來，循序漸進地打造三部分景觀實體，景觀從平原河谷延伸到塞納河高地，使?jié)竦毓珗@成為延續(xù)塞納河生態(tài)的重要節(jié)點。

設(shè)計師通過場地分析還發(fā)現(xiàn)一個更加隱形的生態(tài)體系：公園里的昆蟲、鳥類和兩棲動物間存在著一條天然的生物鏈?！傍B的天堂和昆蟲的王國”，這種平時人們忽視的生物體系被確定為公園的主題。設(shè)計方案強調(diào)給生態(tài)多樣性體系預(yù)留足夠的空間，并將公園真正的居住者（所有生物）定義為“草地公民”。

設(shè)計師為此特意在公園的中心創(chuàng)造了塞納河流域不多見的大面積的草甸型野生草場和一系列的池沼，形成了一個有利于特定動植物生存的生物群落保護區(qū)，這些區(qū)域也是植物、鳥類、昆蟲、魚類的棲息地和動植物愛好者的戶外觀賞地。公園還引入了一個小型博物館，旨在面向公眾展示本區(qū)域的生態(tài)體系。人們可以看到自己是和哪些動植物一起共享這個自然空間，這里的人類和動植物共同成為“公園主人”。

岱禾景觀事務(wù)所的創(chuàng)始人米歇爾·歐斯萊（Michel Hoessler）強調(diào)：“不論我們在世界的哪一個城市進行景觀設(shè)計，我們都希望能夠在未來的城市中構(gòu)造充滿活力的自然棲息地，它是我們應(yīng)對目前全球氣候變化以及平衡自然與城市問題時需要捍衛(wèi)的韌性空間，也是我們以草地公民濕地公園為載體呈現(xiàn)出的主要設(shè)計理念之一?！?/p>

設(shè)計團隊非常清楚公園的吸引力來自公園的活動策劃，因此在活動類型的選擇和接待公眾的規(guī)模方面做了精準(zhǔn)的測算，保證這些活動在長遠期內(nèi)不會干擾生態(tài)修復(fù)。不挑戰(zhàn)自然洪水的力量，不侵占生物多樣性空間的景觀規(guī)劃，慎重選擇年度大型集會的主題，并鼓勵開展永久性科普活動或居民日常休閑使用。通過具有長期生態(tài)效益的管理模式，草地公民濕地公園蛻變?yōu)橐粋€科學(xué)教育基地，同時也是塞納河畔展現(xiàn)自然能量和多樣生活方式的生態(tài)休憩園。

（編輯/李清清）

項目名稱：草地公民濕地公園

項目位置：法國卡里耶爾蘇普瓦西市

業(yè)主單位：伊夫林省大區(qū)委員會（一級地方議會）

項目任務(wù)：塞納河畔廢棄采砂場修復(fù)及生態(tài)公園規(guī)劃

面積：113 hm2

競賽優(yōu)勝年份：2010年

項目開始年份：2011年

項目竣工年份：2017年

牽頭方景觀設(shè)計團隊：岱禾景觀事務(wù)所

生態(tài)研究：écosphère

場景、功能設(shè)計：Nez-Haut

動植物研究：OPIE

昆蟲研究：E.DARROUZET

光合作用研究：AEU

水利研究：Hydratec

翻譯：朱紅、黃明莉

改革開放以來，隨著中外文化藝術(shù)交流的進一步步提速，抽象美術(shù)被更多的介紹到中國。國內(nèi)美術(shù)家有的也開始創(chuàng)作抽家美術(shù)作品。這些作品讓人眼目一新，感到很美，但真能欣賞的不多，因此，尚未形成大氣侯。

圖片來源： 圖1、4?Agence TER，圖2、7、8?A. Petzold，圖3?侯磊，圖5?GPSEO，圖6、9?Sandrie Marc，圖10?emmanuel-gabily

Situated between the Seine River and the town of Carrières-sous-Poissy, the Peuple de l’Herbe Wetland Park covers 113 hm2and is the largest ecological and biological reserve in the province of Yvelines. This natural park, with its 2.8-km-long riverbank and 13-km-long walking trails, has been a popular destination for family outings, recreation,and nature observation. A former river sand farm,the site, before its renovation, was flooded and abandoned due to a century of gravel mining.The two large ponds created by the mining were also neglected and overgrown, largely affecting the scenery along the Seine. Human activity has been confined to specific areas of the area and access to the site has been prohibited during the flood season. This leads to the question of how the abandoned wetland area be rebuilt. The project to renovate the Peuple de l’Herbe Park was then launched at the suggestion of Philippe Tautou, the president of the Grand Seine Urban Community.

The Ter office, which accumulated its landscape experience in the 1990s during the master planning of the entire territory along the Seine, was selected to head the renovation of the Peuple de l’Herbe Wetland Park with an innovative concept.

Considering the site’s specific flood risks and the ecological potential of the Seine River area,the Ter team proposed the protection of a wetland area that has become rare in the region. The project does not provide any traditional partitioned embankments and assumes the position of a natural defender of the river. Drawing on the natural gravel and shallow bank morphology, the shoreline has been reconstructed with microtopography that is conducive to the free flow of the river and suitable for fish spawning. Environmental restoration areas have been repositioned to provide new locations for ecological transition zones, riparian flora, and alluvial deposits on the river banks. Public access to the riverbanks has been made easier by the addition of access roads and observatories.

The Peuple de l’Herbe Wetland Park consists of three distinctive layers: 1) A flood buffer area and remodelled river bank that accommodates riparian vegetation and alluvial sand; 2) an ecological open space converted from brownfields and temporary ponds; 3) a non-motorized path and a social activity strip which is the transition area between the park and the city.

The natural context of the river valley and the upland areas is clearly identified, creating a progressive three-part landscape entity that extends from the plain river valley to the Seine uplands,making the park a visual focal point for the ecological continuity of the Seine.

The designers’ analysis of the site also revealed a more invisible ecosystem: a rich biological chain of insects, birds, and amphibians in the park. Consequently, the new theme of the park is ‘A bird’s paradise, a kingdom of insects’, to bring to the spotlight a system of organisms that is usually overlooked. By reserving sufficient space for ecological diversity, the programme defines the true inhabitants of the park (all living beings) as citizens.

To this end, the project has intentionally created in the heart of the park large areas of steppe and a series of ponds - uncommon in the Seine River basin, which form a biotope reserve conducive to the survival of specific flora and fauna. These areas also serve as habitats for birds,flowers, and fish and as outdoor viewing areas for lovers of flora and fauna. A small museum has been built to showcase the biological systems of all inhabitants of the area, so that visitors can see which plants and animals share this natural space with them, thereby making humans, plants, and animals the “joint owners of the park”.

Michel H?ssler, the founder of Ter,emphasizes: “Wherever we build our landscapes in the world, we want to create a vibrant natural habitat in the cities of the future, a resilient space that we need to defend in the face of global climate change and the balance between nature and the city.This is one of the main design concepts we want to present with the Peuple de l’Herbe Park.”

Aware that the attractiveness of the park will be largely influenced by the proposed programme,particular attention will be paid to this dimension by questioning the different spatial and temporal scales previously considered. The challenge presented here is complex: To implement a coherent programme, adapted to a natural space,which satisfies the diversity of practices related to the scales (and, therefore, to the audiences)concerned. Places will be identified as being favourable for the hosting of events (punctual or perennial), educational activities, and daily practices.Additionally, emphasis will be given to managing the reception of the public on an everyday basis,as well as during major events. The long-term impacts of the programme’s proposals will also be considered; they will not challenge the ecology or harm biodiversity. By operating smartly, the Peuple de l’Herbe Wetland Park will become a base for scientific education, a ready display of natural energy on the banks of the Seine, and an ecological retreat for a diversity of living beings.

(Editor / LI Qingqing)

Project:The Peuple de l’Herbe Wetland Park

Location:Carrières-sous-Poissy, France

Client:General Council of Yvelines

Mission:Planning of the ecological park of the restoration of abandoned sand quarries on the banks of the Seine

Surface:113 hm2

Competition Year:2010

Implementation Year:2011

Finish Year:2017

Lead Design Team:Agence TER

Ecologists:Ecosphere

Technical Design:Infraservices

Scenographers:Nez Haut

Flora and Fauna Research:OPIE

Hydrogeologists:E.Hydratech

Consulting Engineers:AEU

Translators:ZHU Hong, HUANG Mingli

Sources of Figures:Fig. 1, 4?Agence TER; Fig. 2, 7, 8?A. Petzold; Fig. 3?Hou Lei; Fig. 5?GPSEO; Fig. 6, 9?Sandrie Marc;Fig. 10?emmanuel-gabily