景觀服務(wù)

園林所提供的服務(wù)不限于休憩和觀賞，更包括為民眾提供滿足實(shí)用需求的生活服務(wù)。在6世紀(jì)前后，歐洲修道院的庭院里有菜圃、果園和藥草園，也有裝飾性質(zhì)的花園，滿足僧侶們生活的自給自足。此外，當(dāng)時(shí)的教會(huì)還兼有學(xué)校、醫(yī)院的職能，寺院庭園中的藥草園種植草藥提供藥材，是向民眾提供醫(yī)療等服務(wù)的場(chǎng)所。在同時(shí)代的中國(guó)，隋唐長(zhǎng)安城內(nèi)建有公共游賞的園囿，例如曲江池和樂(lè)游原，一處臨水、一處登高。杜甫《樂(lè)游園歌》中“閶闔晴開(kāi)詄蕩蕩，曲江翠幕排銀榜”，描寫(xiě)的就是天寶時(shí)期曲江游賞的盛況。也是在這一時(shí)期，百姓被“準(zhǔn)入”佛寺園林開(kāi)展活動(dòng)，“可游、可登、可宿、可食”，寺院園林成為城市活動(dòng)的集散地。

在漫長(zhǎng)的前工業(yè)時(shí)代，中西方的園林服務(wù)對(duì)象主體是王族權(quán)貴、教會(huì)、士大夫等特定階級(jí)，但是也都在一定程度上具有服務(wù)于民眾的特征。之后受到啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)思想的影響，園林從過(guò)去主要迎合特權(quán)階層審美和需求服務(wù)，走向?yàn)槠矫窈凸姺?wù)。時(shí)至19世紀(jì)初，工業(yè)革命的浪潮興起，伴隨著紡織業(yè)、鋼鐵業(yè)等的蓬勃發(fā)展，空氣污染、居住環(huán)境惡化等問(wèn)題在城市中日益凸顯，為響應(yīng)城市環(huán)境質(zhì)量和公共衛(wèi)生提升的需求，城市公園作為一種為公眾服務(wù)的福利設(shè)施發(fā)展起來(lái)。19世紀(jì)40年代，英國(guó)開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)城市公園的建設(shè)熱潮，并帶動(dòng)了各國(guó)的城市公園建設(shè)運(yùn)動(dòng)，包括唐寧、奧姆斯特德在美國(guó)推動(dòng)的大規(guī)模城市公園營(yíng)建。由此，園林不僅是為各個(gè)階層的民眾提供公共開(kāi)放的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所，還進(jìn)一步服務(wù)于城市環(huán)境質(zhì)量的改善，為居民帶來(lái)健康惠益。在20世紀(jì)初，朱啟鈐主持北京城改造時(shí)提出“公園開(kāi)放運(yùn)動(dòng)”，開(kāi)放了中山公園、城南公園等大型公園，并推廣種植行道樹(shù)等市容綠化工作，讓普通百姓享受到城市中的園林生活。

現(xiàn)代風(fēng)景園林誕生的170余年來(lái)，人們對(duì)于生存環(huán)境的要求隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)步和地球環(huán)境的演化而持續(xù)提升，風(fēng)景園林介入人與自然關(guān)系的尺度不斷擴(kuò)張，所提供景觀服務(wù)的范疇日益豐富。19世紀(jì)末，人們?cè)O(shè)立國(guó)家公園、自然保護(hù)地的目的主要還是圍繞創(chuàng)造“公共公園、服務(wù)民眾利益和享受娛樂(lè)空間”，然而到了20世紀(jì)以后，生物多樣性喪失和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化的危機(jī)凸顯，威脅人類社會(huì)的持久發(fā)展，設(shè)立自然保護(hù)地成為人類減緩對(duì)環(huán)境的壓力和對(duì)自然提供給人類的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)和文化價(jià)值實(shí)施長(zhǎng)久保護(hù)的最重要途徑。在國(guó)際公約引導(dǎo)和多學(xué)科共同努力下，建立了今天仍在不斷擴(kuò)大的全球保護(hù)地網(wǎng)絡(luò)，將景觀服務(wù)擴(kuò)展到了保護(hù)和修復(fù)地球土地的廣闊領(lǐng)域。

從農(nóng)業(yè)文明時(shí)代為人創(chuàng)造生產(chǎn)、休憩和觀賞的空間，到工業(yè)文明時(shí)代助力人們適應(yīng)高速城市化進(jìn)程下的環(huán)境劇變，再到后工業(yè)時(shí)代致力于自然保護(hù)和受損土地的修復(fù)，風(fēng)景園林通過(guò)調(diào)和人和自然系統(tǒng)，創(chuàng)造出適合不同時(shí)代所需，服務(wù)于公眾使用、生態(tài)平衡健康并具有美學(xué)價(jià)值的人類生活境域。在當(dāng)下及未來(lái)，面對(duì)氣候變化、公共健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)性危機(jī)等復(fù)雜性挑戰(zhàn)，風(fēng)景園林在順應(yīng)技術(shù)更新、不斷擴(kuò)展服務(wù)范疇和途徑的同時(shí)，要堅(jiān)守學(xué)科始終服務(wù)于公眾需求的價(jià)值特征，創(chuàng)造真正給居民帶來(lái)幸福感的人居環(huán)境。

Landscape Service

Offering a visual feast and places to rest, gardens provide subsistence services to satisfy the practical needs of the public. Around the 6th century, the courtyards of European monasteries featured vegetable gardens,orchards, herb gardens, and ornamental gardens as well,making monks self-sufficient. Moreover, the church also exercised the function of a school and a hospital, offering medical service to the public benefiting from herbs from the gardens. At that time, China boasted the capital city of Chang’an in the Sui and Tang Dynasties when gardens were built for public tours, including Qujiang Pool, a place adjacent to water, and the Leyou Area, a place famous for climbing. “Though the wide open front gate of the imperial place is solemn and magnificent, the plague above it is dwarfed by the tent for touring nobles to rest and feast”are lines quoted fromSong for the Leyouby the famous poet Du fu, describing the booming scene of Qujiang Pool bustling with people. It was in this period that folks were“allowed to” enter the temples and gardens to engage in activities including “touring, climbing hills, lodging and dining”, making the gardens the hub of cities.

In the long pre-industrial times, gardens in China and the West mainly provided services to specific classes involving imperial kinsmen, the church and scholarofficials, despite serving common people to some extent.Later, influenced by the Enlightenment, the function of gardens shifted from mainly catering to the aesthetics needs of the privileged class to serving the public. At the beginning of the 19th century, with the rise of the industrial revolution and accompanied by the booming of the textile and steel industries, such problems as air pollution and deterioration of the living environment became increasingly prominent in cities. To address these problems, urban parks developed as welfare facilities to provide service to the public. In the 1840s, the United Kingdom began to see a boom in urban park construction,and other countries followed suit, including large-scale urban park construction led by Downing and Olmsted in the United States. Therefore, parks and gardens not only functioned as public place available for people of all ranks,but also contributed to improving urban environmental quality and public health. In early 20th century, when Zhu Qiqian initiated the reconstruction of Beijing city,he advocated the “Park Opening Movement”, rendering such large parks as Zhongshan Park and Chengnan Park open to the public. He also engaged in greening work like popularizing street trees to beautify the city. Thus, ordinary people gained access to city gardens.

Socioeconomic progress and the evolution of earth environment have been seen since the birth of the modern landscape architecture more than 170 years ago, and people had increasingly higher demand for living environment. In this context, landscape architecture played an increasing important role in the relationship between human and nature, and offered a wider variety of services. At the end of the 19th century, the purpose of establishing national parks and nature reserves was mainly to “create public parks, recreational spaces and for the interests of the people”. But since the 20th century, biodiversity loss and degraded ecosystems have threatened sustainable development of human society, so establishing nature reserves has become the most important way for human beings to protect environment and permanently preserve cultural values and ecosystem services bestowed by nature.Guided by international conventions and benefiting from multidisciplinary efforts, a global network of protected areas has been established and developed, extending the connotation of landscape services to the protection and restoration of land on the Earth.

From creating space for production, rest and tour in the era of agricultural civilization, helping people adapt to drastic changes in the environment amid the rapid process of urbanization in the industrial age, and to focusing on natural conservation and restoration of damaged land in the post-industrial era, landscape architecture coordinates the relationship between man and nature, and creates a human living environment both of aesthetic value for public use,thus suitable for different eras. At present, facing complex challenges such as climate change, public health risks,and social crises, landscape architecture profession must adhere to the value characteristics of serving public needs,while adapting to technological updates and continuously expanding the scope and methods of services, so as to create a living environment that truly brings happiness to the public.

Editor-in-chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

October 1, 2022