Role of hyperbaric oxygen in glioma:a narrative review

Wen-Jie Wang,Jia-Sheng Ding,Qing Sun,Xiang Xu,Gang Chen

Department of Neurosurgery &Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory,The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,Suzhou,Jiangsu Province,China

Abstract Gliomas are common brain mass with a high mortality rate.Patients with gliomas have a severely bad outcome,with an average survive duration less 15 months because of high recurrent rate and being resistant to radio-therapy and chemistry drugs therapy.Hyperbaric oxygen is extensively taken as an adjuvant treatment for various disease conditions.To know the characteristics of hyperbaric oxygen as a remedy for gliomas,we find that,in general,hyperbaric oxygen shows an obviously positive effect on the treatment of gliomas,and it can also relieve the complications caused by postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy of gliomas.Whereas,several researches have shown that hyperbaric oxygen promotes glioma progression.

Key words:adverse;complication;efficacy;glioma;HBO;hyperbaric oxygen;mechanism;treatment

INTRODUCTION

Gliomas are the most frequent primary intracranial masses and have a potential feature of invasive growing,1which accounts about 30% intracranial or spinal masses,characteristic 80% of malignancy in brain.2Glioma is next to stroke3which can be caused by carotid artery stenosis4and leptomeningeal disorder.5Causing cognition dysfunction,6stroke can be conducted by13C magnetic resonance imaging.7Stroke is researched in many animal experiments,8and optogenetic stimulation could reduce neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression after stroke.9Cerebral organoids repair ischemic stroke brain injury,10glycyrrhizin prevents hemorrhagic transformation and improves neurological outcome in ischemic stroke11and exo-transplantation of endothelial-specificity progenitor cells reduced ischemia damage.12Compared with stroke,it is very difficult to cure the glioma,which is currently treated with surgical resection,accessorial radio-therapy or chemistry drugs therapy like generation II alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) are usually used after operation.13Despite a lot of therapy with many surgical resection times,radio-therapy and chemistry drugs therapy having effects,the curing effectiveness is not ideal because of high recurrence rates and being resistant to radio-therapy and chemistry drugs therapy.14Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO),which is taken as an adjuvant cure for different disease conditions,usage of 100%oxygen gas burdening increased atmospheric pressure.HBO can be taken to treat inadequate wounds healing,sickness of decompression and poison of carbon monoxide.15Tumor hypoxia is an important factor involving promoting glioma invasion,16which promotes bad changes of metabolism and intensifies and apoptosis,and angiogenesis.17The alters are adjusted by hypoxia induced factor-1,depended on the cellular oxygenation level,can be inhibited by HBO.18Thus,we want to delve into the effect of HBO in the treatment of glioma.We searched PubMed for relevant articles published until 2020.

THE EFFICACY OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN IN GLIOMA

The experiments and clinical studies are shown in Additional Table 1.

Experimental research

A pre-clinical research report shows that initial HBO treatment can change the hypoxic microenvironment of gliomas,where the proportion of CD133+A2B5+cells was significantly reduced,and can also reduce the stemness-associated characteristic of cancer stem cells by the expression of stemnessrelated genes like Nanog and oncostatin M.However,their outcomes disclosed that primary HBO treatment upregulated transforming growth factor-β,but the scale of CD133+cells did not change obviously,which was minor different from the previous research.27Xie et al.23take advantage of the naked mice without health immune reaction with transplanted glioma in paws to investigate whether vitexin,which is a suppressor of hypoxia induced factor-1α,could strengthen eradiation-therapy sensing of HBO on glioma.Surprisingly,they found the results focused were significantly reduced compared with groups without HBO.Thus,vitexin can accelerate HBO to sensitize the glioma eradiation-therapy,and representing HBO has wide usage in the treatment of gliomas.However,the research found no precise effect of vitexin on the pentose phosphate pathway in this study,which needs deeper study.23Zeng et al.19explored underlying mechanism of the combination treatment of porous silicon nanoparticles burdened with TMZ and HBO therapy.The experimentsin vitropresent that NCH421-K and C-type-6 cells had added sense,and the expression of stem-like cell markers and hypoxia related molecules were decreased in the combined dealing.Investigationin vivoshows that it has obvious tumor-killing effects in mouse burdening C6 tumor,which is in line within vitro.19Zembrzuska et al.20concluded that the combination of isothiourea derivative-HBO shows a promisingly potential therapeutic approach for malignant glioma treatment.They tested the efficacy of different oxygenic states playing cellular toxicity on bromide-drugs curing the Type-98-G glioblastoma.Cell proliferation could be reduced and the T98G cell sensitivity to bromide-drug was increased by HBO.In the same time,hypoxia induced factor-1α expression levels were decreased under HBO.While protein kinase D1 phosphorylation and activation exhibit no significant changes in the other researches.20Xie et al.22improved the density of oxygenic gas in tumor and the tumor-killing scale was escalated to 84.2% within the TMZ-loaded porous silicon nanoparticles combined with HBO.In response to TMZ-loaded porous silicon nanoparticles treatment with HBO,the viability of hypoxia-induced glioma C6 cells were decreased and cell cycle was stuck at G2/M period,which represents HBO as an adjuvant to TMZ nanoparticle could inhibit glioma growth.22Lu et al.29established a green fluorescent protein transgenic nude mice bearing human glioma model to investigate the efficacy of the combined effects of nimustine and HBO.They found that HBO therapy can suppress glioma cell growing and pro-inflammatory cell infiltrating,and exert a sensitizing effect on nimustine therapy partially through promoting oxygen pressure in tumor tissues and lower expression levels of hypoxia induced factor,tumor necrosis factor,interleukin,vascular endothelial growth factor,matrix metalloproteinase 9,and nuclear factor-κB.29Lu et al.30explored whether HBO combined with irradiation decreases the capability of U251 glioblastoma cells for relapse and metastasis.Results showed that the clonogenic survival diminished by 70% through the combination of HBO and irradiation,the accumulated distance travelled by cells reduced by 11% with their combination,and combination lowered travel by 41%.Thus,HBO could strengthen the effect of irradiation on clonogenic survival.Aiming to explore whether HBO can help medicine distribution and strengthen the consequence of TMZ,Lu et al.29treated cultured glioma U251 cells with TMZ and HBO.Results presented that combination treatment together restrained existence and conducted apoptosis and death of U251 cells by decreasing the deep of factor to help vessel formation and multidrug resistance-associated protein-1.They accepted the conclusion that the association of TMZ and HBO may be a helpful curing for glioma with poor outcomes.The research just focused on experimentin vitro,thus,in vivoanimal or human studies are required to prove the effect of HBO on glioma.Dag?stan et al.38tested the combination efficacy of TMZ associated with HBO in gliomas disease pattern of rats by three-dimensional syringe of C-6-type Lac-Z-type rattus gliomas into the Wistar rats’ brain.Level of Ki67 was significantly decreased and the total necrotic area ratio was decreased significantly in tumor tissue of the combination treatment of TMZ and HBO.Stuhr et al.26established BT-type-4C rat glioma xenografts to explore the function of hyperoxic treatment on it.Hyperoxic treatment can cause less than 60% reduction in tumor growth and induced a significant increase in the fraction of apoptotic cells (~21%).At the same time,the mean vascular density was reduced in the central parts of the tumors.Regarding the biological effects of HBO on tumors,the therapeutic implications may be more complex.HBO treatment may recruit hypoxic tumor cells into the pool of proliferative cells.This should in turn lead to enhanced tumor growth and eventually increased neovascularization.Also,athymic nude rats lack normal immune system,which could not simulate the condition of patients clinically.26

Clinical research

A pilot study showed that all nine patients with malignant gliomas receiving the treatment of radiotherapy combined with HBO showed more than 50% regression of the tumor,and in 4 of them,the tumors disappeared completely.Kohshi et al.33operated a clinical test to look for the effectiveness of eradiation-therapy associated by HBO in patients burdening poor gliomas.Twenty-nine patients were included in the research,where 11 of 15 patients (73%) treated with HBO showed ≥50% tumor regression and just 4 of 14 other patients (29%)showed tumor regression.The median survivals in patients with and without HBO were 24 and 12 months,respectively.The trial suggested that HBO has benefits on the treatment of malignancy.However,eradiation must be applied quickly following decompression.Aghajan et al.43included seven patients treated with HBO therapy,four of whom showed the clinical improvement,indicating that HBO therapy is good and welltolerated in children and young adult people burdening central nervous system masses.Clinical tests are required to explore the safety and efficacy of HBO therapy in pediatric central nervous system mass.43Aiming to exam the feasibility and efficacy of radiotherapy using intensity modulated radiotherapy boosts after HBO therapy with chemotherapy in patients with glioblastoma,Yahara et al.21observed 24 patients treated with the combined therapy.However,local disease progression was recognized in more than half of the patients.The results justify further evaluation in prospective trials including a dose escalation of intensity-modulated radiotherapy to clarify the benefits of this combined treatment in patients with glioblastoma.21Kiyotaka et al.31included 14 anaplastic astrocytoma patients and 11 glioblastoma multiforme patients,undergoing gamma fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy immediately following HBO therapy (2.5 atmospheres absolute for 60 minutes) to reduce the complications The middle survival time after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy anaplastic astrocytoma glioblastoma multiforme patients,demonstrating that gamma fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy and the efficacy of HBO is necessary.Since their trial is a preliminary study,further investigation is needed to confirm this point.31Beppu et al.42carried out a second period research of eradiation dealing besides HBO united by interferon-beta associated with nimustine-hydrochloride to deal with bad gliomas supratentorially.Respectively,35 of 39 patients underwent a complete schedule of HBO combined with interferon-beta and nimustine hydrochloride therapy,and thirty patients (77%) either maintained or increased Karnofsky Performance Scale during HBO combined with interferon-beta and nimustine hydrochloride with a time of 68 days.At same time,the rate were 50% for glioblastoma,30% for anaplastic astrocytomas were 43%,and median time of tumor progression were 38 weeks for glioblastoma patients,56 weeks for anaplastic astrocytoma patients,and overall were 43 weeks.Finally,further studies should be performed by cooperative groups using a prospective randomized trial to strictly confirm that HBO/interferon-β and nimustine hydrochloride therapy was beneficial for patients with malignant glioma.

THE ADVERSE EFFECT OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN IN GLIOMA

Wang et al.24established gliomas pattern of C57BL-type-6J mouse behind HBO dealing.Results showed that HBO accelerated the growing of exotransplanted GL261-type-Luc in the gliomas mouse pattern,and thymus reactive oxygen species levels were significantly upregulated.Suppressor T/cytotoxic T lymphocytes were also reduced in HBO-treated set.In this research,HBO helped severe gliomas growing in the mice pattern.24Ding et al.36treated male Sprague–Dawley rats with or without HBO after glioma cell inoculation.Results demonstrated that HBO-treated rats had larger tumor volume and more water in the cerebellum compared with control rats.The intra-tumoral expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,hypoxia induced factor-1α and intra-tumoral micro-vessel density were all taller in HBO-treated rats to control rats,whereas the apoptosis was shorter in HBO-treated rats to controls.36Wang et al.25constructed an ex-transplanted glioma-pattern intracranially at C57BL/6J to look for influence of HBO.Bio-luminescint images demonstrated that HBO increased the growing of intracranially exo-transplanted GL261-Luc cell and yet suppressed the necrosis death of the transplanted gliomas.25Doherty et al.28reported a patient after resection of anaplastic astrocytoma and 5580 cGy of total external-beam radiation treatments with brain radiation necrosis who underwent HBO therapy and developed a partial seizure during treatment.The probable mechanism is that HBO inhibits glutamic acid decarboxylase,which is the critical enzyme for synthesizing the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid,and HBO increases the cerebral blood flow.28

ROLE OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN IN TREATMENT OF ANY COMPLICATIONS

Haji and Frenkel35reported a case that a male patient aged 62 suffered eradiation inducible retinal ischemic disorder following received irradiation to gliomas.The patient received focal laser,intravitreal triamcinolone,and HBO therapy,and besides receiving HBO-therapy,visual of him acuity supported to twenty/fifty and fluorescent angiography showed improvement in retinal affusion.Darakchiev et al.37included 34 patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme to investigate the safety and efficacy of permanent iodine-125 seed implants and carmustine wafers in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.Eight patients (24%) developed brain necrosis,and were successfully treated with surgery or HBO therapy.37Boschetti et al.41described a woman who was 42 years having not well vision on left sight,and same states and signs also followed in other eye after stereotactic radiosurgery because of unsuccessful neurosurgery.After HBO therapy,her vision steadily started to improve.41Hulshof et al.34included 7 patients with acknowledge error behind eradiation in the research,and demonstrated that HBO treat was excellent and leading a perfect advancement of acknowledge function within 1 to 7 patients,whereas mild but not obvious advancement overall.Thus,more researches are required to explore the efficacy of HBO on the treatment of cognitive impairment after brain irradiation.34During evaluating the efficacy of permanent iodine-125 brain stem implants in children,Chuba et al.39observed that a patient had necrosis without tumor found on biopsy after 36 months,and successfully treated with HBO therapy.39Also,five of six surviving patients who has radiation-induced necrosis were improved by clinical and imaging criteria after HBO therapy,and one patient was alive with tumor present at last follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Overall,HBO therapy has significant efficacy on the prognosis of gliomas,whatever in experimental or clinical research.The main mechanism maybe is that the highly level hypoxia induced factor-1α in masses is related to the anti-oxidation ability and related to the sensitivity of eradiation-therapy,and HBO therapy could suppress the level of hypoxia induced factor-1α which promotes the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,matrix metalloproteinase-9,multi-medicine resistant protein-1.30Partial mechanism of HBO on treatment of glioma is shown in Figure 1.However,the adverse effect never could be ignored,which indicates that HBO therapy is just an adjuvant therapy and more experimental and clinical researches,especially randomized controlled trials,are needed to be conducted.The potential mechanisms,whether HBO treatment inhibits or promotes the progression of glioma,is unsolved.The future research direction may focus on the mechanism why the HBO treatment could promote the invasion of glioma and its downstream molecule independent of hypoxia induced factor-1α signal pathway.

Figure 1:The partial mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen on treatment of glioma.

Author contributions

Manuscript drafting:QS and XX;manuscript writing:WJW;manuscript revision:JSD and GC.All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Externally peer reviewed.

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Additional file

Additional Table 1:Summary of experiments and clinical studies of HBO treatment in glioma