Enantiomeric Cephalotaxus alkaloids from seeds of Cephalotaxus oliveri

Guang-Xing Yu, Jing Wu, Bao-Bao Shi, Mei-Fen Bao and Xiang-Hai Cai*

Abstract Five undescribed alkaloids were isolated from the seeds of Cephalotaxus oliveri along with 27 known ones.The new structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR, MS and calculated ECD spectra.Among them, (+)-acetylcephalofortine C was an enantiomeric Cephalotaxine alkaloids.The performed bioassay revealed that those alkaloids were not cytotoxic against cancer cells and had no neuroprotective properties in the HEI-OC-1 cells model.

Keywords: Cephalotaxus oliveri, Cephalotaxaceae, Alkaloid, Enantiomer

1 Introduction

The cephalotaxine-type alkaloid was firstly found to possess inhibitory activities against several human tumor cell lines, especially the leukemia cell line [1, 2], consistent with Chinese folk usage.After immense effort of clinical researches, China first approved homoharringtonine as a drug in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myelocytic leukemia and polycythemia vera in 1970’s [3, 4].Recently, homoharringtonine was approved in 2012 by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia [5].Plants of the genusCephalotaxus(Cephalotaxaceae) were the only resource of this type of natural products.So the alkaloids fromCephalotaxusspecies have attracted great attention from scientists [6, 7].Till now, stems and leaves ofCephalotaxushave been carried out.Seeds of this genus were also important resources,for example, homoharringtonine was first found from seeds ofC.harringtonia[1].However, studies of alkaloids in seeds are virgin lands compared to that of stems and leaves.Over the past 60 years, more than 100 alkaloids inCephalotaxushave been reported, which were mainly classified into homoerythrina and the cephalotaxinetypes according to their skeleton features [8, 9].In order to exploit the structure diversity and enrich the library ofCephalotaxusalkaloids, phytochemical investigations have been made on the seeds ofC.oliveri.As a result, five new alkaloids, together with 27 known ones (Fig.1) were isolated from the seeds ofC.oliveri.Here we reported the isolation, structure elucidation of those alkaloids.

Fig.1 Structures of alkaloids from seeds of C.oliveri

2 Results and discussion

Newly isolates (1–5) probably belong to alkaloids as they exhibited a positive reaction with Dragendorff’s reagent.Alkaloid 1 was obtained as a white powder.Its molecular formula was determined as C17H19NO5from HRESIMSm/z= 318.1338 [M+H]+(Additional file 1:S5).The1H and13C NMR spectroscopic data (Table 1,Additional file 1: S1～S2) showed the occurrence of two aromatic protons (δH6.71, 6.92, each s) at para-position,a methylenedioxy moiety (δH5.88, 5.87), twoO-bearing CH groups (δH4.15,δC76.2;δH3.72,δC83.0) and a ketal carbon (δC98.7).The1H and13C NMR patterns of 1 were very similar to those of the known alkaloid cephalotine A(17) [10] with the exception for somewhat differences in chemical shifts values between both alkaloids.The same molecular formulas of both alkaloids assigned their isomeric relationship.H-3 (δH3.72), H-10 (δH2.70, 2.51),and H-17 (δH6.92) showed the HMBC correlations to the ketal carbon (δC98.7), allowing the ketal carbon at C-11 other than C-3 in 17 (Fig.2, Additional file 1: S4).Configuration of H-2 was established asβ-orientation on the basis of the coupling constant (d,J= 6.6 Hz) of H-2,which was same as that of 17.Consequently, the structure of 1 was confirmed as shown in Fig.1, and named isocephalotine A.

Fig.2 Key HMBC correlations of alkaloids 1, 3 and 4

Alkaloid 2 was obtained as a white powder.Its molecular formula C17H19NO5was same as 1 from its HRESIMSm/z318.1342 [M+H]+(Additional file 1: S11).The 1H and13C NMR data of 2 and 1 (Table 1, Additional file 1:S7～S8) were almost same with exception for1H and13C NMR spectroscopic data of C-1/2/3 between both compounds, suggesting they shared the same planar structure.Obvious differences between both alkaloids were the highfield signals of C-1 (δC34.5,ΔδC? 2.3), C-2 (δC74.6,ΔδC? 1.6) and C-3 (δC79.1,ΔδC? 3.9) in 2, indicatingα-configuration of H-2 in 2 as in cephalotine B [10],which was confirmed by the ROESY correlation from H-2 (δH4.09) to H-4 (δH3.08) (Additional file 1: S10).Thus, 2 was established as shown in Fig.1, and named isocephalotine B.

Alkaloid 3 was obtained as a white powder.Its molecular formula was determined as C17H17NO5from HRESIMSm/z= 316.1177 [M+H]+(Additional file 1:S18).Alkaloid 3 displayed similar1H and13C NMR data(Table 1, Additional file 1: S13-S14) to the known alkaloid demethylcephalotaxinone (12), except that a methylene in 12 was substituted by a methine (δC70.6,δH4.90) in 3.In addition, the HMBC correlations from the methine (δH4.90) to C-10 (δC52.2), C-12 (δC136.1), C-13(δC125.1), and C-17 (δC111.5) located the methine at C-11 (Fig.2, Additional file 1: S16).H-11 was assigned asα-orientated based on the ROESY correlation of H-11 with H-6 (δH1.65) and H-8 (δH2.76) (Fig.3, Additional file 1: S17).Thus, the structure of 3 was established as shown in Fig.1, and named as 11β-hydroxydemethylcep halotaxinone.

Fig.3 Key ROESY correlations of 3

Alkaloid 4 was obtained as a white powder.Its molecular formula was determined as C20H25NO5from HRESIMSm/z= 360.1807 [M+H]+(Additional file 1:S23).The1H NMR data (Table 1, Additional file 1: S20)were very similar to those of the known alkaloid cephalofortine C [11], with exception for the downfield H-3 signal (δH5.70,ΔδC+ 0.97) and a methyl signal (δH1.41).Additionally, compared to cephalofortine C, 4 had an acetyl group in its13C NMR (δC20.4, 171.9).The key HMBC correlations from both H-3 (δH5.70) and CH3(δH1.41) to carbonyl carbon (δC171.9) suggested the existence of the acetyl group (Additional file 1: S22).Thus the gross structure of alkaloid 4 was elucidated as shown in Fig.2.The large coupling constant of H-3/4 (δH5.70, d,J= 9.2 Hz) assigned the configurations of H-3 and H-4 as those of cephalotaxine [12].However, like to (+)-acetylcephalotaxine ([α]D+ 102) rather than (?)-acetylcephalotaxine (? 97) [13], 4 might be also assigned to (+)-form based on its specific rotation value (+ 107.2).Finally, the absolute configuration of 4 was determined by the time-dependent density functional theory ECD calculation.The calculated ECD spectrum of (3R,4R,5S)-4 was consistent with the experimentally observed ECD spectrum (Fig.4) (Additional file 1: S32).As a result, the absolute configuration of compound 4 was defined as 3R,4R,5S.Thus, the structure of alkaloid 4 was elucidated as shown in Fig.1, and named as (+)-acetylcephalofortine C (4).

Fig.4 Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 4

Alkaloid 5 was obtained as a colorless crystal.Analysis of the1H and13C NMR spectra (Table 1, Additional file 1:S25～S26) indicated the presence of following signals, a 1,2,4,5-tetra substituted benzenoid ring with a methylenedioxy substitution (δH6.70, 6.66, 5.83, 5.81), five methylenes (δC40.9, 19.9, 53.7, 48.9, 29.7), three methines(δC93.7, 73.9, 55.8), two quaternary carbons (δC77.6,168.2) and one methoxy (δC58.3), which were agreed well with signals of cephalotaxine.Its molecular formula C18H21NO4from HRESIMSm/z316.1549 [M+H]+(Additional file 1: S29) was also same with that of cephalotaxine.The rest of C-1′ (δC128.9), C-2′ (δC132.4,δH7.71), C-3′ (δC115.3,δH6.65), C-4′ (δC161.2) and a carbonyl group (δC174.6) signals revealed ap-hydroxybenzoic acid structure, which was supported by the HMBC correlations from H-2′ to C-3′, C-4′, the carbonyl group and from H-3′ to C-4′ (Fig.2, Additional file 1:S28).Its molecular formula C7H6O3was revealed by the HRESIMSm/z= 137.0238 [M?H]?(Additional file 1:S30).Carefully analyzing the13C NMR spectra data of 5,revealed the upfield signals of C-1 (δC93.7), C-4 (δC55.8),C-6 (δC40.9) and the downfield signal of C-5 (δC77.6).These changes were consistent with the13C NMR signals of cephalotaxine ester salts [14], which means compound 5 was ap-hydroxybenzoate salt of cephalotaxine.The specific rotation? 216.4) of 5 was close to that of(?)-cephalotaxine (? 204).Thus, the structure of 5 was established as (?)-cephalotaxinep-hydroxybenzoate.

Table 1 1H (600 MHz) and 13C (150 MHz) NMR spectroscopic assignments of 1–5 (in methonal-d4) (δ in ppm and J in Hz)

The known alkaloids were identified as 11-hydroxycephalotaxine (6) [15], cephalotaxine (7) [16],acetylcephalotaxine (8) [17], drupacine (9) [17], 3-deoxy-3,11-epoxy- cephalotaxine (10) [18], drupacinamide (11)[19], demethylcephalotaxinone (12) [20], cephalotaxinone (13) [21], 11β-hydroxycephalotaxineN-oxide (14)[22], cephalotine D (15) [10], cephalancetine C (16) [23],cephalotine A (17) [10], cephalotine B (18) [10], cephalocyclidin A (19) [24], cephalofortunone (20) [25], deoxyharringtonine (21) [2], isoharringtonine (22) [1, 26],3’-R-isoharringtonine (23) [26], harringtonine (24) [1],deoxyharringtonic acid (25) [13], 5’-des-O-methylisoharringtonine (26) [13], 5’-des-O-methylharringtonine (27)[27], nordeoxyharringtonine (28) [28], epischellhammericine B (29) [29], 3-epicomosine (30) [30], 3-epischellhammericine (31) [29], taxodinea (32) [31] by comparison with literatures.

In biological activity research, none of these new compounds showed cytotoxic activity against HeLa, SGC-7901 gastric cancer, and A-549 lung cancer cell lines(IC50> 20 μM).Additionally, unlike homologousErythrinaalkaloids [32], all of them also had no neuroprotective effects on HEI-OC-1 cells model.

Alkaloids 1–5 were undescribed compounds.Interestingly, the 4 was assigned as rare (+)-form enantiomer.This was the first to report alkaloids from the seeds ofC.oliveri.

3 Experimental section

3.1 General experimental procedures

Optical rotations were measured with a RUDOLPH APVI-6 automatic polarimeter.UV spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu 2401A spectrophotometer.1D and 2D NMR spectra were acquired Bruker AVANCE III-600 MHz spectrometers with SiMe4 as an internal standard.MS data were obtained using a Shimadzu UPLC-IT-TOF (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan).Column chromatography (CC) was performed on either silica gel(200–300 mesh, Qing-dao Haiyang Chemical Co., Ltd.,Qingdao, China) or RP-18 silica gel (20–45 um, Fuji Silysia Chemical Ltd., Japan).Fractions were monitored by TLC on silica gel plates (GF254, Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China), and spots were visualized with Dragendorff’s reagent spray.MPLC was performed using a Buchi pump system coupled with RP-18 silica gelpacked glass columns (19 × 480, 40 × 480, 45 × 480, and 55 × 480 mm, respectively).HPLC was performed using Waters 1525EF pumps coupled with analytical semi-preparative or preparative Xbridge C18columns (4.6 × 150 and 19 × 250 mm, respectively).The HPLC system employed a Waters 2998 photodiode array detector and a Waters fraction collector III.

3.2 Plant materials

Seeds ofCephalotaxus oliveriMast.(Cephalotaxaceae)were collected in October 2013 in Yunnan Province, P.R.China and identified by Xiang-hai Cai.The voucher specimen (cai20131002) was preserved in the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

3.3 Extraction and isolation

The air-dried and powdered seeds ofC.oliveri(14 kg)were extracted with MeOH at room temperature, and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo.The crude extract was suspended in HCl (1%) and partitioned with Petroleum ether and EtOAc.Then the acidic layer was adjusted to pH 7–8 with 5% ammonia solution and subsequently extracted with EtOAc to obtain crude alkaloid extract(45 g).The crude alkaloids was subjected to CC over silica gel (400 g) and eluted with a CHCl3–MeOH gradient(1:0 to 0:1, v/v) to give five fractions (I–V) based on TLC analysis.

Fraction I (10 g) was subjected to C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:9 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent to obtain eight fractions (I-1 ～ 8).Subfraction I-1 ～ 2 were identified as 9 (4.5 g) by1H-NMR.Subfraction I-3 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain two fractions (I-3-1 ～ 2).Subfraction I-3-1 was then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (1:4 to 7:13, v/v) to afford 25 (3.6 mg),26 (11.5 mg).Subfraction 1-3-2 was separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (3:7 to 9:11, v/v) to afford 20 (1 mg); Subfraction I-4 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain 22 (23 mg).Subfraction I-5 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column (eluted with MeOH) and then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (3:7 to 9:11, v/v) to afford 8 (41.3 mg).Subfraction 1–6 was identified as 22 (1 g) by1H-NMR.Subfraction I-7 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column(eluted with MeOH) and then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (9:11 to 3:2,v/v) to afford 28 (21 mg) and 31 (66.3 mg).Subfraction I-8 was identified as 21 (2.5 g) by1H-NMR.

Fraction II (2 g) was subjected to CC over silica gel(20 g) and eluted with a CHCl3–MeOH gradient (1:0 to 0:1, v/v) to give two fractions (II-1 ～ 2).Subfraction II-1 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain two fractions (II-1-1 ～ 2).Subfraction II-1-1 was identified as 22 (0.6 g) by1H-NMR.Subfraction II-1-2 was subjected to C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:9 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent and then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (1:4 to 7:13, v/v) to afford 11 (1.4 mg),16 (2 mg), 29 (24.6 mg), 30 (15.7 mg).Subfraction II-2 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain 7 (93.8 mg), the rest part was then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (1:4 to 7:13, v/v) to afford 26 (11.5 mg).

Fraction III (1 g) was subjected to C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:9 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent to obtain three fractions (III-1 ～ 3).Subfraction III-1 was identified as 7 (90.0 mg) by1H-NMR.Subfraction III-2 was identified as 22 (162 mg) by1H-NMR.Subfraction III-3 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain two fractions (III-3-1 ～ 2).Subfraction III-3-1 was then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (1:4 to 7:13, v/v) to afford 26 (8 mg).Subfraction III-3-2 was then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O(9:11 to 3:2, v/v) to afford 23 (23.1 mg).

Fraction IV (0.7 g) was subjected to C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:9 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent to obtain three fractions (IV-1 ～ 3).Subfraction IV-1 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain 7 (550 mg).Subfraction IV-2 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column (eluted with MeOH) and then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (2:3 to 11:9, v/v) to afford 24 (51.5 mg).Subfraction IV-3 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column to gain 7 (40 mg).

Fraction V (25 g) was subjected to C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:19 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent to obtain four fractions (V-1 ～ 4).Subfraction V-1 was purified by C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:19 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent to obtain three fractions (V-1-1 ～ 3).Subfraction V-1-1 separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (1:9 to 1:3, v/v) to afford 19 (4.7 mg),18 (1 mg) and 17 (2.2 mg); Subfraction V-1-2 was then purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain 5 (1.5 g).Subfraction V-1-3 was then purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain 7 (7.3 g).Subfraction V-2 was purified by C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:19 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent and then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (3:7 to 9:11, v/v) to afford 10 (1.1 mg).Subfraction V-3 was subjected to C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:19 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent to obtain five fractions (V-3-1 ～ 5).Subfraction V-3-1 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain two fractions (V-3-1-1 ～ 2).Subfraction V-3-1-1 was identified as 10 (560.9 mg).Subfraction V-3-1-2 was then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (3:17 to 3:7, v/v) to afford 1 (1.9 mg), 2 (5.5 mg) and 13 (0.5 mg).Subfraction V-3-2 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain five fractions (V-3-2-1 ～ 5).Subfraction V-3-2-1 was then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (1:3 to 2:3, v/v) to afford 4 (4.6 mg).Subfraction V-3-2-2 was then separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (3:7 to 9:11, v/v) to afford 32 (3.9 mg), 15 (10.4 mg).Subfraction V-3-2-3 was identified as 12 (55.1 mg) by1HNMR.Subfraction V-3-2-4 was separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (1:3 to 2:3,v/v) to afford 3 (7.6 mg), 12 (13.0 mg).Subfraction V-3-3 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH and separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (1:3 to 2:3, v/v) to obtain 14 (2.5 mg) and 32 (5.6 mg).Subfraction V-3-4 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH and separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O (7:13 to 1:1, v/v) to obtain 6 (302 mg).Subfraction V-3-5 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain 26 (68.8 mg).Subfraction V-4 was purified by C18MPLC with MeOH–H2O (1:19 to 100:0, v/v) as the eluent to obtain two fractions (V-4 ～ 1–2).Subfraction V-4-1 was separated on a preparative C18column with a gradient CH3CN–H2O(1:3 to 2:3, v/v) to obtain 27 (6.3 mg).Subfraction V-4-2 was purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with MeOH to obtain 24 (98.4 mg).

Isocephalotine A (1): White powder; C17H19NO5;? 30.67 (c 0.03, CH3OH); UV (CH3OH)λmax(logε): 203.6(3.77), 228.4 (3.06), 289.2 (2.95) (Additional file 1: S6);1H(600 MHz) and13C (150 MHz) NMR data (methanol-d4),see Table 1; positive HRESIMSm/z318.1338 [M+H]+(calcd.for C17H20NO5, 318.1342).

Isocephalotine B (2): White powder; C17H19NO5;? 26.0 (c 0.11, CH3OH); UV (CH3OH)λmax(logε): 203.6(3.08), 231.2 (3.30), 290.0 (3.08) (Additional file 1: S12);1H (500 MHz)13C (125 MHz) NMR data (methanol-d4),see Table 1; positive HRESIMSm/z318.1342 [M+H]+(calcd.for C17H20NO5, 318.1342).

11β-Hydroxydemethylcephalotaxinone (3): White powder; C17H17NO5;250.5 (c 0.04, CH3OH); UV(CH3OH)λmax(logε): 202.8 (3.48), 251.4 (3.03), 298.8(3.15) (Additional file 1: S19);1H (600 MHz) and13C(150 MHz) NMR data (methanol-d4), see Table 1; positive HRESIMSm/z316.1177 [M+H]+(calcd.for C17H18NO5,316.1179).

(+)-Acetylcephalofortine C (4): White powder;C20H25NO5;107.2 (c 0.05, CH3OH); UV (CH3OH)λmax(logε): 204.2 (3.94), 226.4 (3.23), 283.8 (2.79) (Additional file 1: S24);1H (600 MHz) and13C (150 MHz)NMR data (methanol-d4), see Table 1; positive HRESIMSm/z360.1807 [M+H]+(calcd.for C20H26NO5, 360.1811).

CephalotaxineP-hydroxybenzoate (5):? 216.4(c 0.05, CH3OH); UV (CH3OH)λmax(logε): 203.6 (4.17),246.2 (3.45), 286.2 (3.08) (Additional file 1: S31);1H(500 MHz) and13C (125 MHz) NMR data (methanol-d4)δC: 128.9 (s, C-1′), 132.4 (d, C-2′/6′), 115.3 (d, C-3′/5′),161.2 (d, C-4′), 174.6 (s, C-7′), other data see Table 1;positive HRESIMSm/z316.1549 [M+H]+(calcd.for C18H22NO4, 316.1549); negative HRESIMSm/z137.0238[M+H]+(calcd.for C7H5NO3, 137.0239).

3.4 Cytotoxicity assay

The cytotoxicity of compounds 1–5 was tested by the MTS assay.The cells were seeded into 96-well tissue culture dishes at 5 × 103cells/well for SMMC-7721, HT-29 and A-549 and cultured overnight at 37 °C in a 5% CO2incubator for cell adhesion.Cells were then incubated in culture medium with each compound for 48 h.The MTSreducing activity was evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 490 nm using the CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega, USA) and an Infinite M200 Pro (Tecan, Austria) microplate reader.IC50values were calculated using Reed–Muench method.

3.5 Protecting hearing loss assay

HEI-OC1 cells were seeded into 96-well tissue culture dishes at 5 × 103cells/well and cultured overnight in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg/mL ampicillin.The cells were then incubated with different doses of compounds in DMEM without FBS for 12 h before neomycin exposure.After this pre-treatment, the experimental group was treated with 20 mM neomycin together with compounds, the neomycin-only group was treated with 20 mM neomycin and an equivalent volume of DMSO, and the control group was treated with equivalent volume of DMSO without neomycin or compounds.After another 24 h of culture, the cells were thoroughly washed with PBS and cultured in DMEM with ampicillin for an additional 12 h recovery.The cell viability was then measured using the CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega, USA).

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi.org/ 10.1007/ s13659- 022- 00344-1.

Additional file 1:Enantiomeric Cephalotaxus Alkaloids from Seeds ofC.oliveri.General NMR, HRESIMS, UV and ECD spectra of compound 1-5 and computational methods for the ECD of compound 4.

Acknowledgements

This project was funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31872677).

Author contributions

GY carried out the isolation and identification experiment and drafted the original.JW performed bioassay experiment.BS completed the ECD calculation.MB help to provide various experimental reagents.XC contributed to the conception, methodology, review and funding acquisition.All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Author details

1State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201,People’s Republic of China.2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China.

Received: 28 March 2022 Accepted: 12 April 2022