Expression profile analysis to identify potential gene changes induced by dexamethasone in the trabecular meshwork

INTRODUCTION

GSE124114 and GSE37474 utilize the GPL570 platform,which has the complete human genome with U133 sets and 6500 additional genes for analysis of more than 47 000 transcripts. GSE65240 utilizes the GPL14550 platform,including the Agilent Probe Names and GPL17077(Agilent-039494 SurePrint G3 Human GE). The GSE124114 dataset includes nine experimental samples and nine control samples, and all paired samples were collected from the same donor. GSE65240 includes three experimental samples and three control samples. GSE37474 contains five DEX treatment samples and five non-DEX treatment samples. All samples were obtained from 5 paired donor eyes.

To date, many studies have employed a variety of experimental methods [such as RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)] to select differentially expressed genes (DEG) profiles of TM after exposure to steroid hormones at the whole genome level, resulting in complex and comprehensive datasets

. Systematically and comprehensively analysing the relationship between DEGs and differentially activated signalling pathways in DEX-treated and nontreated samples will help us gain new insights into the progression and treatment of SIG. Therefore, the existing gene expression datasets can be used as a powerful tool to identify the biomarkers of genetic changes in the TM caused by DEX and help guide their diagnosis or better plan the treatment of SIG patients.

It is generally believed that increased IOP caused by changes in the structure of TM can cause visual impairment, and the gradual increase in IOP makes it challenging to diagnose SIG

. Therefore, it is the first task to study the pathogenesis of glaucoma caused by DEX and to develop better diagnosis,treatment and prevention strategies. To achieve this, two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE124114 and GSE65240) were analysed to obtain DEGs. R language software was used to extract, analyze and sequence the gene expression matrix

. In order to study the biological classification of the 47 DEGs, gene enrichment analysis was performed using the DAVID website. Moreover, we explored a protein interaction network (PPI) containing these genes and analyzed the network using the molecular complexity detection(MCODE) program to identify essential gene modules. We used GES37474 to verify the hub genes PMCH and BDKRB1.We treated human TM cells (HTMCs) lines exposed to DEX for one, three and seven days and then detected the expression levels of the seed genes

. These results were visualized and compared to reveal specific molecular processes induced by corticosteroids. These processes can be used to further explore targeted drug therapy and SIG mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Dexamethisson can induce the expression of myocilin protein in small beam mesh cells, so we compared the expression of myocilin protein in dexamethisson induced HTMCs to further identify whether the above cells are small beam mesh cells. Western blot shows a significant increase in the expression of Myocilin protein in HTMCs after 7d of treatment (Figure 4E). In addition, after 3d of dexamethisone-induced small beam mesh cells, BDKRB1 expression decreased and significantly decreased by day 7(Figure 4E). The strength of the stripe was quantitatively analyzed using Image J to find that dexamethisson induced the expression of Myocilin and BDKRB1 proteins (

<0.05;Figure 4E).

Steroid such as dexamethasone (DEX) are commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs to treat various ocular and systemic diseases

. Although DEX has a vital role in treating many severe inflammatory diseases, its long-term use may increase the intraocular pressure (IOP) and lead to steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG)

. When using ocular steroid hormones for treatment, approximately 30%-40% of people with normal blood pressure have increased IOP. Continuous IOP may cause damage to the optic nerve, resulting in loss of the visual field and ultimately blindness

. Increased IOP is a recognized risk factor for glaucoma, but the mechanisms underlying steroid-induced ocular hypertension are currently unclear. Researchers have shown that its pathogenesis is similar to that of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)

.Researchers have found that SIG is mainly caused by the accumulation of fibronectin (FN) and type IV collagen outside the trabecular meshwork (TM)

. In all steroid glaucoma specimens, basement membrane-like substances can be seen near the trabecular lamellae at the ultrastructural level, and unrecognized thin fibre deposition bands can be seen in the subendothelial area of Schlemm’s canal (SC)

. DEX changes the structure of TM by increasing trabecular cell rigidity. Under the influence of DEX, the matrix deposited by TM cells is approximately four times more organized, and it is more rigid than the matrix in healthy eyes. Extracellular matrix (ECM)proteins are expressed at high levels, such as fibrillin and myocilin (MYOC)

. Biochemical and genetic studies have shown that the main feature of the TM-induced glucocorticoidresponse (TIGR) is the altered expression of trabecular muscle protein, which plays a vital role in the mechanism of SIG

.Moreover, the molecular changes of TM may increase the resistance to the outflow of aqueous humour, which may be an important reason for the occurrence of SIG. However, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Therefore, understanding the pathological changes in the TM microstructure induced by DEX treatment is essential for the development of effective therapies

.

Gene expression sequencing data and patient clinical information were obtained from the GEO database (https://dcc.icgc.org/)for the corresponding specimen. R software was then used to extract and sequence the information

. Significant analysis of microarray (SAM) was used to screen the significantly changed genes with false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 and log2 FC ≥1. Heatmaps and volcano plots were drawn in R. DEGs were up- and downregulated if log2 FC values were >0 and<0, respectively. The intersection of different genes in the two datasets was used to draw a Venn diagram.

Among the 47 genes,five genes of interest (

,

,

,

, and

) have not previously been studied in the context of DEX-induced genetic changes in TM cells and were thus verified in another dataset, GSE37474, downloaded from the GEO database. In the GSE37474 dataset, from the eyeballs of 5 donors, one eye in each pair was infused with a medium containing 100 nmol/L DEX, and the other eye was only in the medium as a control. Under the same conditions, both eyes remained open for 10d. After 10d in culture, the TM and the underlying corneoscleral tissue were dissected along Schwalbe’s line and the scleral spur. The RNA was extracted using Uneasy minipreps (Qiagen).

Import 47 DEGs into the STRING database (version 11.0; https://stringdb.org/), a web tool for exploring protein interactions, with the advanced option set to ≥0.4

. Analysing the functional interactions between the proteins may provide insights into the mechanism of disease occurrence and development. This network was reconstructed

Cytoscape software (version 3.8.2), a free visualization software. Cytoscape’s plug-in Molecular Complexity Detection (MCODE, version 2.0.0) was used to explore the significant modules in the PPI network that cluster a given network based on the topology and find tightly related areas

.

Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were used to annotate the structure, functions, and pathways of the DEGs. To obtain further insights into the comprehensive function of the DEGs,DAVID was performed

. KEGG and GO are significant bioinformatics tools used to link genomic information with higher-order functional information

. Finally, the enrichment of GO terms and KEGG signalling pathways was presented and based on the criteria of FDR < 0.05.

Through DAVID analysis, the results of the GO analysis showed that the variation of DEGs related to biological processes significantly focuses on the negative regulation of angiogenesis, inflammation and cell proliferation.DEGs related to cell composition are mainly concentrated in the composition of extracellular space, extracellular region and plasma membrane. In terms of molecular functions, the DEGs were significantly enriched in cytokine activity, transport activity, receptor binding and growth factor activity, as shown in Figure 2A. The analysis of the KEGG pathway shows that the typical top pathways related to the DEGs are the regulation of the tryptophan pathway by inflammatory mediators,the tumour necrosis factor signalling pathway, the VEGF signalling pathway, the HIF-1 signalling pathway and the Jak-STAT signalling pathway, as shown in Figure 2B.

Spread the 4th generation HTMCs in a 24-well plate and discard the medium when it is full.PBS solution cleaning 3 times, 4% polyformaldehyde room temperature fixed 30min, PBS solution cleaning 3 times, 5min each time, add closed liquid, room temperature closed 2h.Finally, an anti-rabbit polyclonal COL-IV antibody (1:200,proteintech, Shanghai) was added overnight at 4℃. Day 2 recycle one resistance, add the PBS solution to clean 3 times,add two resistance to it, and incubate 2h at room temperature.After washing the cells with a PBS solution, seal the tablet with a reagent containing 4’,6-diamino-2-benzene pyridium(DAPI). Fluorescence is detected with a confocal microscope(Leica, Germany) or a fluorescence microscope (Leica).

各病區(qū)智能藥柜采取專人管理的方式，責(zé)任藥師每月對(duì)柜內(nèi)藥品進(jìn)行檢查，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注藥品有效期及藥品滯留情況。在系統(tǒng)操作端，藥師可隨時(shí)監(jiān)控各病區(qū)實(shí)際用藥情況，定期修改庫存基準(zhǔn)數(shù)和補(bǔ)藥基準(zhǔn)數(shù)，既防止滯留藥品產(chǎn)生，又保證了藥品的及時(shí)供應(yīng)。

In order to further confirm the findings from the bioinformatics analysis, primary HTMCs were cultured for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction verification. TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA,USA) was applied to extract total RNA from the HTMCs.The RNA sample was reverse transcribed into cDNA with specific primers (Funglyn Biotech, Shanghai, China;BDKRB1: forward primer: ATCAACGGGGTCATCAAGGC,reverse primer: ATGGATCGCAGCAGGAATGT), and the data were normalized to GAPDH (forward sequence GTCTCCTCTGACTTCAACAGCG, reverse sequence ACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAA). The expression of GAPDH was measured as an internal control. We determined relative gene expression by the comparative 2

method, and

< 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

HTMCs are lysed for 30min in a 4℃ lysis buffer (RIPA lysate: protease inhibitor s100:1; Solarbio,Beijing, China). Protein concentrations are measured using the BCA kit (Pierce, Thermo Fisher). In addition, protein samples are separated by a sodium alkyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel (16 μg each) and transferred to a PVDF membrane (Thermofis Technologies). Block the cell membrane for 2h with 5% skimmed milk in tris buffer salt water containing Tween 20. This was followed by anti-BDKRB1 (A1959, 1:1000, Abclonal, Shanghai), anti-myocilin(14238-1-AP, 1:1000, proteintech, Shanghai) and anti-GAPDH (3777R-30T, 1:2000; Bio Vision, Inc., Shanghai,China) fought overnight at 4℃. Normalize protein expression levels with GAPDH. The membrane was then incubated at room temperature of 2h with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)labeled goat anti-rabbit II (1:10 000). Repeat the experiment 3 times, using Image J software analysis.

Modular Analysis the DEGs Protein-protein Interaction Network

Through the STRING website, we constructed and visualized a PPI network of the DEGs (Figure 2D). A total of 47 nodes and 25 edges were identified in the PPI network.The most powerful module was obtained using Cytoscape,as shown in Figure 2D. GO/KEGG enrichment analysis was performed using the DAVID website, identifying the hub genes as

,

,

,

and

. These results show that these genes are mainly enriched in cell division and mitosis, nuclear division and the cell cycle (Table 2).

All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS 11 statistical software. The statistical significance of differences between the two groups was analyzed using a

-test based on the data distribution characteristics. A

value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Raw data from two independent datasets(GSE124114 and GSE65240) were obtained from GEO; DEGs(236 in GSE124114 and 882 in GSE65240) were identified using R language. The differential gene expression between DEX-treated samples and control samples was displayed by heatmap visualization (Figure 1A, 1B). These DEGs were visualized in volcano plots (Figure 1C, 1D). In addition, the intersecting function indicated that 47 DEGs were commonly dysregulated (21 down- and 26 upregulated DEGs from two independent datasets) using the Venn diagram package in R(log FC>1; Figure 1E).

Primary HTMCs(sciencell, 6590) were cultured in TM cell medium (sciencell,6591) with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillinstreptomycin (PS; Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham,USA). All HTMCs were deposited in a constant atmosphere with 5% CO

and 95% air at 37℃. All experiments use HTMCs of generations 4-8. The HTMCs was planted in 24-well plates (with slivers placed in the plates) with culture medium and then placed in an incubator for culture. Cell identification was carried out after the growth and fusion reached 80%. Cell immunofluorescence technique (ICC) was used to stain the mesenchyma cells on the sliver of 24 well plate. To verify the effect of DEX on the HTMCs, they were cultured in 6-well plates

. One group was not processed, and the remaining two groups were cultured for one, three and seven days in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.1%) and DEX (100 nmol/L) dissolved in 0.1% DMSO

.

GWR的參考值在局部估算時(shí)運(yùn)用最小二乘法。該方法是以樣本點(diǎn)的值對(duì)線性模型中未算出的參考值的基礎(chǔ)值進(jìn)行估算的方法，它的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是使誤差的平方和達(dá)到最低值。

水驅(qū)后期，由于原油黏度變大，水油流度比進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，日產(chǎn)油能力的提升更加困難。以勝利油田某一普通稠油油藏中注采對(duì)應(yīng)好的一口油井和一口水井為例，注水初期，油井日產(chǎn)油能力由2.0t提升到4.6t。而后日產(chǎn)油能力快速遞減，含水率不斷上升。當(dāng)日產(chǎn)油能力遞減到1.8t、含水率上升到87%時(shí)，注入井日注量由33t提高至48t，生產(chǎn)井采取換大泵提液，日產(chǎn)液能力由18t提高到51t，日產(chǎn)油能力僅提高到2.0t。普通稠油油藏水驅(qū)后期，強(qiáng)化采油效果不明顯，日產(chǎn)油能力提高比前期更困難。

In the GSE124114 and GSE65240 datasets, five genes of interest,

,

,

,

and

, were identified(Figure 3A, 3B). Their expression in the DEX treatment group was significantly altered relative to the controls. The expression levels of the above five candidate genes were studied in another dataset, GSE37474 (Figure 3C). In the GSE37474 dataset, compared with the control group, the expression of

and

in the DEXe group was significantly downregulated (all

<0.01), but there was no significant difference in the expression of

,

and

. Therefore, we speculate that

and

are potential biomarkers of SIG.

就中小城市商業(yè)銀行而言，應(yīng)該真正履行其為小微企業(yè)提供融資服務(wù)的社會(huì)職能，而不能像目前一樣一味追求大型企業(yè)客戶，盲目擴(kuò)張規(guī)模，這需要地方政府和城商行的共同努力。

Under the microscope: cell morphology is elliptical, shuttleshaped,

, similar to fibroblasts, cell nucleus is oval or circular, contains a large amount of cytoplasm, and contains a small amount of pigment particles (Figure 4A). Cell growth is slow, generally 3 to 5d cells fusion, after transmission of cell growth speed and cell density. HTMCs currently lacks specific markers, and we chose the small beam mesh biomarker collagen IV (col IV) protein for small beam mesh cell identification. Immunofluorescence results showed that small beam mesh cells expressed col IV protein.

The biological analysis results suggest that BDKRB1 and PMCH play a vital role in the development of TM structural changes. To verify the association between hub genes and SIG, we confirmed the expression of

and

by PCR. Compared with the experimental and DMSO groups, there was low expression of the

gene in HTMCs after DEX treatment (Figure 4C) and no significant difference in PMCH (Figure 4D). According to western blot experiment, the expression level of

was significantly reduced in the experimental group. These results indicate that the

plays an important role in DEX-induced SIG compared with the standard group.

As shown in Table 1,three datasets (GSE124114

, GSE65240

, and GSE37474)were downloaded from a public functional genomics data repository, known as GEO. We use R language software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) to transform the probes of these three datasets into corresponding genetic symbols.

由護(hù)士長作為組長,科室護(hù)理人員作為組員,組成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理小組,旨在加強(qiáng)醫(yī)護(hù)人員的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識(shí),并展開技能培訓(xùn)工作,提升人員的專業(yè)素質(zhì)。作為科室護(hù)士長應(yīng)該根據(jù)科室的制度流程,安排護(hù)理人員對(duì)患者病情進(jìn)行全面掌握,尤其是對(duì)于一些病情程度嚴(yán)重的患者,應(yīng)該堅(jiān)決杜絕安全隱患,定期抽檢護(hù)理人員的工作執(zhí)行情況,加強(qiáng)監(jiān)控。

DISCUSSION

How DEX causes glaucoma has been difficult to explain. Early studies showed that steroids have an essential relationship with POAG. Various researchers have shown that patients with POAG are more likely to develop steroid-induced OHT, and patients with corticosteroid reactions are at a higher risk of POAG

. It has been reported that cortisol levels in the plasma and AH of POAG patients are elevated, and changes in cortisol metabolism were found in TM cells obtained from POAG patients

. Everyone has a different degree of response to steroid treatment: compared with 40% of the general population, 90% of glaucoma patients respond to steroids

.The increase in IOP usually occurs several weeks to several months after initiation of the steroids, and the degree of growth depends on the potency and dose of the steroids

. Even if the steroid treatment is stopped, the IOP may continue to rise, and sometimes the glaucoma requires surgery to control the IOP

.This study analyzed the DEGs in the GSE124114 and GSE65240 datasets and identified 47 DEGs after the intersection,including 21 downregulated genes and 26 upregulated genes.Then, the 47 integrated DEGs were subjected to biological process (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function(MF) analyses. The DEGs were significantly enriched in angiogenesis, inflammatory response, negative regulation of cell proliferation (GO: BP), ECM (GO: CC), cytokine activity, and transport activity (GO: MF). Steroids affect the cell cycle, but this effect differs by the dose of steroids and the cell type. Guichard

observed the effects of different corticosteroids on the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and found that all corticosteroids reduced cell proliferation.However, the proliferation of cultured corneal epithelial cells increases when the DEX concentration of betamethasone is less than 10

M, while cell proliferation is inhibited when the concentration of DEX is greater than 10

M

. Moreover, the Bogarin

used primary scleral fibroblasts to study the steroid response of TM distal cells and found that compared with the control group, DEX-treated cells proliferated slower,migrated less, and showed more senescence. Some clinical studies have found that elderly subjects have a higher risk of increased IOP after using DEX eye drops, and their odds ratio for glaucoma is 1.72

.

In addition to the cell cycle, ECM studies are also very extensive. The ECM is the most abundant component in the TM. The ECM of the TM seems to be a source of potential growth factors and other small regulatory molecules, and its activity needs to be strictly regulated

. Previous studies have shown that in an organ culture model supplemented with DEX, the ECM deposition by TM increases, and many ECM components in the TM change to varying degrees,such as MMP2, MYOC, and FN

. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a common component of the ECM derived from HTMCs and it has been confirmed to be distributed in the outflow tract of normal human aqueous humour. DEX can significantly increase the GDF-15 protein level in human TM cells. Stimulating HTMCs with GDF-15 can significantly increase the formation of actin stress fibres and focal adhesions, myosin light chain phosphorylation, gene expression and the levels of ECM proteins and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)

. In short, the ECM and cell cycle may play a role in the homeostasis of normal eyes and imbalances lead to glaucoma and IOP.

KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that these integrated DEGs were enriched in the following three pathways:inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, TNF signalling pathway, and VEGF signalling pathway. Studies have shown that TRP channels are potential sensors and transducers of inflammatory pain and they participate in matrix homeostasis through the regulation of metalloproteinases and 1A1 collagen

. It is boldly speculated that the TRP pathway may be involved in the remodelling of the ECM of the TM to mediate the occurrence of SIG. When laser trabeculoplasty is used to treat POAG, the cytokine TNF increases the protein levels of matrix MMP-3 and MMP-9,and the increase in MMP-3 plays a crucial role in the success of the treatment

. Therefore, we need further experiments to verify the roles of these pathways, which will help elucidate the mechanism of SIG.

The occurrence and development of SIG are inseparable from the participation of inflammation

. Fini

identified the expression of the inflammatory marker endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) as the defining feature of the open-angle and angle-closure TM phenotypes of hypertensive glaucoma. This further proves that the expression of ELAM-1 is activated by the IL1A/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway, which is of great significance in the TM tissue of high IOP glaucoma.

The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is an endogenous metabolic cascade that dominates a broad spectrum of physiological events, including inflammation, ischaemia, haemorrhage, and vasogenic oedema

. KKS plays a biological role by activating two G protein-coupled receptors known as bradykinin B1 receptor (BDKRB1) and bradykinin B2 receptor(BDKRB2)

. Ma

found that both BDKRB1 and BDKRB2 are present in the human retina, and the level of BDKRB1 is increased in the retina of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The proinflammatory effect of KKS on the retina is mainly attributed to BDKRB1

. In the STZ-induced diabetic rat model, R715, which is a BDKRB1 antagonist, inhibited retinal vascular permeability and plasma exudation in the experimental group of rats

. Furthermore,R715 administered through eye drops can also reduce leukocyte infiltration and reduce the expression of potential inflammatory mediators in the retina in diabetic rats, including iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1β. In addition, in endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, BDKRB1 can induce immunogenic responses, increase NF-κB activity, and produce inflammatory cytokines

. These findings indicate that BDKRB1 is involved in inflammation, and we cannot rule out an association between BDKRB1 and SIG.PMCH is proteolyzed to produce various peptides, including the appetite hormone melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

.It is related to many fundamental physiological processes,such as stress response, metabolic regulation and sleep

. At present, there are few studies on PMCH and ocular diseases,and additional research is necessary.In any case, these results are valuable because defining these networks provides a framework to confirm that specific genes (

and

) are involved in the process and ultimately interact with the key molecules by which DEX affects the TM.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Wei M, None; Chen LM, None; Huang ZY, None; Zhang GW, None; Guan HJ, None; Ji M, None.

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