合川釣魚城遺址 山地軍事防御體系建設(shè)的突出典范

陳元棪

Diaoyu Fortress is located on the Eastern Peninsula of Hechuan District， Chongqing. On the three sides， the Eastern Peninsula is surrounded by wide waters of Jialing River that is joined by Qujiang River and Fujiang River. Its only land access is in the east but with Diaoyu Mountain standing in the way. Due to its challenging geographies， the Eastern Peninsula has always been a strategic juncture in Chongqing and Sichuan since the ancient times.

合川釣魚城遺址位于重慶市合川區(qū)的東城半島上，半島被嘉陵江三面環(huán)繞，嘉陵江支流涪江和渠江在這里交匯，水勢浩淼，江面寬闊，唯一的東面陸路又被凸起的釣魚山控扼，形勢十分險(xiǎn)要，自古為“巴蜀要沖”。

In the Song-Mongol （Yuan） War in the 13th century， Southern Song garrisons made good use of the difficult accessibility of Diaoyu Mountain to build the Diaoyu Fortress. Soldiers and civilians of the five counties in Hezhou were relocated to the fortress from places with no natural barriers. The troop of Xing Command， one of the four central armies， was led by capable military personnel to safeguard the Diaoyu Fortress.

在13世紀(jì)的宋蒙（元）戰(zhàn)爭中，南宋守軍在東城半島以釣魚山為核心修筑釣魚城，將無險(xiǎn)可守的合州五縣軍民遷入，并委派得力將領(lǐng)率領(lǐng)四川四支中央軍之一的“興戎司”駐守該城。

Sitting on mountains and overlooking three rivers， this place became a strong fortification to protect Chongqing， capital of Sichuan in the Southern Song Dynasty.

從此山城雄峙，控扼三江，成為南宋四川山城防御體系的重要支撐點(diǎn)和四川首府重慶的屏障。

For 36 years， local civilians and soldiers defended Diaoyu Fortress tenaciously against the sieges launched by the Mongol army. The Great Khan M?ngke， unable to take this place， died at the foot of this fortress. The Diaoyu Fortress， thus， had a profound and far-reaching influence not only on the Chinese history but also on the Mongol Empire’s expansion in Asia and Africa.

釣魚城軍民在這里“嬰城固守”長達(dá)36年，成功抵御了所向披靡的蒙元軍隊(duì)對釣魚城的多次圍攻，導(dǎo)致了蒙古大汗蒙哥戰(zhàn)死城下，對中國歷史乃至亞非地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)爭形勢產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。

History： Unbreakable Diaoyu Fortress

歷史：不可攻的釣魚城

The Jin Dynasty collapsed in 1234? under the joint force of the Southern Song and the Mongol Empire but the Southern Song soon became the target of the Mongols. After the fall of the Jin Dynasty， Southern Song hoped to recover Kaifeng， Luoyang and Shangqiu but was deadly stricken by the Mongols in Luoyang. This battle in Luoyang in the first year of Duanping Era meant the breakup of the Southern Song-Mongols coalition and also served as an excuse of the Mongol Empire to invade Southern Song. In 1235， ?gedei Khan sent three columns of army into the Southern Song. The west flank led by Kadan， his second son， took the lead in breaking into Lizhou before occupying Chengdu， the capital of Sichuan. The previously prosperous Sichuan had fallen after the Mongol troops’ invasion.

1241 saw the death of ?gedei Khan and the Mongolian armies returning to the north. Internal conflicts and disputes had been popping up in the following ten years in the Mongol Empire which led to fast changes of Khans and leeched the possibility of starting any other wars. Therefore， Southern Song had a chance to rest and adjust the plans of defense.

In 1240， Peng Daya， Deputy Commander of Sichuan， realized that Chengdu had been indefensible so he decided to improve the defense infrastructure and system of Chongqing instead， building it into the “Anchor of Western Sichuan”. Meanwhile， Peng ordered General Gan Run to manage the defense of Hechuan and build the Diaoyu Castle to protect Chongqing by leveraging the existing buildings on the Diaoyu Mountain. This had laid the foundation for the construction of the Diaoyu Fortress.

In 1242， Emperor Lizong （r. 1224-1264） appointed Yu Jie as the Commander of Sichuan and Governor of Chongqing to manage the military， political and defensive affairs of Sichuan. Yu， after his inauguration， made Chongqing the commanding center for battles in Sichuan. He recruited capable people by promising them ranks and fortunes， pooling together talents and wisdom.

Ran Pu and Ran Jin from Bozhou responded to Yu’s call and came to join him. They pointed out that “Diaoyu Mountain enjoys unparalleled geographical advantages in Sichuan. People of Hezhou could be relocated to Diaoyu Mountain. Able leaders must be appointed for this stronghold and food should be stockpiled. In this way， this defense is even stronger than 100 thousand soldiers and it will be easy to safeguard Sichuan and Chongqing.” Their suggestion was accepted. Ran Pu and Ran Jin were dispatched to Hechuan as defensive managers and then they transferred soldiers and civilians of Hezhou to the Diaoyu Fortress.

In addition， over ten impregnable fortresses were built in critical junctures along the rivers in Sichuan. A unique defense network was gradually put in place. Sitting at the confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing River， Chongqing served as the center of this network. It was reinforced by three key links along the Yangtze， namely Lingyun City of Leshan， Shenbi City of Luzhou and Baidi City of Fengjie and supported by four fortresses namely a. Yunding City of Jintang in Tuojiang River， one of the branches of Yangtze River， b. Taihuo City of Langzhong in Jiangling River， c. Qingju City of Nanchong and d. Diaoyu Fortress of Hechuan.

“These newly-built strongholds scatter around. They are constructed by leveraging the landscapes of mountains and serve as administrative centers.” （Biography of Yu Jie， History of the Song Dynasty） Thus， these places were easy to defend but difficult to attack. Eventually， a deep defense system was established in Sichuan based on mountain fortresses， which were key positions and connected by rivers as transport routes. The Diaoyu Fortress was the hub of this system.

Later， Wang Jian was appointed as the Commander and Governor of Hezhou. He mobilized 170，000 local people to further improve and strengthen the defensive system. Embraced by the Jialing River， the Diaoyu Fortress was composed of a terrace on the top of Diaoyu Mountain， northern and southern I-shaped city walls， outer areas of the Eastern Peninsula and other surrounding areas. This strong fortification played a positive role in stopping the Mongols， protecting Chongqing， prolonging the Southern Song Dynasty and influencing the dynamics of the war.

After his accession to the throne in 1251， M?ngke decided to attack Southern Song， sending troops to Sichuan and Chongqing many times only to be repulsed by the Song army. By 1258， M?ngke Khan commanded the main force of the Mongol’s army to invade Sichuan from three flanks， successively taking down several fortresses in the northern and central parts of Sichuan. After that， their troops joined force in order to take the Diaoyu Fortress.

From February of 1259， the army of the Mongol Empire began to attack the Diaoyu Fortress on a large scale. First， it broke through the outer areas of the Eastern Peninsula and occupied the military wharf under the Diaoyu Fortress. The main section of the Diaoyu Fortress was then besieged and fierce attacks were launched against the terrace of the Diaoyu Fortress on multiple flanks.

However， under the able leadership of Wang Jian， the garrisons stopped the attacks by taking advantage of the precipitous terrains. For as long as five months， the main force of the Mongolian army was defended by the Diaoyu Fortress. Later in the scorching and rainy summer， the Mongol Empire’s army did poorly as they grappled with hot temperatures， humidity， and the raging diseases. In contrast， the Song armies， fully-supplied and in high spirits， defended the Diaoyu Fortress against series of the Mongol’s attacks.

In early June of 1259， M?ngke Khan led his armies in a hope to capture the Diaoyu Fortress from its northwest. During the fierce fight， M?ngke Khan was mortally injured by a stone projectile from a trebuchet， so Mongols had to stop their attack and withdrew from the fortress. When retreating， M?ngke Khan died. His son Asutai took charge of the army and led them back to the north. The Diaoyu Fortress Campaign then came to an end and the Mongol Empire suspended its plan to conquer the Southern Song from its southern territories.

In 1260， Kublai succeeded his brother as the Khan. He adjusted the strategy on conquering Southern Song by shifting the focus from Sichuan in the upper reaches to Jinghu in the middle reaches of the Yangtze. Mongol Yuan’s troops in Sichuan adopted a pressing tactic to cut off the supplies of the Diaoyu Fortress since the Diaoyu Mountain was hard to occupy for its perilous terrain. They asked for permission to build a castle named “Wusheng” not far away to isolate and undermine the Diaoyu Fortress.

In 1276， Mongol armies approached Lin’an， capital of Southern Song. The Song court asked for surrender and the Song regime essentially perished. However， some mountain castles in Sichuan， including the Diaoyu Fortress， were still holding on. When Chongqing， capital of Sichuan fell in 1279， Diaoyu Fortress ran out of road for lack of reinforcement. The Mongol Yuan court sent Li Dehui of Xichuan Privy Council to persuade to surrender. To save the lives of the soldiers and civilians， Wang Li， Chief Commander of the Fortress， accepted the persuasion. After entering the fortress， Yuan armies transferred the soldiers and civilians on the mountain back to the original Hezhou at the foot of the mountain. Soon after， the Diaoyu Fortress was demolished. Since then， it has become a place for later generations to visit and review the past as a historical site.

公元1234年，蒙古軍與南宋軍聯(lián)合滅金后，蒙古軍將攻擊目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)向南宋。南宋政權(quán)卻天真地以為金滅以后，就可以出兵河洛，收復(fù)失地，卻在洛陽遭到蒙古軍殲滅性的打擊。這一史稱“端平入洛”的軍事行動(dòng)，宣告了宋蒙聯(lián)盟的破裂，也給蒙古進(jìn)軍南宋提供了口實(shí)。1235年，蒙古大汗窩闊臺(tái)派兵分三路向南宋進(jìn)攻，西路軍由窩闊臺(tái)第二子闊端率領(lǐng)，首先突破利州路，打開四川門戶，接著南下，攻陷四川首府—成都。蒙古大軍在蜀地大肆燒殺劫掠，繁華的四川從此衰落。

1241年窩闊臺(tái)卒，蒙古大軍班師北還，此后十年，蒙古內(nèi)部紛爭不斷，數(shù)易其主，無暇發(fā)動(dòng)對宋戰(zhàn)爭，因此給南宋王朝暫時(shí)喘息和調(diào)整布防提供了機(jī)會(huì)。

1240年，四川制置副使彭大雅已意識到成都?xì)埰疲y以據(jù)守，故苦心經(jīng)營重慶城的城防設(shè)施，使重慶城作為“西蜀之根本”。同時(shí)，彭大雅派遣將軍甘閏主持合川防務(wù)，在釣魚山山寨的基礎(chǔ)上修建釣魚山城，“圖險(xiǎn)保民”，以之作為重慶的屏蔽，為此后釣魚城的修筑，建立良好的基礎(chǔ)。

1242年，宋理宗任命余玠為四川安撫制置使兼知重慶府，主持四川軍政防務(wù)。余玠到任后，正式將重慶作為指揮全蜀作戰(zhàn)的大本營，并高爵重賞，廣納賢士，集思廣益。播州賢士冉璞、冉琎兄弟受其感召，前來獻(xiàn)策，指出“蜀口形勝之地莫若釣魚山，請徙諸此，若任得其人，積粟以守之，賢于十萬師遠(yuǎn)矣，巴蜀不足守矣”。余玠接受了冉氏兄弟的建議，派遣他們前往合川主持釣魚城防務(wù)，將合州治所及屬縣軍民遷至釣魚城。與此同時(shí)，余玠在四川幾大江河的關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)接連修筑了十余座山城，逐漸形成了以嘉陵江匯入長江處的制置司城重慶為核心，以長江沿線的樂山凌云城、瀘州神臂城、奉節(jié)白帝城這三安撫司城為基干，以長江支流沱江上的金堂云頂城、嘉陵江上的閬中大獲城、南充青居城、合川釣魚城這四戎司城為支撐的山城網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這些新筑的城邑皆“因山為壘，棋步星分，為諸郡治所”（《宋史·余玠傳》），易守難攻。從而建構(gòu)了以山城水寨為防御要點(diǎn)，以大江大河為交通線路，點(diǎn)線結(jié)合，相互策應(yīng)，具有一定防御縱深的四川戰(zhàn)區(qū)山城防御體系，而釣魚城就是這個(gè)防御體系的樞紐。此后，王堅(jiān)以興元都統(tǒng)合州知府的身份駐守合州，又調(diào)動(dòng)合州5縣民眾計(jì)17萬人，進(jìn)一步完善釣魚城的城防設(shè)施。釣魚城因此成為由釣魚山山頂環(huán)城、南北一字城及嘉陵江圍合的東城半島外郭城及附屬城防設(shè)施組成的堅(jiān)固堡壘，在阻御蒙元兵于外，遮蔽渝夔于內(nèi)，對延長宋祚，左右戰(zhàn)爭局勢發(fā)揮了積極的作用。

1251年，蒙哥即位為大汗，決意攻宋，多次派兵騷擾川渝地區(qū)，都被宋軍擊退。至1258年，蒙哥汗統(tǒng)帥蒙軍主力分三路進(jìn)入四川，接連攻破四川中北部的多座山城，諸軍會(huì)合在釣魚城下。從次年二月起，蒙軍開始大舉進(jìn)攻釣魚城，首先攻破了東城半島郭城，并進(jìn)占釣魚城下的水軍碼頭，將釣魚城主城圍困起來，并從多個(gè)方向?qū)︶烎~城山頂環(huán)城發(fā)起猛攻。釣魚城守軍在王堅(jiān)率領(lǐng)下，利用釣魚城奇險(xiǎn)的地形地貌，阻擋住了蒙軍，蒙軍主力受阻于釣魚城下達(dá)5個(gè)月之久。當(dāng)戰(zhàn)役進(jìn)入到炎熱多雨的夏季以后，蒙軍不耐四川的濕熱氣候，疾病在軍營蔓延，導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)斗力下降。而釣魚城宋軍屢挫強(qiáng)敵，糧食豐足，斗志旺盛。這年的七月上旬，蒙哥汗親自擊鼓指揮蒙軍從釣魚城西北猛攻內(nèi)城，在激烈的戰(zhàn)斗中，蒙哥汗被宋軍發(fā)射的石彈砲風(fēng)所傷，蒙軍被迫停止攻城并撤離釣魚城。在撤退途中，蒙哥汗傷重不治，跟隨他征蜀的蒙古軍由其子阿速臺(tái)率領(lǐng)北還，釣魚城戰(zhàn)役至此宣告結(jié)束，蒙古南下滅宋的計(jì)劃也就此暫時(shí)告一段落。

1260年，忽必烈即位為蒙古大汗，調(diào)整了攻宋策略，將先前以長江上游的四川為攻宋主要方向，改為以長江中游的京湖地區(qū)作為攻宋的主要方向。在四川地區(qū)，蒙元四川駐屯軍采取步步為營、以城對城的緊逼戰(zhàn)術(shù)，以“釣魚山險(xiǎn)絕，不可攻，奏請就近地筑城曰武勝，以扼其往來”，從而使釣魚城如同被困的孤島，限制了釣魚城作用的發(fā)揮。1276年，蒙元軍進(jìn)逼南宋首都臨安，宋廷請降，南宋政權(quán)事實(shí)上覆滅，但包括釣魚城在內(nèi)的南宋四川部分山城仍在堅(jiān)守。1279年，南宋四川首府重慶陷落，釣魚城孤城無援，情況危急。元廷派西川行院李德輝前來招降。為保城中軍民安全，當(dāng)時(shí)的釣魚城主將王立決定開城降元。元軍占領(lǐng)釣魚城后，將山上軍民回遷至山下的原合州治所，不久后就拆毀了釣魚城，釣魚城從此成為遺址，成為后人懷古游覽的場所。

Values： Masterpiece of Construction in Cold Weapon Era

價(jià)值：冷兵器時(shí)代筑壘工程的杰作

The Diaoyu Fortress was a fortification that created miracles of the war in the Middle Ages as a well-developed defense system was put in place by leveraging the advantageous natural conditions. It has been the best-preserved ancient battlefield with the most unique defense mechanism in China. The value of the Diaoyu Fortress lies in that it is a prime example of defensive mountain castle making the best of the geographical advantages. The Diaoyu Fortress Campaign had a considerable and far-reaching impact as it diverted the development trajectory of Song and Mongol Yuan and indirectly influenced the world history.

The values of the Diaoyu Fortress are exemplified in following aspects：

Firstly， Diaoyu Fortress served as a transportation hub and a defensive node in the military defense system set by the Southern Song to guard against Mongol Yuan’s armies from the east and the south. Among the military castles built in the late Southern Song， Diaoyu Fortress boasted the most ideal location， the most systematic planning and the most inaccessible terrains. That was why it could hold on for a long time even when it was heavily besieged. It was a fine example of military planning and building as well as a masterpiece of fortification in the Cold Weapon Era.

When Sichuan was invaded by Mongol armies， cities were mostly destructed and a large number of civilians were displaced or killed. The former military and administrative system collapsed. Under such challenging circumstances， the Diaoyu Fortress became an important part of the system replanned and reestablished in the Song-controlled region in Sichuan Basin. In this new system， the Diaoyu Fortress played a paramount role in safeguarding Chongqing and buttressing the castles on the upper reaches of Jialing River.

The Diaoyu Fortress was built on the peninsula embraced by the Jialing River， Fujiang River and Qujiang River. Transportation was convenient. Vast regions in the northeast Sichuan Basin could be reached by moving northward along the three rivers while Chongqing could be reached by going downstream along the Jialing River when it joined the Yangtze. The steep cliffs of the Diaoyu Mountain were ideal for building fortresses on the mountain top. Imposing mountains around it were favorable for defense rather than massive attack. On the mountain top was a flat land for armies and civilians to station， fertile soil， and sources of spring water. It was suitable for agricultural production which ensured adequate supply for the needs of long-lasting attacks and defenses. Thus， it was a premium location to build the fortification. The Diaoyu Fortress became an impregnable military stronghold as it was built on the top of an inaccessible mountain and surrounded by three rivers as moats.

The planner of the Diaoyu Fortress mapped out Hezhou on the Eastern Peninsula surrounded by Jialing River. The Jialing River served as a natural moat while the Diaoyu Mountain across the region as natural walls of the main part of the fortress. This was how the defense system worked. The Eastern Peninsula was the outer area mainly for agricultural production that satisfied the minimum food demands of armies and civilians. The precipitous cliffs and natural ravines around the main fortress provided conditions for strong defense. In this area， there were essential facilities for both the city and military fortress. Natural ponds and manmade pools in the main fortress ensured consistent water supply. With mountains as city walls， rivers as moats， arable land， water supplies， supportive civilians and prepared armies， the Diaoyu Fortress was a masterpiece of military fortress of the ancient times.

Building on the original geographic advantages， the builders of Diaoyu Fortress made full use of the topographic features of the Eastern Peninsula and Diaoyu Mountain to construct the outer， middle， and inner fortresses， which strengthened defense in depth and enabled flexible defense mechanisms adjustable to wartime situations. The outer fortress was the first layer of the core defense line. Two long lines of the Chinese character “one” （“一”）-shaped city walls were built respectively from the north and south of the Diaoyu Mountain to the riverside with the vast Jialing River and its bank as natural barriers. Altogether they encircled the Eastern Peninsula to defend against the raid of Mongolian infantry and cavalry along the river and ensure agriculture production and people’s daily life in the outer city. The middle fortress was the second layer of the core defense line. A ring-like city wall surrounding the top of the Diaoyu Mountain made this fortress the main part of the Diaoyu Fortress. Built on the mountain in conformance with the terrain and elevation differences， taking advantage of the steep cliffside， a defense wall with a relative height difference of 20-30 meters was constructed on relatively smooth terrains. On the ring city wall， eight gates were set in precipitous areas where arrows， trebuchets， and cannonballs in crossfire could reach. The city wall is lined with wide horse paths on the top， which were linked with inner roads， forming a well-connected traffic network that ensured the speedy movement of garrison troops to wherever in need. By using natural ravines on the top of the mountain， the builders divided the middle fortress into many defense areas. Thus， even if one area was compromised， the enemy would not be able to continue the attack and be forced to stop before reaching the inner fortress， the third defense layer. It was built on the precipitous cliffs on the last terrace of the mountaintop highland with natural steep rocks in the west， north， and south as natural walls and manually built walls in the east， forming an impregnable defense bastion and command center on the top of the mountain.

Thanks to its unconquerable defense system and invincible city walls， Diaoyu Fortress could endure and survive attacks for 36 years， becoming a miracle of the world’s ancient military history.

Diaoyu Fortress was the ancient battlefield between the Southern Song dynasty and the Mongol Empire during the Middle Ages. Years ago， Southern Song defenders inflicted heavy loss on the Mongols after persistent resistance. The death of M?ngke Khan at Diaoyu Fortress in 1259 resulted in drastic changes in the development of the Mongol Empire. It also slowed down the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty and indirectly affected the course of history for China and beyond.

M?ngke’s death at the Fortress forced the armies of the Mongol Empire to cease their third expedition towards Eurasia， leaving opportunities for Egypt in North Africa to repel the Mongolian invaders. In 1253， M?ngke dispatched his younger brother Hulagu as the commander-in-chief to launch the third conquest， trying to further conquer West Asia and North Africa. The Mongol armies conquered many ancient countries on the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and wielded swords toward Egypt. A road to Africa was about to open. Right at that time， after receiving the news of his brother’s death， Hulagu immediately withdrew his major troops to fight for the throne of Khan， leaving merely a small division in Syria. Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt took the chance to wage wars. In the autumn of 1260， Qutuz led 120，000 Mamluk soldiers to fight the remaining Mongolian forces led by Ked-Buqa in Galilee. With an overwhelming advantage of troops in number， Egypt declared the final victory， saving Arab and North Africa from being occupied by the Mongols and claiming the end of external expansion by the Mongol Empire.

Because of its profound historical significance and legacy， Diaoyu Fortress has been listed in the fourth batch of major historical and cultural sites protected at the national level and was included in the World Cultural Heritage Tentative List in China in 2012.

釣魚城遺址是以雄奇壯麗的自然山水為依托，以獨(dú)具匠心的防御體系為主體，創(chuàng)造了世界中古史上戰(zhàn)爭奇跡的城防要塞，是中國迄今保存最為完好、城防體系極具特色的古戰(zhàn)場遺址。釣魚城遺址的價(jià)值，顯現(xiàn)在它是古人有效利用特殊地理環(huán)境，規(guī)劃而成的防御性山城的杰出范例。釣魚城戰(zhàn)役的發(fā)生，改變了宋蒙歷史的發(fā)展方向，間接影響世界歷史的發(fā)展進(jìn)程，具有突出的普遍意義。

釣魚城遺址的價(jià)值主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：

首先，釣魚城遺址是南宋王朝為了抵御蒙（元）軍南下東進(jìn)而設(shè)立的軍事防御體系的交通樞紐和防御節(jié)點(diǎn)。在南宋末期營建的眾多軍事性質(zhì)的城市中，釣魚城的建城選址最為科學(xué)，城市規(guī)劃最為系統(tǒng)，城防建設(shè)最為險(xiǎn)要，因而釣魚城能夠在敵重兵圍攻的困難環(huán)境長期堅(jiān)守。它是軍事城市規(guī)劃營建的典范，是冷兵器時(shí)代筑壘工程的杰作。

釣魚城是在四川地區(qū)被蒙古突襲，原有城市大半摧毀，原有人口大多散亡，原有軍政體系已經(jīng)解體的嚴(yán)峻形勢下，在四川盆地南宋控制區(qū)域內(nèi)重新規(guī)劃建設(shè)的行政體系和軍事體系的重要組成部分。在這個(gè)新營建的軍政體系中，釣魚城既起著拱衛(wèi)南宋四川首府重慶的作用，又擔(dān)負(fù)支持嘉陵江水系上游諸城的責(zé)任，地位極其特殊和重要。

釣魚城選址于嘉陵江、涪江、渠江三條大江匯流所形成的半島之上。從這里沿三江北上，可達(dá)四川盆地東北部廣大地區(qū);順嘉陵江南下，就是位于嘉陵江與長江交匯處的四川首府重慶，交通十分便利。釣魚山山頂層臺(tái)之間，有懸崖峭壁，為修筑城池提供了堅(jiān)固高大的基礎(chǔ)。周圍為崇山峻嶺，不利于大規(guī)模進(jìn)攻而有利于據(jù)險(xiǎn)守衛(wèi)。山頂有平地，可供軍民駐扎，加以山上土地肥沃、泉眼豐富，使得釣魚城具備充分的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件，能為長期攻防提供足夠的保障，極其適合軍事堡壘的建設(shè)。釣魚城的營建巧妙利用了三江、半島、孤山的地形地貌。使得這里成為易守難攻的軍事要塞，顯現(xiàn)了“以山為城、以水為池”的選址特性。

釣魚城規(guī)劃者利用嘉陵江大回轉(zhuǎn)形成的東城半島作為整個(gè)合州城市的規(guī)劃范圍，以環(huán)繞半島的嘉陵江河道作為外城的天然城壕，以阻斷半島的釣魚山作為主城的天然城墻，規(guī)劃建設(shè)了釣魚城山城水寨防御體系：以東城半島做為外城，作為合州的基本農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)區(qū)域，這里種植的糧食可以保障全城軍民最低限度的生活需求。釣魚山主城區(qū)域周圍有高崖絕壁和天然溝壑等天險(xiǎn)便于防守。區(qū)域內(nèi)有州縣建置城市必備的功能單元，以及軍事城堡所需的功能單元。主城內(nèi)部還有多處天然水塘和人工井池，為全城人長期困守山頂提供了充足水源。這種以山為城，以河為池，有地可耕，有水可用，有民可依，有兵可戰(zhàn)的城市規(guī)劃，是古代軍事城市規(guī)劃的杰出作品。

在充分利用天然地理優(yōu)勢的規(guī)劃之上，釣魚城營建者充分利用了東城半島和釣魚山的山形地貌，建造了外、中、內(nèi)三重城池，加大了防御縱深，可以根據(jù)戰(zhàn)時(shí)形勢需要實(shí)施彈性防御。外城是釣魚城核心防線的第一層，利用寬闊的嘉陵江和沿江堤防作屏障，并在釣魚山南北修建從山上直到江邊的橫城墻—一字城，將東城半島封閉起來，以防止敵方步騎沿江突入東城半島，保障外城內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和日常生活的正常進(jìn)行。中城是釣魚城核心防線的第二層，圍繞釣魚山頂修筑環(huán)頂城墻，使之成為釣魚城的主城。中城城墻依山就勢，充分順應(yīng)地形高差，利用天然山崖峭壁，在局部地形平緩地帶修筑相對高差達(dá)20～30米的險(xiǎn)墻，環(huán)頂城墻設(shè)城門8座，皆開辟在城上箭簇炮石交叉攻擊范圍的險(xiǎn)峻處。城墻上鋪設(shè)有寬大的馬道，馬道與城中道路連接，構(gòu)成了四通八達(dá)的交通路網(wǎng)，守御方通過交通路網(wǎng)迅速機(jī)動(dòng)兵力至危險(xiǎn)地段。尤其值得一提的是，釣魚城的營建者利用山頂?shù)奶烊粶羡?，將中城分劃為若干防御區(qū)域，即使攻城方突破中城處，也難以擴(kuò)張突破，會(huì)受阻于內(nèi)城之前。內(nèi)城是釣魚城核心防線的第三層，營建者利用釣魚山頂?shù)淖詈笠患壟_(tái)地的陡峭山壁，西、北和南三面直接以天然陡巖為墻，東部以人工砌筑的城墻為主，形成了山頂堅(jiān)固的防御堡壘和指揮中心。

正是依托其自身完善的防御體系和城防工程，釣魚城才能堅(jiān)守36年而從未被攻破，成為世界古代戰(zhàn)爭史上的奇跡。

其次，釣魚城遺址是中古時(shí)期南宋與蒙古間重大戰(zhàn)役的古戰(zhàn)場，當(dāng)年南宋居民在這里長期堅(jiān)守，給圍攻的蒙古軍造成了重大損失。尤其是1259年發(fā)生的導(dǎo)致蒙古大汗蒙哥死于釣魚城下的重大事件，直接導(dǎo)致了蒙古國家的發(fā)展方向變化，延緩了南宋政權(quán)的覆滅時(shí)間，并間接影響了中國歷史甚至世界歷史的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。

蒙哥死于釣魚城下，導(dǎo)致了蒙古帝國軍隊(duì)對歐亞的第三次遠(yuǎn)征被迫停止，并為北非的埃及提供了擊退蒙古留守軍隊(duì)的機(jī)會(huì)。1253年，蒙哥派遣其弟旭烈兀統(tǒng)帥蒙古西征軍進(jìn)行第三次西征，試圖繼續(xù)征服西亞和北非。蒙古西征軍征服了西亞阿拉伯半島上的眾多古國，兵鋒直指埃及，通往非洲的道路即將打開。就在此時(shí)，旭烈兀得到蒙哥死于釣魚城下的消息，于是立刻率領(lǐng)蒙古西征軍主力東撤，回師蒙古參加汗位爭奪，只在敘利亞留駐了一支不大的軍隊(duì)。埃及馬穆魯克（Mamluk）王朝趁此機(jī)會(huì)出兵作戰(zhàn)，1260年秋，忽都思率領(lǐng)12萬馬穆魯克大軍與怯的不花率領(lǐng)的留守蒙古軍在加利利交戰(zhàn)，埃及軍隊(duì)?wèi){借軍隊(duì)數(shù)量上的巨大優(yōu)勢戰(zhàn)勝了蒙古軍，從而挽救了阿拉伯和北非地區(qū)免遭蒙古占領(lǐng)，宣告了蒙古帝國向外擴(kuò)張的終結(jié)。

正由于釣魚城遺址重要的歷史價(jià)值和紀(jì)念性價(jià)值，釣魚城被列為第四批全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位，并于2012年列入“中國世界文化遺產(chǎn)預(yù)備名單”。

Protection and Utilization： Appropriate Preservation and?Restoration of the Ruins to Recreate the Marvelous Scenes in History

保護(hù)與利用：合理保持與修復(fù)“廢墟”，復(fù)現(xiàn)古代游覽奇觀

With the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty， there was no point for Diaoyu Fortress to continue with the war. The last defending general Wang Li surrendered under the condition of guaranteeing the safety of soldiers and residents， symbolizing the end of the organized military resistance of the Sichuan authority in the Southern Song Dynasty. After the war ended for Diaoyu Fortress， the soldiers and residents moved to the old Hezhou （today’s Hechuan）. Previously well-known for its resistance against the Mongols and Yuan forces， Diaoyu Fortress was reduced to ruins after being demolished by the Yuan forces， and became a place reminiscent of a period in history for future generations. In the late Qing Dynasty， the White Lotus staged rebellions. In order to avoid social turmoil， those soldiers and residents again moved from the indefensible Hezhou city to Diaoyu Mountain and rebuilt the walls and gates of the middle fortress as the last bastion to fight against the White Lotus rebels. Most of the main constructions of today’s Diaoyu Fortress， such as the walls and gates of the upper areas， were built then.

The major area of the Diaoyu Fortress site covers about 2.5 square kilometers， including the ring city， the main city， south and north one-shaped city walls， and south and north military wharves， with a total length of almost 7，320 meters of the walls at different sections. There are eight gates on the ring city wall， namely， Shiguan Gate， Huguo Gate， and Xiaodong Gate in the south; Xindong Gate and Qinghua Gate in the east; Zhenxi Gate and Qisheng Gate in the west; and Chuqi Gate in the north. The walls and gates of the upper areas of the outer city of the middle fortress were refortified in the Qing Dynasty. But other constructions have been maintained as they were in the Southern Song Dynasty like the inner-city wall and the south and north one-shaped city walls， the south military wharf， and the footholds for the trebuchets， as well as some remained tunnels used during attacks of the Mongol armies. The outer fortress of the main part of the Diaoyu Fortress， near the largest pond within the site， is home to the foundation remains of large public buildings in the Song Dynasty. Among them， the Fanjiayan building complex is a well-preserved， rarely-seen relics site of a Southern Song administrative office after large-scale archaeological excavation. This relics site covers a large area with highly-organized structure， a clear central axis， and well-identified functions. In the inner fortress of the main part of the Diaoyu Fortress sit heritage sites such as Buddhist cliff carvings of the Song Dynasty， stone inscriptions of previous dynasties， Huguo Temple of the Ming and Qing dynasties， and Zhongyi Temple， as well as the foundation remains of the large building complex “Nine Pots” from the Song Dynasty， among other sites such as the Shizhao County Government， Wudao Government， military training grounds， large ponds and wells， and ancient tunnels.

The Diaoyu Mountain， where the Diaoyu Fortress site is located， was a renowned place of interest back in the Song Dynasty. Literati gathered around here to visit the historic sites， pay homage to ancestral temples， honor the martyrs， and give rein to their literary talents. These tourists in ancient times chose their itineraries very wisely. There were two routes， one by land and one by water. The land route allowed tourists to travel across the old city of Hechuan and walk to the foothill by a country trail where they could enter the main fortress near Qisheng Gate. Passing through Fanjiayan Pond， tourists could then climb up to enter the inner fortress， where they could visit the mountaintop cultural heritage sites centering around Huguo Temple before returning the way they had come. The water route allowed tourists to board at Hechuan Old City Pier and land at the south military wharf of Diaoyu Fortress before climbing up from the south one-shaped city wall to enter the main fortress. After sightseeing at the mountaintop around Huguo Temple， tourists can exit via Chuqi Gate from the north of the fortress， pass through the north one-shaped city wall to board at the north military wharf and sail along the Jialing River to arrive at the Hechuan Old City Pier （described in Local Wonders by Song Zhumu）. This water route was dubbed by the Song people as “A Tour of Wonders”. Today， the construction of the Caojie Avionics Hub project on the Jialing River in the lower reaches of the fortress allows river water to return for dozens of kilometers upstream of the? Hechuan old city. The possibility of building a “Good Tourism” model can be explored， which connects the famous cultural sites within the backwater section of the Qujiang River in Caojie， such as Laitan Ancient Town and the Second Buddha Temple from the Song Dynasty with the Diaoyu Fortress， as a way to reproduce the ancient “Tour of Wonders” combining both the water and land routes.

南宋王朝覆滅后，釣魚城失去了繼續(xù)作戰(zhàn)的意義，釣魚城最后一任守將王立以保證全城軍民生命為條件獻(xiàn)城投降，南宋四川軍政當(dāng)局的有組織的抵抗基本結(jié)束。釣魚城戰(zhàn)火熄滅后，全城軍民被遷回合州舊城，釣魚山城被元軍拆毀，這座抗擊蒙元的名城從此變成廢墟。清代晚期，四川白蓮教作亂，為了躲避動(dòng)蕩的社會(huì)，合州城內(nèi)的軍民放棄了難以守衛(wèi)的州城，又一次上了釣魚山。他們在山上南宋釣魚城中城的舊址上重建了城垣和城門，將山城作為抵御白蓮教徒的最后堡壘，現(xiàn)在釣魚城主城的上部城墻和城門，大都是這次重建后的遺留。

現(xiàn)存的釣魚城遺址主城區(qū)面積約2.5平方公里，由釣魚山山頂環(huán)城及主城，南、北一字城墻及南、北水軍碼頭共同組成，現(xiàn)存各段城墻總長約7320米。環(huán)山城墻設(shè)城門8座，分別為城南的始關(guān)門、護(hù)國門、小東門;城東的新東門、青華門;城西的鎮(zhèn)西門、奇勝門;城北的出奇門?，F(xiàn)在釣魚城上主城的外城城垣和城門，上部大都是清代重建，但內(nèi)城垣及南北一字城墻、南水軍碼頭、水寨炮臺(tái)等設(shè)施，仍保留南宋時(shí)期的原貌，并有蒙軍當(dāng)初攻城的隧道遺留。在釣魚城主城的外城內(nèi)，也就是城內(nèi)最大的天池附近，分布著宋代大型公共建筑群的基址，其中范家堰遺址規(guī)模宏大、布局規(guī)整、軸線清晰、性質(zhì)明確，是目前國內(nèi)罕見的經(jīng)過大規(guī)?？脊虐l(fā)掘、保存極其完整的宋代衙署遺址。在釣魚城主城的內(nèi)城，除了宋代的摩崖佛教造像、歷代碑刻、明清護(hù)國寺、忠義祠等地面遺存外，還有宋代“九口鍋”大型建筑群基址，以及石照縣衙、武道衙門、軍營校場、天池泉井、古隧道等遺跡。

釣魚城遺址所在的釣魚山早在宋代就是當(dāng)?shù)氐拿麆俟袍E，宋蒙（元）戰(zhàn)爭以后更有不少文人慕名前往，游覽古跡，瞻仰祠廟，緬懷烈士，抒發(fā)豪情。這些古代的游客選取的游覽線路很有講究，有陸路與水路兩種游覽路線。陸路是從合川舊城乘渡船過江，然后沿著鄉(xiāng)間小徑行至山麓，大致從奇勝門處入主城，經(jīng)范家堰大天池，再登山至內(nèi)城，以護(hù)國寺為中心游覽山頂文物古跡，然后沿原路返回。水路則是從合川舊城碼頭登船，順?biāo)拢玲烎~城南水軍碼頭停船上岸，從南一字城登山入主城。在山頂以護(hù)國寺為中心游覽，其后從城北出奇門出城，沿北一字城至北水軍碼頭登船，放舟順嘉陵江而下，直抵合川舊城碼頭（宋祝穆《方輿勝覽》）。這條水路游釣魚山的路線，宋人稱其為“此游觀之奇也”。今天，隨著釣魚城下游嘉陵江上的草街航電樞紐工程的修建，江水長年回水至合川舊城上游數(shù)十公里處，是否可將草街至渠江回水范圍內(nèi)的著名的文物古跡，如淶灘古鎮(zhèn)和宋代二佛寺等，與釣魚城遺址串聯(lián)起來，開展水陸結(jié)合的游覽，將復(fù)現(xiàn)古代游覽的奇觀，是推行“善行”旅游的理想模式。

Nomination Timeline of Hechuan Diaoyu Fortress on the World Cultural Heritage List

合川釣魚城遺址申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)歷程

In September 2012， the Diaoyu Fortress was included in the World Cultural Heritage Tentative List in China.

2012年9月，釣魚城遺址成功列入《中國世界文化遺產(chǎn)預(yù)備名單》。

In May 2015， to accelerate the nomination of Diaoyu Fortress on the world cultural heritage list， the CPC Hechuan District Committee and Hechuan District Government established the Office of the Leading Group for the Nomination of Hechuan Diaoyu Fortress on the World Cultural Heritage List.

2015年5月，為加速推動(dòng)釣魚城遺址申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)工作，合川區(qū)委、區(qū)政府組建了合川區(qū)釣魚城遺址申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室。

In July 2015 and July 2018， two Diaoyu Fortress International Seminars were held. A dozen of experts and scholars from home and abroad conducted research and discussions on the heritage site mainly through field trips and academic seminars.

2015年7月及2018年7月，分別舉辦兩屆釣魚城國際學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議，來自國內(nèi)外的數(shù)十名專家學(xué)者通過實(shí)地考察、學(xué)術(shù)大會(huì)等方式對釣魚城遺址進(jìn)行了研究探討。

In February 2016， the Measures for the Protection of the Chongqing Diaoyu Fortress Heritage Site were promulgated. The Diaoyu Fortress nomination file and the protection plan of the Diaoyu Fortress Heritage Site were completed， which refined the Diaoyu Castle site in accordance with the international context to meet three of the six selection criteria of outstanding universal value of world cultural heritage， which are criteria iii， iv， and vi.

2016年2月，頒布《重慶釣魚城遺址保護(hù)辦法》。完成釣魚城遺址申遺文本、釣魚城遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃，按照國際語境提煉出釣魚城遺址符合世界文化遺產(chǎn)突出普遍價(jià)值6條評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的3條，分別是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)iii、iv、vi。

In March 2019， the archaeological excavation project of the ancient administrative offices （“yashu”） in Fanjiayan Complex of the Diaoyu Fortress site was awarded as one of the “National Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries of 2018”.

2019年3月，釣魚城范家堰衙署遺址考古發(fā)掘項(xiàng)目榮獲“2018年度全國十大考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)”。

In November 2020， the Diaoyu Fotress World Cultural Heritage Nomination Book Series was published.

2020年11月，《釣魚城遺址申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)系列叢書》出版。

In October 2021， it was listed as a key cultivation project for world cultural heritage nomination in the 14th Five-Year Plan for National-Level Cultual Heritages， and was selected for the Special Plan of the National Major Heritage Site Protection and Utilization 14th Five-Year Plan.

2021年10月，釣魚城遺址被列為國家文物事業(yè)“十四五”規(guī)劃申遺重點(diǎn)培育項(xiàng)目，并入選國家大遺址保護(hù)利用“十四五”專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃。

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