三步智取七選五

蒙杏菊

英語考試題型中的七選五與閱讀理解不同，它不僅考查考生對文章內(nèi)容的理解，更考查了考生對文章結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。面對這樣的考查要求，許多學(xué)生做七選五既費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，得分率又不高。對此，本人結(jié)合七選五命題特點(diǎn)和在教學(xué)中的實(shí)際情況，總結(jié)出“三步”解題方法，以期幫助學(xué)生提高得分率。

一、“讀”

做七選五時(shí)不僅要讀懂文章的大意，還要理清文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。首先，我們要重視文章中的大小標(biāo)題。大標(biāo)題往往概括了文章的主旨，小標(biāo)題往往歸納了段落的大意。文章的大小標(biāo)題能幫助我們快速地理解文章的大意和理清文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。從近幾年的高考試題來看，七選五以說明文為主，大部分屬于“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)或“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)。其次，我們要重視各段落的主題句（一般位于段首或段末）。即使部分文章沒有大小標(biāo)題，我們也可以通過讀文段中的主題句，理解文章的大意和結(jié)構(gòu)，幫助我們進(jìn)行解題。

[例1]（2022 全國II卷）第36小題

Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. However， the process can be made easier if you learn to practice three simple techniques.

? ? 36? ? ?When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay， put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper. Stay loose and free. ......

The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect.....

The third technique is to try printing out a triple-spaced （三倍行距）copy to allow space for revision......

A. Make sure your handwriting is neat.

B. Let your pen follow the waves of thought.

C. The second draft of the essay should be better.

D. First of all， learn the technique of nonstop writing.

E. Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.

F. Many beginning writers dont leave enough space to revise.

G. Then you can print out a fresh draft， again setting your text on triple-space.

解析：這是一篇講述寫文章技巧的說明文，典型的“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)，36題設(shè)空處在第二段的段首，屬于本段的主題句，與第三、第四段是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)第三、四段的主題句“The next technique is to write...”“The third technique is to try...”，可以在選項(xiàng)中快速定位選項(xiàng)D“First of all， ...”。再根據(jù)設(shè)空后的“When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay， put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper.”可知，本段主要講的是要學(xué)會不間斷地寫，選項(xiàng)D正概括了本段的主要內(nèi)容，故選D。

二、“尋”

理解了文章大意和結(jié)構(gòu)后，不妨在設(shè)空附近的句子中尋找線索（Clue）。線索主要包括復(fù)現(xiàn)詞匯、代詞、表邏輯關(guān)系的連詞、句式、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號等。

1.“尋”復(fù)現(xiàn)或同現(xiàn)詞語

詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)包括原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞或近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同源詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。詞語同現(xiàn)是指語義相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在某一段落或同一語篇中，形成以某一話題為中心的詞匯鏈。在閱讀文章時(shí)，考生一定要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注設(shè)空前后兩個(gè)句子，尋找關(guān)鍵詞——復(fù)現(xiàn)或同現(xiàn)的詞語。正確選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞往往會重復(fù)設(shè)空前一句或后一句的關(guān)鍵詞，以確保文章前后的銜接。

[例2]（2022 全國I卷）第39小題

My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do， how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session， and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities， and provided her phone number.? ? ?39? ??

A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.

B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.

C. Youll work harder if you train with someone else.

D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport？

E. How can you write a good“seeking training partner” notice？

F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

解析：在閱讀這段文字時(shí)，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)第一句和第二句話中都出現(xiàn)了“notice”這一關(guān)鍵詞，利用原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，可快速地定位選項(xiàng)G，再根據(jù)設(shè)空前一句“It also listed her favorite sports and activities， and provided her phone number.” 從上文可知it指代上文提到的notice。（公告中還列出了她最喜歡的運(yùn)動和活動，并提供了她的電話號碼。） 本段作者以自己的鍛煉伙伴為例，陳述在尋找鍛煉伙伴的公告中要包括的信息。選項(xiàng)G符合上文的語境，故選G。

2.“尋”代詞

代詞的作用主要是指代前面提及的內(nèi)容，在解題時(shí)一定要注意空前空后以及選項(xiàng)中的代詞，并確定其指代的內(nèi)容，這能幫助我們快速解題。此外，代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)也可以幫助考生巧妙地找到答案。常見的代詞有it， they， them， one， ones， that， this， these， those等。

[例3]（2022 全國I卷）第38小題

You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media， but it probably wont result in a useful response. ? ?38? ? ?If you plan on working out in a gym， that person must belong to the same gym.

A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.

B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.

C. Youll work harder if you train with someone else.

D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport？

E. How can you write a good“seeking training partner” notice？

F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

解析：在38題的后一句中有“that person”（那個(gè)人）一詞，代詞that暗示了在38題的答案中必然有that person指代的內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)中能指代that person的有選項(xiàng)B中的“a workout partner”，選項(xiàng)C中的“someone else”，選項(xiàng)D中的“a better athlete”，選項(xiàng)G中的“a training partner”，然后再根據(jù)前后兩句的句意，只有選項(xiàng)B“A workout partner usually needs to live close by.”（鍛煉伙伴通常需要住在附近。）符合尋找鍛煉伙伴的要求——具有便利性的特點(diǎn)，故選B。

3.“尋”表邏輯關(guān)系的銜接詞

閱讀設(shè)空前后內(nèi)容，尋找其內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，這往往會有一些表轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進(jìn)、因果、對比等關(guān)系的過渡銜接詞或并列連詞。如表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的銜接詞：however， though， yet， otherwise， instead， nevertheless等;表并列關(guān)系的銜接詞：next， then， not only...but also...， first， second， firstly， secondly等;表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的銜接詞：also， even， in addition， whats more， besides， additionally， furthermore， moreover等;表因果關(guān)系的銜接詞：so， therefore， thus， as a result， consequently等;表對比關(guān)系的銜接詞：on the contrary， by comparison， by contrast等。

[例4]（2022 全國II卷）第38小題

The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect.? ? ?38? ? ?Yet， by learning to live with imperfection， you will save yourself headaches and a wastepaper basket full of crumpled（弄皺）paper.

A. Make sure your handwriting is neat.

B. Let your pen follow the waves of thought.

C. The second draft of the essay should be better.

D. First of all， learn the technique of nonstop writing.

E. Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.

F. Many beginning writers dont leave enough space to revise.

G. Then you can print out a fresh draft， again setting your text on triple-space.

解析：從38題設(shè)空處后一句“Yet， by learning to live with imperfection...”中yet表轉(zhuǎn)折的銜接詞可知，前后句在邏輯上是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，根據(jù)句意可快速定位在選項(xiàng)E“Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.”，“太多的作家試圖在第一次就把草稿寫好。然而，通過學(xué)習(xí)與不完美共存，你將避免自己的頭痛和一個(gè)裝滿皺巴巴廢紙的廢紙簍。”此外，選項(xiàng)E中“get their drafts”與38題前一句中的“write your draft”相呼應(yīng)，起到承上啟下的作用，符合上下文的邏輯，故選E。

4. “尋”相同/似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)

七選五的體裁大部分都是說明文，往往是采用“總—分”或“總—分—總”的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行闡述，因此，除首段或末段外，其他段落之間很多都是平行關(guān)系，這意味著經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)一些相同或相似結(jié)構(gòu)的句型。如標(biāo)題句經(jīng)常是祈使句或名詞短語的形式，在做有關(guān)標(biāo)題句的題目時(shí)，考生可以多觀察其他標(biāo)題句的結(jié)構(gòu)，然后快速解題。有時(shí)候在某個(gè)段落中也會出現(xiàn)幾個(gè)并列的句子，考生也可以根據(jù)設(shè)空前后句中相同或相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行解題。

此外，考生還需要注意設(shè)空后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，如果設(shè)空的句子后面是逗號，可見正確的選項(xiàng)只是某個(gè)句子中的一部分。這時(shí)考生要注意設(shè)空前或設(shè)空后的部分是否是句子。如果是句子而且沒有連詞，正確的選項(xiàng)通常就是短語或帶連詞的句子;如果是帶有連詞的句子，那么正確的選項(xiàng)就是沒有連詞的句子。

[例5]（2022 全國甲卷）第38小題

Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange， but they are important in various countries.? ? ?40? ? ， the more comfortable youll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.

A. The more friends you make in your lifetime

B. The more time you spend in any given country

C. Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils

D. Dont get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant

E. Its a good sign for the chef if you make a mess around your plate

F. Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them

G. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal

解析：從40題后面的逗號，以及設(shè)空后一句中“the more comfortable”這一關(guān)鍵詞塊可知，此處考查的是“the + 比較級，the + 比較級”的結(jié)構(gòu)，符合這一句型結(jié)構(gòu)的只有選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)B，再根據(jù)下一句的句意“the more comfortable youll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. ”（你就會對它的外國文化習(xí)俗感到越舒服）可知，選項(xiàng)B“The more time you spend in any given country”（你在某個(gè)國家待的時(shí)間越長）更符合上下文的語境，故選B。

[例6]（2021 全國乙卷）第38小題

? ? 38? ? ？If you cant take their wine away， you should certainly try to take away their soapbox（講臺）. If youre the host， you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation.

A. How do you know the host

B. The first step is to go exploring

C. If you ask the question“How did you get here？”

D. Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers

E. Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say

F. What about that person who had too much to drink or wont stop talking

G. He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most

解析：從38題設(shè)空后面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號“？”可知，填進(jìn)去的應(yīng)該是一個(gè)疑問句，符合這一條件的只有選項(xiàng)A和F。選項(xiàng)F“What about the person who has had too much to drink or wont stop talking”（喝太多酒或一直說個(gè)不停的人怎么辦）提出了問題，后文正是對此問題進(jìn)行回答“... you should.... you can....”符合上下文的語境，故選F。

三、“代”

在選出答案后，考生仍需把選項(xiàng)代入空格中，通讀全文，看看選項(xiàng)與上下文是否銜接、連貫，是否符合上下文的邏輯關(guān)系?！按比脒x項(xiàng)是考生檢查選項(xiàng)是否正確的重要一步，考生千萬不要急于完成試題或僅靠尋找一些“關(guān)鍵詞”而忽略了如此重要的一步，畢竟試題中的干擾項(xiàng)往往就是出現(xiàn)了文段中的某些“關(guān)鍵詞”的選項(xiàng)。

[例7]（2022 全國甲卷）第39小題

Making Requests

? ? 39? ? . In Portugal， this would be a serious mistake， because it shows the chef that you dont like their seasoning skills. Similarly， in Italy， never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.

A. The more friends you make in your lifetime

B. The more time you spend in any given country

C. Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils

D. Dont get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant

E. Its a good sign for the chef if you make a mess around your plate

F. Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them

G. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal

解析：39題設(shè)空處的后一句提到“a serious mistake”，部分考生可能會只抓住“mistake”這一關(guān)鍵詞，而忽視了句子間是否銜接，就選了帶有關(guān)鍵詞“mistake”的選項(xiàng)D。然而，若把選項(xiàng)D代入設(shè)空處，理解一下前后兩句的意思，就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩句話是無法銜接起來的，故不能選D。此處，考生應(yīng)該綜合多方面考慮，可根據(jù)小標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞“Requests”，以及設(shè)空處后一句中的代詞“this”，再根據(jù)上下文語境，可知選項(xiàng)G“It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal”（吃飯時(shí)要鹽和胡椒看似很簡單），更符合上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，故選D。

七選五綜合考查了學(xué)生對詞匯、句法、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解，一“讀”二“尋”三“代”的解題方法可幫助考生快速地理解語篇的內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系，提高答題的速度和正確率。

責(zé)任編輯 吳昊雷