羅亞琪
你可能知道颶風(fēng)有時(shí)用人名來稱呼。雖然用人名來稱呼風(fēng)暴似乎很奇怪,但隨著時(shí)間的推移,我們采用了這個(gè)方法。那么,人們?nèi)绾蚊Z風(fēng)?為什么颶風(fēng)會(huì)以人的名字命名呢?
Before we get into the naming process, lets talk a bit about why hurricanesare named at all. Up until the 1950s, hurricanes were 1)tracked by year andorder, which turned out to be rather confusing when there was more than onestorm occurring at once. Specifically, because it was hard to 2)identify one stormfrom another, broadcast information was often hard to understand and left peopleconfused or concerned with information about a storm that may not even affectthem.
At first, hurricanes were named according to the phonetic alphabet, startingwith A each year. The names would follow Able, Baker, Charlie, and so on. Thismeans the first-named hurricane was Able!
The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have begun withClement Wragge, an Australian 3)meteorologist who in the 1890s entertainedhimself by naming storms after women, 4)mythical 5)figures, and politiciansthat he didnt like. The modern system of using personalnames developed during World War II, whenmeteorologists began using womens names—often those of wives or girlfriends. Short and quickly understood, names were easier to 6)transmit over the radio and easier to keepstraight if there was more than one storm in a given area. The system was formalizedin 1953 when the American National Weather Service put together analphabetical list of female names to be used for storms in the Atlantic basin.Male names were added to the list in 1979.
So now that weve got some history, how do they actually name the hurricanes?
A special committee of the World Meteorological Organization developslists of names to be used for hurricane. The name must be easily understoodand short. Additionally, they must be culturally sensitive as they will be spokenin several different languages. For the Atlantic basin there are six alphabeticallists of 21 names each, and the lists 7)cycle yearly. So it is very likely, forexample, that many of the names on the 2018 list, will recur in 2024. For theWestern Pacific/South China Sea basin, where there are a wider variety of languagesspoken, names on the lists are contributed by countries in the region.If a hurricane or typhoon is especially destructive, that name is retired from thelist, such as Katrina (2005), Sandy (2012), Haiyan (2013), Meranti (2016), Harvey(2017), and Michael (2018).
Despite the fact that using human names might seem comical, the use ofthese names helps to keep people protected and informed. When it comes tospreading information, it is vital that the information is 8)accurate, easily under-stood, and efficient in order to keep the public informed. The hurricane naming process is a great example of this distribution of information.
在談?wù)撁^程之前,讓我們先談?wù)劄槭裁匆Z風(fēng)。直到20 世紀(jì)50 年代,颶風(fēng)都是按年份和順序進(jìn)行排列的,當(dāng)不止一場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),情況就變得相當(dāng)混亂。具體來說,由于很難將一場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴與另一場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴區(qū)分開來,廣播信息也難以理解,人們會(huì)對(duì)可能不會(huì)影響他們的風(fēng)暴消息感到困惑和擔(dān)心。
起初,颶風(fēng)是根據(jù)語音字母命名的,每年以A 開頭。名字順著埃布爾(Able)、拜克(Baker)、查理(Charlie)往后排。這意味著第一個(gè)得到命名的颶風(fēng)被稱為埃布爾!
澳大利亞氣象學(xué)家克萊門特·瓦格可能是第一個(gè)用人名給風(fēng)暴命名的人。在19 世紀(jì)90 年代,他自娛自樂,以他不喜歡的女性、神話人物和政治家的名字來命名風(fēng)暴。在二戰(zhàn)期間,使用人名的現(xiàn)代命名系統(tǒng)發(fā)展起來了。當(dāng)時(shí),氣象學(xué)家開始使用女性的名字,通常是妻子或女朋友的名字。簡短易懂的名稱,更容易通過廣播傳播出去,在面對(duì)特定區(qū)域內(nèi)不止一場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴時(shí),也能更容易保持準(zhǔn)確性。該命名系統(tǒng)于1953 年正式成立,當(dāng)時(shí)美國國家氣象局整理了一份按字母順序排列的女性姓名列表,用于給大西洋盆地的風(fēng)暴命名。1979 年,命名列表中開始添加男性名字。
既然我們已經(jīng)了解了一些歷史,那么實(shí)際上颶風(fēng)是如何命名的呢?
世界氣象組織的一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)制定了颶風(fēng)名稱列表。首先,這些名稱必須易于理解且簡短。此外,因?yàn)闀?huì)被多種不同語言傳播出去,此類命名還要具備文化敏感性。大西洋盆地有六個(gè)按字母順序排列的命名列表,每個(gè)列表有21 個(gè)名稱,并且列表每年循環(huán)一次。因此2018 年颶風(fēng)名單上的許多名字,很可能會(huì)在2024年再次出現(xiàn)。對(duì)于使用多種語言的西太平洋和南海盆地,命名名單上的名字則由該地區(qū)的國家提供。如果颶風(fēng)或臺(tái)風(fēng)特別具有破壞性,則該名稱將從列表中刪除,如卡特里娜(2005年)、桑迪(2012年)、海燕(2013年)、梅蘭蒂(2016年)、哈維(2017年)和邁克爾(2018年)。
盡管使用人名命名颶風(fēng)可能看起來很滑稽,但使用這些名字有助于保護(hù)人們并讓人們了解情況。在信息的傳播過程中,為了讓公眾了解情況,信息的準(zhǔn)確度、通俗易懂和有效性至關(guān)重要。颶風(fēng)的命名過程,就是信息傳播方面一個(gè)很好的例子。