• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Open science:The science paradigm of the new era

    2022-04-27 01:30:36KeGong
    科學(xué)文化(英文) 2022年1期
    關(guān)鍵詞:孵化器歷程階段

    Ke Gong

    Nankai University,China

    1.Background of the open science movement

    Science is characterized by the demand for open communication within a community.In the early days,members of the scientific community exchanged their academic results through correspondence,and they later established academic organizations to organize academic conferences,and to publish academic journals to strengthen communication.It is shown that there is an inherent need of scientific community to seek improvement through exchanges.At present,academic journals have become an important channel for the academic community to conduct academic exchanges internally and externally,and communication and mutual learning are intrinsic needs.

    The informatization of global society that started in the 1990s has unlocked the demand for scientific development and created unprecedented conditions for the open exchange of scientific research.Science and technology,as the primary productive force,has penetrated into our lives and production,resulting in an unprecedented public interest in the outcomes and applications of scientific and technological innovation.In the past few decades,such public interest has gained much traction.For example,the discussion of issues such as genetic modification,climate change and ‘carbon peaking and neutralization’ target is no longer confined to the scientific community and a small circle of scientific sponsors but has become a topic of extensive public interest.Against such a background,a new concept — ‘post-normal science’ —appeared in the 1990s.

    Normal science refers to science in which scientific issues are discussed by scientists within the scientific community.Post-normal science gives the concept a wider scope.After entering the public domain,scientific issues have become public science or open science,and the earlier concept of the ‘science of science’ has also evolved into the concept of public science policy.As part of public policies,public science policy represents the aspirations of the general public.The most distinctive feature of the ongoing open science movement is open data,because,with the development of the internet and the creation of big data,people have increasingly realized that data plays a very important role in our lives and production,and is in a sense a new economic factor.Based on that fact,open data has served as the starting point of the current round of open science promotion.

    Internationally,developed countries,especially European countries,have acknowledged the trend of open science since the beginning of this century.They have attached great importance to its development model and the composition of a country’s discourse in this development process.Governments have taken the lead in promoting its development and played a dominant role in this round of open data and the open science movement.Table 1 shows some of the documents issued by different countries or regions to promote open science since the beginning of the 21st century,dealing with not only the promotion of open data,but also rule-making and governance in the opening process.Unfortunately,China has not yet published dedicated document on this subject.

    Table 1.Documents on open science published since 2000.

    Table 1.Continued

    2.UNESCO’s effort to promote open science

    UNESCO has gone through the following stages in promoting open science.In November 2019,a proposal was made at the 40th session of UNESCO’s General Conference to draft a UNESCO recommendation on open science,which was adopted by the conference.After the adoption of the proposal,UNESCO launched an online campaign to call for proposals on open science from all member states and collected the policies of international governmental and nongovernmental organizations.The wide-ranging consultation gathered more than 3000 proposals from 133 member states.After the completion of the first draft in March 2020,UNESCO organized a series of committees of technical experts,legal experts and policy experts,with the participation of both governmental and non-governmental organizations such as the World Federation of Engineering Organizations and the International Science Council.From March 2020,UNESCO started an extensive consultation process and produced a new draft,which was sent to 139 member states for comments.At the end of 2020,on the basis of the consultation,UNESCO held a series of meetings in the world’s six regions,including the Asia–Pacific,the Arab states,America and Western Europe,to discuss the draft.On the basis of the discussion,the draft was put to rounds of consultation and revision.It was finally adopted by the 41st session of UNESCO’s General Conference.The whole process reflected the principle of open science,as this document on open science was formulated in a thoroughly open way.Inclusiveness,consultation,responsibility and transparency are the most prominent features of the policy-making process.

    The recommendation consists of six main parts:Preamble,Aim and objectives of the recommendation,Definition of open science,Open science core values and guiding principles,Areas of action,and Monitoring.

    Preamble

    There are several important points in the preamble of the recommendation that deserve particular attention.First,it argues that open science is an urgent policy to address the complex global problems facing humanity.Second,science,technology and innovation (STI) have contributed to human progress,and the imperative now is to close the STI gap between countries.Third,access to and enjoyment of the fruits of science is a universal human right,and open science plays a crucial role in realizing that human right.Fourth,open science has the potential to promote the democratization of knowledge and reduce the imbalance in STI development within and between countries.Finally,we need to respect cultural diversity and the plurality of knowledge holders and sources,which in this case includes indigenous knowledge and citizen science.Open science respects the cultures and legal policies of all countries and makes policy recommendations within the international framework.

    Aim and objectives

    The purpose and goal of the recommendation is to provide an international framework for the policy and practice of open science.First,to recognize disciplinary and regional differences in perceptions of open science;second,to consider the factors of academic freedom,the specific ways to promote reform in gender equality,and the practical challenges faced by scientists and other open science actors in different countries,especially developing countries;and finally,open science can bridge the digital,technological and knowledge divides that exist between and within countries.

    Definition of open science

    Open science is defined as an inclusive construct that combines various movements and practices aiming to:

    Z公司孵化器業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展歷程可歸納為兩個階段。第一個階段為2004年至2013年的起步階段;第二個階段為2014年至今的快速發(fā)展階段。

    It is important to emphasize here that access to scientific knowledge should be as open as possible and that any restrictions on access should be proportionate and reasonable.By reasonable,restrictions should be imposed only for reasons of protecting human rights,national security,confidentiality,privacy and respect for the people who are the subject of the research,legal process and public order,protection of intellectual property and personal information,protection of sacred and secret indigenous knowledge,and protection of rare,threatened or endangered species.

    The concept of open science has evolved during the course of drafting the recommendation.It was suggested to consist of nine aspects:open access,open data,open reproducible research,open science definition,open science evaluation,open science guidelines,open science policies,open science projects and open science tools (Figure 1).

    Figure 1.Open science taxonomy (revised based on Bezjak et al.,2018).

    Finally,it is agreed to comprise five elements of open science:first,open scientific knowledge,including open scientific publications,open research data,open educational resources,open source software and source code,and open hardware;second,open scientific infrastructure;third,open participation of social actors;fourth,open research programmes in which the public sector plays a leading role and the private sector provides funding;and fifth,open dialogue with other knowledge systems.

    Core values and guiding principles

    The core values of open science include quality and integrity,equity and fairness,collective benefit,and diversity and inclusiveness.The guiding principles are:1)transparency,scrutiny,critique and reproducibility;2)equality of opportunities;3)responsibility,respect and accountability;4) collaboration,participation and inclusion;5) flexibility;6) sustainability(UNESCO,2021).These principles serve as important guidelines for the further promotion of open science in the future,such as the establishment of international rules and standards for open source.

    Areas of action

    1.Promoting a common understanding of open science,associated benefits and challenges,as well as diverse paths to open science

    2.Developing an enabling policy environment for open science

    3.Investing in open science infrastructures and services

    4.Investing in human resources,education,digital literacy and capacity building for open science

    5.Fostering a culture of open science and aligning incentives for open science

    6.Promoting innovative approaches for open science at different stages of the scientific process

    7.Promoting international and multistakeholder cooperation in the context of open science and with a view to reducing digital,technological and knowledge gaps(UNESCO,2021).

    Monitoring

    The recommendation proposes deploying appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of open science policies and incentives against defined objectives;collecting and disseminating progress,good practice,innovation and research reports on open science and its implications with a multi-stakeholder approach;and developing a monitoring framework with qualitative and quantitative indicators,within national strategic plans and shared at the international level,with objectives and actions in the short,medium and long term for the implementation of the recommendation.In the meantime,the recommendation calls for the adoption of strategies to monitor the effectiveness and long-term efficiency of open science,which include a multi-stakeholder participatory approach.Such strategies could focus on strengthening the connections between science,policy and society and increasing transparency and accountability for research (UNESCO,2021).

    3.Observations and suggestions

    Some people trace the spirit of open science back to the Renaissance in the 17th century,when science gradually spread from aristocratic circles into the people and knowledge became a public good through open science.At present,open science is the call of the times and an inevitable policy choice.My understanding of the motivation of open science includes the following four points.

    First,inevitability.Open science is an intrinsic need of science,not imposed from the outside.Second,relevance to the present times.Open science is the need of the society.While science needs to enter society,the public also needs to understand science.Third,morality.Open science is a basic human need and a basic human right.From the perspective of international human rights as well as values and beliefs,access to scientific research and its applications is a basic human right,and openness is a fundamental value of the scientific and technological community.The ‘Joint appeal for open science’ issued by UNESCO,the World Health Organization and the United Nations Human Rights Council calls on ‘every Member State to ensure the fundamental right to access scientific research and its applications,with a view to creating a global knowledge commons and closing existing gaps in science,technology and innovation,especially in developing countries and with respect to women’ (UNESCO,2020).Fourth,urgency.Open science is needed for promoting sustainable development and addressing pressing issues.Viewed in the context of global sustainable development,open science can help unite the world’s efforts to tackle global challenges,such as climate change,public health,the environment restoration and water resources,through international,interdisciplinary and cross-sector cooperation.

    As an important actor,China needs to be more proactive.The best way to avoid following in others’footsteps is to keep the initiative in hand.The founding mission of the Communist Party of China was to secure human rights and democracy for its people.Human rights today are no longer just about having enough food,clothing and shelter.As the primary productive force,science and technology has propelled human society to a point where universal human rights have evolved to include the ability to understand knowledge and use technologies.In becoming an innovation power,China must be able to develop a stronger awareness about this.

    Having learned about the motivation of open science,the second question we must think about is how to understand the open science movement.In my view,open science can be understood as a new paradigm for scientific innovation.From the perspective of the academic community,it is a paradigm shift from normal science to post-normal science.Whereas in the past we emphasized that issues must be discussed within their discipline,now we not only have to cross disciplinary boundaries,but even go beyond the conventional scope of the academic community and communicate with the public as equals.In the past,the work of science popularization was to tell the public and let people accept the results of science.Now the public wants to participate in the verification of scientific results,which raises the requirement for scientific literacy and rational scepticism on the part of the public.For the government,it used to deal mainly with the scientific community and scientific research institutions in conducting science and technology management.However,in the context of open science,the government needs to face all stakeholders involved in the scientific process.

    Based on such changes,the Chinese Government has proposed to deepen the reform of the scientific research system.Open science provides a very important opportunity for China to integrate into the global scientific and technological innovation system from a new starting point.Then,in addition to deepening the reform of the scientific research system,what else can we do to strengthen and improve open science? First,foster a culture of honesty and rigour,freedom and relaxation,openness and cooperation,self-discipline and responsibility;second,build an incentive mechanism that respects pioneering and bold experimentation;third,deepen reforms and establish a reasonable evaluation system and trust mechanism;fourth,make use of diversified and well-designed standards and tools;fifth,encourage the media and science and technology workers to participate in science popularization,focusing on areas of public interest;and finally,take an active part in the international open science process to increase China’s influence through greater participation.

    First,China should take pragmatic initiatives to promote open science.In this endeavour,nongovernmental organizations such as the China Association for Science and Technology can play an active role.To achieve this goal,we should adopt a problem-oriented approach.We need to know the things we lack in terms of scientific atmosphere and culture,evaluation of and public trust in science,scientific standards and tools,science popularization in the media,and participation and influence in the international community.Based on that knowledge,we must do something to improve the situation.We need to put the open science concept into action,with specific initiatives on the ground.

    Second,in the international arena,China needs to look at the big picture but start with small things.Looking at the big picture means always bearing in mind the sustainable development goals,and properly managing international conflicts in the current geopolitical context.Starting with small things means to begin our work with open data.On open data,people always say that a big pool of data is China’s strength,but to use it well is easier said than done.To put big data resources to good use and break the barriers is not an easy task.Considering China’s plan and ambition for science,we must be determined to do our work well.

    I suggest an idea called‘FAIR+PS’.FAIR is the open data principle championed by the International Council for Science.F stands for findable,A foravailable,I forinteroperableand R forreasonable.Together,they make the word FAIR,and that is why the council is promoting this principle.And then two more letters,P and S,are suggested to add.P stands forprivacy,and S forsecurity.I think the Chinese scientific community could start working on scientific data and make it an important tool for promoting sustainable development in the country’s rapid progress.

    Declaration of conflicting interests

    The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research,authorship and/or publication of this article.

    Funding

    The author received no financial support for the research,authorship and/or publication of this article.

    猜你喜歡
    孵化器歷程階段
    百年大黨壯闊歷程
    黨員文摘(2022年14期)2022-08-06 07:19:22
    百年大黨 壯闊歷程
    黨員文摘(2022年7期)2022-04-28 08:57:58
    關(guān)于基礎(chǔ)教育階段實驗教學(xué)的幾點看法
    百年大黨 壯闊歷程
    黨員文摘(2022年1期)2022-02-14 06:09:00
    百年大黨壯闊歷程 《百色起義》
    黨員文摘(2022年3期)2022-02-12 10:38:14
    在學(xué)前教育階段,提前搶跑,只能跑得快一時,卻跑不快一生。
    莫愁(2019年36期)2019-11-13 20:26:16
    孵化器 倒閉潮來了?
    華東科技(2016年5期)2016-03-15 11:50:16
    大熱的O2O三個階段,你在哪?
    營銷界(2015年22期)2015-02-28 22:05:18
    兩岸婚戀邁入全新階段
    海峽姐妹(2015年6期)2015-02-27 15:11:19
    硅谷孵化器500 Startups聽課記
    久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 熟女电影av网| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| av视频在线观看入口| 操出白浆在线播放| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 波野结衣二区三区在线 | 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 一级黄色大片毛片| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 欧美大码av| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 亚洲av熟女| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区 | 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 国产成人系列免费观看| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 色在线成人网| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片 | 国内精品久久久久精免费| 手机成人av网站| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看 | 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 波野结衣二区三区在线 | 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 国产99白浆流出| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 国产高清videossex| 国产黄片美女视频| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 久久久久九九精品影院| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| av中文乱码字幕在线| 琪琪午夜伦伦电影理论片6080| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 国产色婷婷99| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 在线观看日韩欧美| 在线播放无遮挡| av天堂在线播放| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| svipshipincom国产片| 欧美日韩国产亚洲二区| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 国产精品女同一区二区软件 | 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 1000部很黄的大片| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 日韩有码中文字幕| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区| 长腿黑丝高跟| 很黄的视频免费| 国产亚洲精品av在线| 国产乱人视频| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站 | 国内久久婷婷六月综合欲色啪| 国产亚洲精品一区二区www| 国产一区二区三区视频了| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 91字幕亚洲| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 99热6这里只有精品| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 国产高清videossex| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 久99久视频精品免费| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| av中文乱码字幕在线| 免费观看人在逋| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 久久香蕉国产精品| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 欧美日韩国产亚洲二区| 免费av毛片视频| 日韩欧美精品免费久久 | 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 国产精品一及| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 免费看光身美女| 国产不卡一卡二| 嫩草影院入口| 99热精品在线国产| 亚洲国产精品999在线| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 九色成人免费人妻av| 午夜激情欧美在线| 少妇高潮的动态图| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 在线看三级毛片| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 午夜福利欧美成人| 欧美黑人巨大hd| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 精品国产三级普通话版| a在线观看视频网站| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 天天躁日日操中文字幕| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 免费看a级黄色片| 岛国在线免费视频观看| 观看免费一级毛片| 嫩草影视91久久| 日本免费a在线| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 1000部很黄的大片| 亚洲无线在线观看| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 九九热线精品视视频播放| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 岛国在线观看网站| 久久久久久久久大av| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 日本熟妇午夜| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 日韩有码中文字幕| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 十八禁网站免费在线| 国产视频内射| 久久国产精品影院| 亚洲内射少妇av| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看 | 一进一出抽搐动态| 白带黄色成豆腐渣| 少妇的逼好多水| e午夜精品久久久久久久| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 国产色婷婷99| 搡老岳熟女国产| 日韩高清综合在线| 内射极品少妇av片p| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 久久九九热精品免费| 在线播放无遮挡| 国产免费av片在线观看野外av| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看 | 性欧美人与动物交配| 黄色成人免费大全| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 在线看三级毛片| 成人欧美大片| 婷婷亚洲欧美| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 1000部很黄的大片| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 亚洲在线观看片| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 日韩欧美三级三区| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 色综合婷婷激情| 国产三级中文精品| 香蕉av资源在线| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 国产精品影院久久| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 亚洲在线观看片| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 岛国视频午夜一区免费看| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 黄色丝袜av网址大全| 欧美日韩精品网址| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区 | 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 久久久色成人| 白带黄色成豆腐渣| 极品教师在线免费播放| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 美女免费视频网站| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看 | 亚洲人成网站在线播| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 怎么达到女性高潮| 欧美bdsm另类| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 午夜免费观看网址| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费| 中国美女看黄片| 中文资源天堂在线| 久久香蕉国产精品| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 女警被强在线播放| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站 | 国产免费男女视频| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 精品人妻1区二区| 国产成人影院久久av| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 天堂√8在线中文| 色av中文字幕| av中文乱码字幕在线| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 一本综合久久免费| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 国产日本99.免费观看| 国产99白浆流出| 欧美zozozo另类| 成人精品一区二区免费| 88av欧美| 高清在线国产一区| 日韩成人在线观看一区二区三区| 在线观看日韩欧美| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 精品久久久久久成人av| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 黄色日韩在线| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月 | 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 9191精品国产免费久久| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 在线免费观看的www视频| 精品日产1卡2卡| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 一本久久中文字幕| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 国产精品1区2区在线观看.| or卡值多少钱| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 久久人妻av系列| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 在线a可以看的网站| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 久久精品影院6| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 91av网一区二区| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 亚洲无线在线观看| 国产精品野战在线观看| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 在线免费观看的www视频| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 在线视频色国产色| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 国产成人aa在线观看| 午夜两性在线视频| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 久久香蕉精品热| 久久亚洲真实| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 欧美成人a在线观看| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 看免费av毛片| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 男女那种视频在线观看| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 九色国产91popny在线| 午夜免费观看网址| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 亚洲片人在线观看| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 国产成人系列免费观看| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 午夜福利欧美成人| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 草草在线视频免费看| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 91av网一区二区| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 夜夜爽天天搞| 白带黄色成豆腐渣| 日韩欧美精品免费久久 | 久久精品国产自在天天线| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 午夜福利18| 久久久久性生活片| 最好的美女福利视频网| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| av中文乱码字幕在线| 中文字幕精品亚洲无线码一区| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 最近在线观看免费完整版| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 久久久久九九精品影院| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在 | 午夜精品在线福利| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费| 桃红色精品国产亚洲av| 久久精品91蜜桃| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 全区人妻精品视频| 禁无遮挡网站| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 热99re8久久精品国产| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 又爽又黄无遮挡网站| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 老司机福利观看| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 黄片小视频在线播放| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 18+在线观看网站| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 成人欧美大片| 乱人视频在线观看| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 久久香蕉精品热| 毛片女人毛片| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 国产成人欧美在线观看| 精品国产三级普通话版| 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 成人无遮挡网站| 亚洲 欧美 日韩 在线 免费| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 嫩草影视91久久| 国产成人欧美在线观看| 久久这里只有精品中国| xxx96com| 色综合站精品国产| 香蕉久久夜色| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 在线观看66精品国产| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 中文字幕人成人乱码亚洲影| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 十八禁网站免费在线| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 亚洲国产色片| 日本与韩国留学比较| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 宅男免费午夜| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 欧美bdsm另类| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 高潮久久久久久久久久久不卡| 有码 亚洲区| 香蕉久久夜色| 日韩欧美精品免费久久 | 床上黄色一级片| 国产亚洲精品av在线| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 国产免费男女视频| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 久久久久久人人人人人| 99久国产av精品| 99久久精品热视频| 日本一本二区三区精品| 天天添夜夜摸| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡| 1024手机看黄色片| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 国产av不卡久久| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 色播亚洲综合网| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 一级黄片播放器| 成人三级黄色视频| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| 舔av片在线| 国产黄片美女视频| 女警被强在线播放| 欧美bdsm另类| av专区在线播放| 香蕉丝袜av| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 国产三级在线视频| 国内久久婷婷六月综合欲色啪| 国产三级黄色录像| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| 禁无遮挡网站| 日韩欧美精品v在线| 成人18禁在线播放| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 亚洲色图av天堂| 午夜精品在线福利| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆| 在线播放国产精品三级| 综合色av麻豆| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 在线观看日韩欧美| 精品国产三级普通话版| av专区在线播放| 亚洲av熟女| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 无限看片的www在线观看| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 男人舔奶头视频| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 有码 亚洲区| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 毛片女人毛片| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 成人精品一区二区免费| 国产精品 国内视频| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 99热这里只有精品一区| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 一区福利在线观看| 看片在线看免费视频| 欧美黑人巨大hd| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| a级毛片a级免费在线| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 热99re8久久精品国产| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 不卡一级毛片| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 亚洲av成人av| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 丁香六月欧美| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 脱女人内裤的视频| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 一本精品99久久精品77| 免费观看人在逋| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 精品久久久久久成人av| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 有码 亚洲区| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 国产精品久久久久久久电影 | 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 国产成人影院久久av| 亚洲国产精品999在线| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 国产成人影院久久av| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 午夜视频国产福利| 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 午夜福利欧美成人| 9191精品国产免费久久| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 草草在线视频免费看| 国产午夜精品论理片| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 18禁国产床啪视频网站|