七選五閱讀備考策略

胡金瑩

一、命題解讀

七選五閱讀題型要求考生在一篇留有5個(gè)空白、約300詞的短文中，根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，從所給的7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并填入相應(yīng)的空白處，使補(bǔ)全后的短文意思通順、前后連貫。這種題型突出考查考生對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容以及上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解和掌握能力，屬于對(duì)語(yǔ)言使用范疇及語(yǔ)言組織規(guī)律的考查，即對(duì)文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查。試題的選項(xiàng)可分為主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、過(guò)渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）和注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）三類(lèi)。多余的兩個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)也往往從這三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行設(shè)置，例如主旨概括句過(guò)于寬泛、以偏概全或偏離主題，過(guò)渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)，等等。

近三年全國(guó)卷高考七選五閱讀命題分析如下：

值得注意的是，2019～2021年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷七選五閱讀題在語(yǔ)篇類(lèi)型、主題語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)篇長(zhǎng)度等方面延續(xù)了以往的命題特征，但是其文本結(jié)構(gòu)、考查方式和整體難度在悄然發(fā)生變化，有一定的創(chuàng)新度，體現(xiàn)了高考試題命題“穩(wěn)中有變”的特點(diǎn)?？傮w而言，2019～2021年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷七選五閱讀題有以下一些規(guī)律：

1. 文本類(lèi)型依然以說(shuō)明文為主，偶爾穿插記敘文。

2. 命題以主題語(yǔ)境“人與自我”“人與社會(huì)”為主要考查方向，所涉及的內(nèi)容源于生活，又略高于生活。如2020年全國(guó)甲卷的七選五閱讀，考查了表情符號(hào)這個(gè)話題，考生普遍反映試題有難度，無(wú)法理解文章含義。

3. 盡管語(yǔ)篇段落、文本結(jié)構(gòu)和文章長(zhǎng)度相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，但是文本復(fù)雜程度在逐年遞增，語(yǔ)篇的顯性結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容也在減少。文本的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)從初期較為簡(jiǎn)單的“總—分”式或“總—分—總”式漸漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡[性的、邏輯關(guān)系不太明顯的遞進(jìn)式關(guān)系。

4. 把對(duì)句間關(guān)系（如轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、解釋說(shuō)明）的考查與對(duì)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的考查相結(jié)合，要求考生增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)篇理解的能力。

5. 試題整體考查要求不變，但是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)對(duì)正確選項(xiàng)的干擾性增強(qiáng)，使得試題難度變大。

二、解題策略

（一）根據(jù)設(shè)空位置判斷

考點(diǎn)1：設(shè)空在段首

1. 段落主題句

若是針對(duì)段落小標(biāo)題設(shè)空，其呈現(xiàn)形式應(yīng)和其他小標(biāo)題相同，選項(xiàng)應(yīng)短小精悍，多為名詞詞組、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或祈使句。假如空白處出現(xiàn)在段首，正確選項(xiàng)要么與段落標(biāo)題相關(guān)聯(lián)，要么是段落主題句。

考生可以認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。另外，考生應(yīng)著重閱讀設(shè)空后的第一、二句，鎖定線索及信號(hào)詞，然后在選項(xiàng)中查找相關(guān)詞匯。通常正確答案與設(shè)空處后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句間會(huì)有某種銜接手段。

【典例鏈接】（2020·全國(guó)乙卷）? ?37? ? Do not follow the people who make you feel not good enough. Why do you follow them？ Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs？ Know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world.

E. Set an intention for self acceptance.

F. Stop comparing yourself with others.

G. When does the comparison game start？

【點(diǎn)石成金】F 考查段落主題句。第37題設(shè)空在段首，類(lèi)似這樣的選項(xiàng)往往是對(duì)下面整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容的概括和總結(jié)，反映整個(gè)段落的主旨大意。這種設(shè)題往往需要從下面的整段中搜索核心詞匯，找出做題的線索。根據(jù)下文的“Do not follow the people who make you feel not good enough. Why do you follow them？”可知，本段主要講述了不要把自己和別人做比較。根據(jù)下文的核心詞匯follow和the only you可知，F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)“停止把自己和別人進(jìn)行比較”能夠概括本段大意。

2. 過(guò)渡句

當(dāng)非首段的第一句設(shè)空時(shí)，設(shè)空處有可能是承上啟下的過(guò)渡句，這就要求考生瞻前顧后找線索?？忌纫煜ど弦欢蔚膬?nèi)容，尤其是上一段結(jié)尾的內(nèi)容，又要結(jié)合本段內(nèi)容，使所選答案能夠使兩段內(nèi)容無(wú)縫銜接。

【典例鏈接】（2020·全國(guó)丙卷）...Even if there isn't a registry， a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with， like a piece of art or a plant.

38? ? This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn't a lot of food served. There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party. The host or hostess of the party will， however， probably give all the guests a tour of their new home. Sometimes， because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home， people may be asked to help unpack boxes.gzslib202204011200

A. This isn't usual though.

B. It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.

C. You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.

D. If you're lucky enough to receive gifts， keep them in a safe place.

【點(diǎn)石成金】C 本題考查段落之間的過(guò)渡與銜接。前面段落所講的內(nèi)容為帶禮物，禮物可以是藝術(shù)品或綠植。本空承接上文，也應(yīng)與禮物相關(guān)，再根據(jù)設(shè)空處后面的句子“This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn't a lot of food served.”可知，所帶的禮物應(yīng)與食物相關(guān)，故選C。

考點(diǎn)2：設(shè)空在段中

如果設(shè)空處在段中，這通常是從語(yǔ)境和邏輯關(guān)系兩方面來(lái)考查句際關(guān)系?？忌⒁馑x選項(xiàng)要在語(yǔ)境方面能夠與原文無(wú)縫銜接。要學(xué)會(huì)分析一個(gè)段落內(nèi)部的層次，也就是語(yǔ)篇層次。段落之間的發(fā)展靠句與句之間意義的結(jié)合，以及句與句之間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞、邏輯性插入語(yǔ)來(lái)連接。做題時(shí)要特別注意體現(xiàn)時(shí)間、原因、方式、轉(zhuǎn)折等邏輯關(guān)系的語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志詞——關(guān)聯(lián)詞。

【典例鏈接】（2021·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.

36? ? So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth floor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.

D. The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.

E. That's not the only reason the French eat less than we do.

F. Our aim was to see if we could live， in some way， like real Parisians.

G. The food is so delicious that you don't need much of it to make you happy.

【點(diǎn)石成金】F 考查因果關(guān)系。前一句提到，“我”和丈夫在巴黎待了一周，下文“So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth floor apartment the size of a cupboard.（所以“我們”做的第一件事就是租了一個(gè)非常昂貴的公寓，在第六層，只有一個(gè)櫥柜那么大）”是設(shè)空處的結(jié)果，因此設(shè)空處需要填原因，故選F選項(xiàng)“我們的目的是看看我們是否可以在某種程度上像真正的巴黎人那樣生活”。

考點(diǎn)3：設(shè)空在段尾

1. 細(xì)節(jié)句

位置在段尾的細(xì)節(jié)句，常常是對(duì)前文內(nèi)容的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，或者與空前內(nèi)容是并列、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折或因果關(guān)系。

【典例鏈接】（2019·全國(guó)丙卷）Don't share personal information or stories. Professors are not trained nurses， financial aid experts or your best friends. If you are in need of a deadline extension， simply explain the situation to the professor.? ? 39

A. That's what they are for.

B. Turn to an online instructor for help.

C. If more information is needed， they will ask.

D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.

【點(diǎn)石成金】C 考查段尾細(xì)節(jié)句。根據(jù)設(shè)空處前面的內(nèi)容可知，不要過(guò)度分享個(gè)人信息，當(dāng)學(xué)生們需要延期上交作業(yè)時(shí)，只須向教授簡(jiǎn)單地解釋一下情況。C項(xiàng)中的more information與上文中的information為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，符合語(yǔ)境。

2. 過(guò)渡句

當(dāng)設(shè)空在非尾段段末時(shí)，該空白處也有可能是承上啟下的過(guò)渡句。假如所缺的是段落間的過(guò)渡句，考生首先可以關(guān)注表示邏輯關(guān)系的銜接詞，再結(jié)合詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)等原則進(jìn)行答案的選擇。

【典例鏈接】（2017·全國(guó)乙卷）If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping， I would have laughed heartily. Campers， in my eyes， were people who enjoyed insect bites， ill cooked meals， and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me.? ? 36gzslib202204011200

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. The trip they took me on was a rough one. We slept in a tent， cooked over an open fire， and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work， recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

【點(diǎn)石成金】D 本題考查段落過(guò)渡句。根據(jù)設(shè)空處上文“如果三年前有人告訴我，以后我的大部分周末時(shí)間都會(huì)在露營(yíng)，我會(huì)放聲大笑。在我看來(lái)，露營(yíng)者是喜歡被昆蟲(chóng)咬、吃不好吃的飯菜和睡令人不舒服的睡袋的人。這些和我毫不相干”和下一段的“介紹我去露營(yíng)的朋友們認(rèn)為這是一次具有開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的露營(yíng)。這次露營(yíng)比較艱難。我們睡帳篷，在篝火上做飯，走很遠(yuǎn)的路去洗澡和上廁所。這次對(duì)大自然的短暫造訪讓我請(qǐng)了兩天假，要在皮膚嚴(yán)重灼傷后進(jìn)行恢復(fù)，并且還要向醫(yī)生支付治療我兒子食物中毒的賬單”可知，兩段之間有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以要填一個(gè)承上啟下的過(guò)渡句，D項(xiàng)“然而，從那時(shí)起我卻學(xué)到了很多關(guān)于露營(yíng)的知識(shí)”符合語(yǔ)境，故選D。

3. 總結(jié)句

通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，選項(xiàng)會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞，如轉(zhuǎn)折詞，故正確答案中應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞，如therefore、as a result、thus、hence、in short、to sum up、to conclude、in a word等，選項(xiàng)中也可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)前文的同義詞、句。如果在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時(shí)考生可考慮設(shè)空處與下一段開(kāi)頭是否有關(guān)聯(lián)。

【典例鏈接】（2020·全國(guó)乙卷）Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in a journal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness. List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job， earned your degree， and you got out of bed today.? ? 39

A. Feeling upset again？

B. Where do you start？

C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.

D. Remember， you are only human.

【點(diǎn)石成金】C 本題設(shè)空在段尾，故首先看前文。根據(jù)上文的“List all of your accom plishments and achievements. You have a job， earned your degree， and you got out of bed today.”可知，這些小事都是你取得的成就，都值得慶祝。C項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有什么事是太小而不值得慶祝的”，是對(duì)上文的概括總結(jié)，符合語(yǔ)境。

（二）根據(jù)詞匯線索判斷

1. 詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)

詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)是為了保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫(xiě)作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置對(duì)同一概念進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述。詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)不是指詞的簡(jiǎn)單重現(xiàn)，主要是指原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等?？忌衫梦恼碌倪@一特點(diǎn)，在解題時(shí)根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的與正文意思相同、相近或相反的詞迅速確定答案。

（1）派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

派生詞，望文生義，就是由詞根加詞綴構(gòu)成的詞。派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn)就是同一詞根的詞在文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。

【典例鏈接】（2019·全國(guó)乙卷）? ? 40? ? While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin， they also give us beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D— but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working， and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.

C. Being in nature refreshes us.

D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.gzslib202204011200

E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said？

F. Just as importantly， we tend to associate fresh air with health care.

【點(diǎn)石成金】D 本題從兩個(gè)角度分析：下文中的beneficial與D項(xiàng)中的benefit屬于同根詞，屬于派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn);本段介紹了陽(yáng)光的好處。D項(xiàng)中的sunlight與空白處后的sun's rays相呼應(yīng)，符合邏輯通順原則，故選D。

（2）同義詞或近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

英語(yǔ)前言后語(yǔ)之間往往有同義詞、近義詞、近義表達(dá)，甚至相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用，這是我們解題的一個(gè)很好的判斷線索。其實(shí)就其本質(zhì)而言，上文講的代詞和下文將涉及的上下義詞和同一范疇詞都是特殊的同義或近義詞。

【典例鏈接】（2017·全國(guó)丙卷）Rethink mornings. Now that you know why you want to wake up， consider re arranging your morning activities. If you want time to have breakfast with your family， save some time the night before by setting out clothes， shoes， and bags.? ? 38? ? That's a quarter hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.

E. If the steps you take are working， keep it up.

F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake up time， no matter the day.

G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.

【點(diǎn)石成金】G 本題可用兩種方法解答：空白處后一句中的a quarter hour和G項(xiàng)中的15 minutes屬于同一范疇的同義信息，是信息提示詞;本題選項(xiàng)符合邏輯通順原則，根據(jù)空后的“如果你買(mǎi)了一臺(tái)帶有計(jì)時(shí)器的咖啡機(jī)，你就可以多睡一刻鐘”可知，G項(xiàng)“重新考慮你是否要在咖啡館排隊(duì)15分鐘買(mǎi)咖啡”與下文為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，符合語(yǔ)境，邏輯通順，故選G。

（3）反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，顧名思義，就是上下文中有互為相反意義的單詞、短語(yǔ)或者句子。

【典例鏈接】（2020·全國(guó)甲卷）There is also the matter of tone （語(yǔ)氣）. Who hasn't received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day？? ? 39? ?. Emoji can help communication feel friendlier， and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.

A. Messages with emojis feel more conversational

B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly

C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange

【點(diǎn)石成金】B 本題可以從兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行解題：根據(jù)空白處前一句“誰(shuí)沒(méi)有因收到令人煩惱的郵件而感覺(jué)一天都被毀掉了？”，及空白處后的“表情符號(hào)可以讓交流感覺(jué)更友好”可知，此處需要一個(gè)句子來(lái)承上啟下，故要從邏輯上進(jìn)行考慮，B項(xiàng)“即使是一封正式的電子郵件也會(huì)讓人覺(jué)得冷冰冰、不友好”承上啟下，符合語(yǔ)境;根據(jù)空白處后的friendlier和B項(xiàng)中的unfriendly的語(yǔ)義相反可知，空白處后是表情符號(hào)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，空白處是沒(méi)有表情符號(hào)的電子郵件的缺點(diǎn)，故選B。

2. 代詞

英語(yǔ)文章中代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，代詞一般用來(lái)替代前面提到的名詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，指代人物、事件、物品等，從而使得表達(dá)的信息更加簡(jiǎn)潔?？忌梢郧擅畹乩眠@樣的指代關(guān)系或根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)就可以準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。代詞的指代要注意兩種情況：一是選項(xiàng)中的代詞，二是設(shè)空處后面句子中的代詞。

【典例鏈接】（2020·全國(guó)丙卷）Housewarming parties get their name from the fact that a long time ago people would actually bring firewood to a new home as a gift.? ? 40

Now most homes have central heating and don't use fires to keep warm.

A. This isn't usual though.

B. It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.

C. You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.

D. If you're lucky enough to receive gifts， keep them in a safe place.

E. It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.

F. The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.

G. This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.

【點(diǎn)石成金】G 考查代詞。上句介紹了溫居聚會(huì)名稱(chēng)的由來(lái)，根據(jù)bring firewood

to a new home as a gift可知，人們會(huì)帶柴火作為禮物，本空應(yīng)承接上文，說(shuō)明帶柴火的目的和作用：取暖。G項(xiàng)“這樣人們就可以在冬天的時(shí)候讓家里保持溫暖”符合語(yǔ)境。G項(xiàng)中的this指代上一句中提到的bring firewood。

三、備考建議