六盤水民族中學(xué)高中部，貴州，中國(guó)

華南理工大學(xué)，華南理工大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司

六盤水市位于貴州省西部，地貌景觀以山地、丘陵為主，是典型的山多平原少的地區(qū)，氣候溫和，全年氣溫變化幅度小，以陰天居多。

本項(xiàng)目用地面積為245,346m2，總建筑面積159,679.8m2，是一所能容納6000人、120班的省示范高中。學(xué)校用地多為山地、丘陵，地勢(shì)起伏明顯，超過1/2的用地為山地和洼地，作為剛性需求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操場(chǎng)還占用了校園1/5的面積，土地的利用對(duì)本項(xiàng)目提出了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。

基于場(chǎng)地的特殊性，建筑師首先確立了“節(jié)地”的原則，校園整體規(guī)劃順應(yīng)地勢(shì)布局，將地勢(shì)低洼區(qū)域設(shè)計(jì)為景觀水面，地勢(shì)相對(duì)平坦的區(qū)域預(yù)留為運(yùn)動(dòng)用地，建筑依山而建。不僅將建筑龐大的體量消解于自然之中，減少了對(duì)山地景觀的破壞，還預(yù)留了更多的公共空間作為活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地。建筑布局順應(yīng)山體，平行于等高線，體塊之間形成庭院空間和架空層，并通過平臺(tái)、連廊等方式增加建筑之間的聯(lián)系，組合成層層疊疊、拾階而上的壯觀山地建筑群體，打造了建筑、山地、景觀有機(jī)融合的多樣化校園空間。這樣的設(shè)計(jì)，既是對(duì)自然環(huán)境的尊重，也是本土特色建筑文脈的延續(xù)。

六盤水夏季主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向?yàn)闁|南風(fēng)，建筑自東南往西北呈退臺(tái)式布置，使得自然風(fēng)易于到達(dá)建筑各個(gè)部分。在建筑空間的設(shè)計(jì)中，其不同位置設(shè)置了架空層，將自然風(fēng)引入建筑內(nèi)部，增加環(huán)境舒適度，減少建筑能耗。建筑的內(nèi)庭院在室內(nèi)與室外之間形成一個(gè)熱緩沖空間，有效調(diào)節(jié)不良?xì)夂蛴绊?，使建筑保持在適宜的溫度。立面上，針對(duì)六盤水地區(qū)陰天居多的氣候特點(diǎn)，并考慮到晴天時(shí)強(qiáng)烈的太陽光對(duì)窗邊學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境的影響，建筑采用落地窗遮陽板系統(tǒng)，最大化利用自然光的同時(shí)通過漫反射的方式，實(shí)現(xiàn)室內(nèi)均勻的采光環(huán)境。

Liupanshui city is located in the west of Guizhou Province. Mountains and hills predominated in the geomorphic landscape. It is a typical area with many mountains and few plains，mild climate and small temperature change throughout the year, mostly in cloudy days.

The project covers a site area of 245,346 m2and a total construction area of 159,679.8 m2. It is a provincial model high school with a capacity of 6000 students and 120 classes. The school site is mostly mountainous and hilly, with obvious undulations, and more than half of the site area is mountainous and depressions. The standard playground, which is a rigid requirement, also occupies 1/5 of the campus area, making this project a great challenge for land use.

Based on the special characteristics of the site, architects first established the principle of"land conservation", and the overall planning of the campus follows the layout of the terrain– the low-lying areas of the site are designed as landscape water, the relatively flat areas are reserved for sports fields, and the main building is built on a hill. This planning not only dissolves the large volume of the building into nature, reducing the damage to the mountain landscape, but also reserves more public space for activities.

1 依山而建——民居設(shè)計(jì)理念在公共建筑的再現(xiàn)Built by the mountain: the reproduction of residential design concept in public buildings

2-3 鳥瞰Aerial views

The buildings are arranged in a staggered manner in accordance with the mountain and parallel to the contour lines. Courtyard spaces and elevated floors between the blocks are formed, and the connection between the buildings is increased through platforms and corridors. A spectacular mountain building group with layers and steps is created, and a diverse campus space with organic integration of architecture, mountain and landscape is thus formed. Such a design is both a respect for the natural environment, and a continuation of the architectural culture of local characteristics.

The dominant wind direction in Liupanshui in summer is southeasterly. In the layout of the building, a front-to-back staggered approach is adopted, with the building being arranged in a set-back from southeast to northwest, making it easy for the natural wind to reach all parts of the building. In the design of the architectural space, we set up overhead floors at different locations of the building to form effective air vents to introduce natural breezes into the buildings, increasing environment comfort level and reducing building energy consumption. The building's inner courtyard creates a thermal buffer space between the interior and exterior,effectively regulating adverse weather effects and keeping the building at a comfortable temperature. On the fa?ade, according to the climate characteristics of cloudy days in Liupanshui area, and considering the impact of strong sunlight on the learning environment near the window on sunny days, the building adopts a floor-to-ceiling window sunshade system, while maximizing the use of natural light through diffuse reflection to achieve an even indoor lighting environment.

In the overall layout of the project, the architects did not deliberately pursue the axis,nor did they stick to the neatness of the plan form. Instead, based on the needs of users, and combined with the special mountainous terrain of the site, they designed a flexible layout to create a multi-level spatial system composed of"sports field - square - courtyard". The sports field provides a place for various sports activities; the ceremonial square and the landscape lake serve as the second level of space, which is a good place for teachers and students to take a leisurely stroll after school; the platforms of different heights formed between the staggered building volumes are the third level of space, which provides teachers and students with a space for breaktime activities nearby, without having to bother about the excessive height difference between the classrooms and the sports field.

In the design of Liupanshui Ethnic Senior High School, architects focus on the local environmental conditions and people oriented,to solve the problems with general layout,function, space, materials. Besides, based on geographic and geomorphic conditions, climate characteristics and human behavior patterns,the green campus with climatic adaptation and comfortable environment built has certain significance.□ (Translated by QIAN Fang)

在項(xiàng)目整體布局中，建筑師并沒有刻意追求軸線，也不拘泥于平面形式的整齊，而是基于使用者的需求，同時(shí)結(jié)合場(chǎng)地特殊的山地地貌靈活布局，打造“運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)—廣場(chǎng)—院落”的多層級(jí)空間體系：運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)能為各類體育活動(dòng)提供場(chǎng)所；校園主入口處的禮儀廣場(chǎng)與生活區(qū)的景觀湖作為第二層級(jí)的空間，是師生課余休閑漫步的好去處；錯(cuò)落的建筑體量之間形成的不同高度的活動(dòng)平臺(tái)是第三層級(jí)空間，為師生提供就近的課間活動(dòng)的空間，不必為教室跟運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)之間過大的高差而困擾。

建筑師充分關(guān)注當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境條件，以人為核心，協(xié)調(diào)解決了建筑總體布局、功能流線、空間造型、材料構(gòu)造等問題，通過對(duì)地勢(shì)環(huán)境、氣候特征以及使用者行為模式的順應(yīng)，建造出具有地域適應(yīng)性、健康舒適的綠色校園，具有一定的示范性意義?！?/p>

4 “運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)—廣場(chǎng)—院落”的多層級(jí)空間體系Multi-level spatial system of "sports field -square - courtyard"

5 總圖生成Site plan generation

6 實(shí)驗(yàn)樓立面Laboratory building elevation

7 教學(xué)樓剖面Teaching building section

8 被動(dòng)式節(jié)能措施Passive energy-saving strategies

9 依山而建——民居設(shè)計(jì)理念在公共建筑的再現(xiàn)Built by the mountain: the reproduction of residential tradition in public buildings

10 總平面Site plan

11 實(shí)驗(yàn)樓平面Laboratory building floor plan

13 建筑退臺(tái)布置利于自然通風(fēng)The concept of terrace helps natural ventilation

15 落地窗遮陽板系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)室內(nèi)均勻采光The shading system of French window for better indoor lighting environment