蘭金劍, 高瑞蘭, 趙燕娜, 馬閃閃, 王博林, 沈鳳麟, 余瀟苓
20(S)-人參皂苷Rg3抑制人急性單核細(xì)胞白血病THP-1細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲*
蘭金劍, 高瑞蘭, 趙燕娜, 馬閃閃, 王博林, 沈鳳麟, 余瀟苓△
(浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,浙江 杭州 310006)
觀察低極性20(S)-人參皂苷Rg3(S-Rg3)體外抑制人急性單核細(xì)胞白血病THP-1細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的作用。將不同濃度(0、20、40和80 mg/L)的S-Rg3加入THP-1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)體系,Transwell小室檢測S-Rg3抑制細(xì)胞遷移的作用。采用免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)、免疫熒光、Western blot和RT-qPCR等多種方法,檢測S-Rg3對(duì)THP1細(xì)胞黏附、遷移和侵襲相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響及其相關(guān)機(jī)制。S-Rg3能有效地抑制THP-1細(xì)胞遷移,下調(diào)黏附相關(guān)蛋白N-cadherin,遷移相關(guān)蛋白C-X-C趨化因子受體4(CXCR4)和基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子1(SDF-1),以及侵襲相關(guān)蛋白基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(MMP2)的表達(dá),但上調(diào)抑制遷移侵襲相關(guān)蛋白E-cadherin金屬蛋白酶組織抑制物1(TIMP1)和TIMP3表達(dá),同時(shí)下調(diào)CXCR4 mRNA表達(dá),上調(diào)E-cadherin和TIMP1 mRNA表達(dá),呈劑量依賴性。此外,S-Rg3降低PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白激酶的磷酸化水平。S-Rg3能有效抑制人急性單核細(xì)胞白血病THP-1細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲,其機(jī)制可能與降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白激酶的磷酸化水平有關(guān)。
20(S)-人參皂苷Rg3;THP-1細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞遷移;細(xì)胞侵襲;PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路
白血病是一類造血組織的惡性克隆性疾病,急性單核細(xì)胞白血病髓外侵襲的發(fā)生率約20%~40%,可出現(xiàn)在腦組織、肝、脾、淋巴結(jié)、皮膚和齒齦等,是最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥和主要死亡原因之一[1],目前尚無有效的治療手段,因此很有必要尋找安全有效抗髓外侵襲的中藥及其有效部位和成分。研究顯示,人參皂苷Rg3可抑制B16黑色素瘤肺轉(zhuǎn)移,降低B16細(xì)胞侵襲力,并明顯延長荷瘤小鼠的生存期[2]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中成藥參一膠囊[含20(R)-人參皂苷Rg3]的研究較多,該藥能有效抑制膠質(zhì)瘤U87細(xì)胞的黏附和侵襲能力[3]。然而,有關(guān)20(S)-人參皂苷Rg3(S-Rg3)的報(bào)道很少,S-Rg3抑制單核細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的作用及其可能的機(jī)制未見報(bào)道。本項(xiàng)工作以人急性單核細(xì)胞白血病THP-1細(xì)胞為靶細(xì)胞,觀察S-Rg3抑制單核細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的作用。
THP-1細(xì)胞由浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院血液病研究所提供。S-Rg3購自上海融禾醫(yī)藥科技有限公司,經(jīng)核磁共振譜、質(zhì)譜、紅外光譜和紫外吸收光譜鑒定其結(jié)構(gòu),純度>98%,分子式為C42H72O13,分子量為785.02。
2.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)THP-1細(xì)胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2、飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱中,隔天換液1次,取對(duì)數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
2.2Transwell小室檢測細(xì)胞遷移能力收集THP-1細(xì)胞并調(diào)整細(xì)胞懸液濃度至1×108/L,分別加入0、10、20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3,置于37 ℃、5%CO2、飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱中孵育2 d。用無血清的RPMI-1640過夜饑餓24 h,調(diào)整各組細(xì)胞濃度為5×105/L,取200 μL細(xì)胞懸液接種于小室,24孔板下室中加入600 μL含15%新生牛血清的IMDM,置于37 ℃、5% CO2的飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱中孵育24 h。棄去小室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)液,將小室置于800 μL 4%多聚甲醛的孔中室溫固定20 min,隨后加入結(jié)晶紫染液,染色后顯微鏡下計(jì)數(shù)5個(gè)隨機(jī)視野的細(xì)胞數(shù)量,取其平均值。
2.3免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)法用0、20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理THP-1細(xì)胞2 d,收集細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞懸液經(jīng)離心涂片機(jī)制成細(xì)胞涂片,4%多聚甲醛固定,0.5% Triton X-100破膜。加Ⅰ抗,置于4 ℃孵育過夜,加Ⅱ抗工作液,37 ℃孵育30 min,DAB顯色10 min。用蘇木精復(fù)染,中性樹脂封片。鏡下觀察棕褐色陽性反應(yīng)的細(xì)胞,陽性程度判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用ImageJ軟件分析。
2.4免疫熒光法0、20、40和80mg/L的S-Rg3處理THP-1細(xì)胞2 d,收集細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞懸液經(jīng)離心涂片機(jī)制片,4%多聚甲醛固定,0.5% TritonX-100破膜。加Ⅰ抗,置于4 ℃孵育過夜,加熒光Ⅱ抗,37 ℃孵育1 h。用含DAPI染料封片劑封片,用熒光顯微鏡(×630)觀察細(xì)胞。陽性程度判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用ImageJ軟件分析。
2.5Western blot法0、20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理THP-1細(xì)胞2 d,收集細(xì)胞,加入裂解液提取細(xì)胞總蛋白。每孔加樣40 μg總蛋白,經(jīng)10% SDS-PAGE分離,將蛋白條帶轉(zhuǎn)移至NC膜上,室溫下用5% BSA封閉1 h,分別加p-PI3K、p-AKT、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase 2,MMP2)和C-X-C趨化因子受體4(C-X-C chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)等Ⅰ抗(Cell Signaling Technology),4 ℃孵育過夜,加Ⅱ抗,室溫孵育1 h,ECL發(fā)光劑顯影。采用使用ImageJ軟件分析特異性條帶的灰度值。
2.6RT-qPCR法0、20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理THP-1細(xì)胞2 d,收集細(xì)胞,Trizol試劑盒提取細(xì)胞總RNA,經(jīng)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,分別采用特異性引物,進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR。內(nèi)參照β-actin的上游引物序列為5′-CATCAAGGAGAAACTGTGT-3′,下游引物序列為5′-AGGCAACTCGTAACTCTT-3′;TIMP1的上游引物序列為5′-CTTCTGCAATTCCGACCTCGT-3′,下游引物序列為5′-ACGCTGGTATAAGGTGGTCTG-3′;E-cadherin的上游引物序列為5′-CGAGAGCTACACGTTCACGG-3′,下游引物序列為5′-GGGTGTCGAGGGAAAAATAGG-3′;CXCR4的上游引物序列為5′-ACTACACCGAGGAAATGGGCT-3′,下游引物序列為5′-CCCACAATGCCAGTTAAGAAGA-3′。PCR條件為:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,39個(gè)循環(huán)。
用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示。組間均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,S-Rg3處理THP-1細(xì)胞2 d后,小劑量10 mg/L組遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)與對(duì)照組相比無顯著差異,而20、40和80 mg/L組遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)顯著低于對(duì)照組,抑制率約為10.5%~43.4%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.01),見圖1。
Figure 1.The inhibitory effect of S-Rg3 on the migration of THP-1 cells detected by Transwell migration assay. A: control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group; B: 10 mg/L S-Rg3 group; C: 20 mg/L S-Rg3 group; D: 40 mg/L S-Rg3 group; E: 80 mg/L S-Rg3 group. Mean±SD. n=5. **P<0.01 vs A.
經(jīng)20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理2 d,免疫熒光染色結(jié)果顯示THP-1細(xì)胞表達(dá)E-cadherin蛋白的熒光強(qiáng)度顯著高于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖2;免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色結(jié)果顯示,S-Rg3處理細(xì)胞后,N-cadherin蛋白的陽性反應(yīng)顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖3。
Figure 2.Effect of S-Rg3 on the protein expression of CXCR4 and E-cadherin in THP-1 cells detected by immunofluorescence (scale bar=50 μm). A1 to A6: control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group; B1 to B6: 20 mg/L S-Rg3 group; C1 to C6: 40 mg/L S-Rg3 group; D1 to D6: 80 mg/L S-Rg3 group. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group.
Figure 3.Effect of S-Rg3 on the protein levels of CXCR4,N-cadherin,p-AKT and SDF-1 in THP-1 cells detected by immunocytochemistry (scale bar=50 μm). A1 to A4: control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group; B1 to B4: 20 mg/L S-Rg3 group; C1 to C4: 40 mg/L S-Rg3 group; D1 to D4: 80 mg/L S-Rg3 group. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group.
經(jīng)20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理2 d,免疫熒光染色結(jié)果顯示THP-1細(xì)胞表達(dá)CXCR4蛋白的熒光強(qiáng)度顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖2;免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色結(jié)果顯示,THP-1細(xì)胞表達(dá)SDF-1蛋白的陽性反應(yīng)顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖3。
Western blot結(jié)果與免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色結(jié)果一致,經(jīng)20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理2 d,CXCR4蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖4。
Figure 4.Effect of S-Rg3 on the protein levels of MMP2,CXCR4,p-PI3K and p-AKT in THP-1 cells detected by Western blot.A: control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group; B: 20 mg/L S-Rg3 group; C: 40 mg/L S-Rg3 group; D: 80 mg/L S-Rg3 group. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs A.
經(jīng)20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理2 d,免疫熒光染色結(jié)果顯示THP-1細(xì)胞表達(dá)TIMP1和TIPM3蛋白的熒光強(qiáng)度顯著高于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖5;而表達(dá)MMP2蛋白的熒光強(qiáng)度則顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖6。免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色結(jié)果顯示,S-Rg3處理細(xì)胞后,TIMP1和TIPM3蛋白表達(dá)的陽性程度顯著高于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖7。
Figure 5.Effect of S-Rg3 on the protein expression of TIMP1 and TIMP3 in THP-1 cells detected by immunofluorescence (scale bar=50 μm). A1 to A6: control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group; B1 to B6: 20 mg/L S-Rg3 group; C1 to C6: 40 mg/L S-Rg3 group; D1 to D6: 80 mg/L S-Rg3 group. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group.
Figure 6.Effect of S-Rg3 on the protein expression of MMP2 in THP-1 cells detected by immunofluorescence (scale bar=50 μm). A1 to A3: control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group; B1 to B3: 20 mg/L S-Rg3 group; C1 to C3: 40 mg/L S-Rg3 group; D1 to D3: 80 mg/L S-Rg3 group. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group.
Figure 7.Effect of S-Rg3 on the protein expression of TIMP1 and TIMP3 in THP-1 cells detected by immunocytochemical staining (scale bar=50 μm). A1 and A2: control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group; B1 and B2: 20 mg/L S-Rg3 group; C1 and C2: 40 mg/L S-Rg3 group; D1 and D2: 80 mg/L S-Rg3 group. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group.
Western blot結(jié)果與免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色結(jié)果一致,經(jīng)20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理2 d,MMP2蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖4。
免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理2 d,THP-1細(xì)胞中p-AKT蛋白的陽性反應(yīng)顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖3。
Western blot結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理2 d,THP-1細(xì)胞中p-AKT和p-PI3K蛋白水平顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.01),見圖4。
6S-Rg3調(diào)控遷移和侵襲相關(guān)mRNA的表達(dá)
RT-qPCR結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,20、40和80 mg/L的S-Rg3處理2 d,THP-1細(xì)胞CXCR4的mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著降低(<0.01),而TIMP1和E-cadherin的mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著升高(<0.01),見圖8。
Figure 8.Effect of S-Rg3 on the mRNA expression of CXCR4 (A),E-cadherin (B) and TIMP1 (C) in THP-1 cells detected by RT-PCR. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control (0 mg/L S-Rg3) group.
低極性人參皂苷S-Rg3是從中藥人參中分離出多種人參皂苷單體成分之一。低極性人參皂苷是指含有2個(gè)以上糖的原生苷,經(jīng)水解失去部分糖而得到的苷,在人參屬植物中含量低,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道此成分具有抗腫瘤的活性。在腸癌、胃癌、肺癌及乳腺癌等多種腫瘤研究中,人參皂苷Rg3具有抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制遷移和侵襲等抗腫瘤作用[4-5]。人參皂苷Rg3可以通過調(diào)控caspase-8及PARP相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)而激活及誘導(dǎo)凋亡過程,并通過下調(diào)p-AKT蛋白水平而發(fā)揮抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖及誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用[6]。但S-Rg3抗單核細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞黏附、遷移和侵襲的作用尚未見報(bào)道。本研究結(jié)果提示S-Rg3具有抑制THP-1單核細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞遷移及侵襲的作用。
急性單核細(xì)胞白血病常發(fā)生髓外侵襲,受細(xì)胞因子嚴(yán)格調(diào)控,包括白血病細(xì)胞的趨化、黏附、遷移和降解基質(zhì)等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),與SDF-1/CXCR4、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)、黏附分子(E-cadherin/N-cadherin)等有關(guān)。SDF-1/CXCR4參與調(diào)控白血病細(xì)胞的趨化、遷移及侵襲等環(huán)節(jié)[7],MMPs與白血病細(xì)胞的降解基質(zhì)密切相關(guān)[8],黏附分子參與白血病細(xì)胞的黏附、遷移等多個(gè)生物活性[9]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道白血病細(xì)胞中E-cadherin表達(dá)喪失,引起細(xì)胞黏附能力降低,增殖能力增強(qiáng)[10];急性白血病患者腦脊液E-cadherin的表達(dá)與白血病腦侵襲的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[11]。研究表明,N-cadherin可以促進(jìn)體內(nèi)白血病細(xì)胞的骨髓歸巢、植入和自我更新[12]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示S-Rg3作用于THP-1細(xì)胞后,可上調(diào)E-cadherin蛋白,但下調(diào)N-cadherin蛋白的表達(dá),提示S-Rg3具有抑制THP-1細(xì)胞的黏附和遷移的作用。
SDF-1為趨化因子家族成員,已被證實(shí)參與造血干細(xì)胞的增殖及歸巢,通過與CXCR4結(jié)合,參與許多惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的存活,局部侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移,在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起著重要的作用[13-14]。有研究顯示,降低白血病細(xì)胞表面CXCR4的表達(dá)水平,可以減弱白血病細(xì)胞的遷移能力[15]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示S-Rg3作用于THP-1細(xì)胞后,可下調(diào)SDF-1和CXCR4其蛋白表達(dá),提示S-Rg3具有抑制THP-1細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲作用。
MMPs為一種鋅依賴的內(nèi)蛋白酶,屬于細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解酶家族,可以降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的胞外水解酶,其中起主要作用的是MMP2和MMP9。TIMPs是MMPs的主要生理性抑制因子,其功能涉及抑制MMPs家族成員的活性[16]。已有研究表明,白血病細(xì)胞生成的MMP2,為其髓外侵襲發(fā)揮作用[17]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示S-Rg3作用于THP-1細(xì)胞后,可上調(diào)TIMP1和TIMP3的mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平,并抑制MMP2蛋白的表達(dá),提示S-Rg3可通過調(diào)控TIMP1、TIMP3和MMP2蛋白而抑制THP-1細(xì)胞的侵襲。
在腫瘤組織中PI3K和AKT是調(diào)控細(xì)胞生長、分化、侵襲和遷移的重要信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,參與腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[18-19]。另有報(bào)道PI3K和AKT與白血病細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移能力相關(guān)[20]。AKT是PI3K下游最重要的靶蛋白,PI3K發(fā)生磷酸化(p-PI3K)可促進(jìn)AKT活化,活化的AKT可在細(xì)胞漿中發(fā)生磷酸化反應(yīng)而傳遞生物學(xué)信號(hào),從而參與細(xì)胞增殖、周期、侵襲等生理過程[21]。鑒于磷酸化是蛋白激酶發(fā)揮其功能的活性狀態(tài),本研究顯示S-Rg3通過下調(diào)PI3K和AKT的磷酸化水平而抑制THP-1細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲。
綜上所述,我們的研究表明人參皂苷S-Rg3具有抑制人急性單核細(xì)胞白血病THP-1細(xì)胞黏附、遷移和侵襲的作用,其機(jī)制與下調(diào)PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路相關(guān)PI3K和AKT蛋白的磷酸化水平有關(guān)。但S-Rg3是否通過調(diào)控PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路而發(fā)揮抑制THP-1細(xì)胞黏附、遷移和侵襲的作用,尚待深入研究。
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Inhibitory effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3on migration and invasion of human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells
LAN Jin-jian,GAO Rui-lan,ZHAO Yan-na,MA Shan-shan,WANG Bo-lin,SHEN Feng-lin,YU Xiao-ling△
(,310006,)
To observe the effect of low-polarity 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3(S-Rg3) on the migration and invasion of human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells.The THP-1 cells were treated with various concentrations (0,20,40 and 80 mg/L) of S-Rg3. The cell migration was detected by Transwell assay. Immunocytochemistry,immunofluorescence,Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of various proteins related to adhesion,migration,invasion and the related mechanisms.Treatment with S-Rg3inhibited the migration of THP-1 cells,and down-regulated the expression of adhesion-related protein N-cadherin,migration-related proteins C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1),and invasion-related protein matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2),but up-regulated the expression of E-cadherin,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) and TIMP3. It also decreased CXCR4 mRNA expression,and stimulated E-cadherin and TIMP1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. In addition,S-Rg3inhibited PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Treatment with S-Rg3effectively inhibits the migration and invasion of THP-1 cells,which may be related to inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3; THP-1 cells; Cell migration; Cell invasion; PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
R730.23; R733.7
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2022.02.012
1000-4718(2022)02-0284-08
2021-11-25
2022-02-05
[基金項(xiàng)目]浙江省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No. LQ19H290002; No. LY20H290004);國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No. 81774068)
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(責(zé)任編輯:盧萍,羅森)