柴小偉 黃欣
摘 要 雄激素性脫發(fā)是一種常見的慢性進(jìn)行性脫發(fā)疾病。治療雄激素性脫發(fā)的目的在于減少頭發(fā)脫落,促進(jìn)頭發(fā)生長,但目前治療方法比較有限,常用的非手術(shù)療法包括藥物治療、注射治療、激光治療和中醫(yī)中藥等。本文概述了目前非手術(shù)療法治療雄激素性脫發(fā)的研究進(jìn)展,為雄激素性脫發(fā)的治療提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞 雄激素性脫發(fā);非手術(shù)療法;機制
中圖分類號:R758.71 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2022)02-0003-04
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(82073452,81772161);上海市科委自然基金項目(17ZR1426300);2020年度上海市綜合醫(yī)院中西醫(yī)結(jié)合專項(ZHYYZXYJHZX-202002);上海市同濟醫(yī)院臨床研究培育重點項目(ITJ(ZD)1903);上海杰出青年醫(yī)學(xué)人才培養(yǎng)資助計劃[滬衛(wèi)計人事(2018)16號]。
New progress in non-surgical treatment of androgenic alopecia
CHAI Xiaowei, HUANG Xin
(Department of Dermatology of Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China)
ABSTRACT Androgenetic alopecia(AGA) is a common chronic progressive hair loss disorder. The purpose of treating AGA is to reduce hair loss and promote hair growth, but currently, treatment methods are relatively limited, and the common non-surgical treatment methods include drug therapy, injection therapy, laser therapy, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. This article summarizes the research progress of non-surgical therapy in the treatment of AGA, which provides a reference for the treatment of AGA.
KEY WORDS androgenetic alopecia; non-surgical treatment; mechanism
雄激素性脫發(fā)(androgenetic alopecia,AGA)是一種以毛囊小型化為特征的慢性進(jìn)行性脫發(fā)疾病[1]。男女性均可患病,Wang等[2]通過多中心調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中國男性患病率約為21.3%,女性患病率約為6.0%。該病起始于青春期,且發(fā)病率隨著年齡的增長而增加。中國AGA患者70.6%為21~30歲,其中72.8%有家族遺傳史[3]。過度吸煙、飲酒、肥胖、壓力過大等均會加劇AGA患者脫發(fā)[4]。
AGA影響患者外貌,會降低患者生活質(zhì)量,是誘發(fā)抑郁和焦慮等心理疾病的高危因素[5]。雖然AGA很普遍,但治療措施卻有限。目前,只有口服非那雄胺和局部外用米諾地爾以及低能量激光治療(low-level laser light therapy,LLLT)是美國食品和藥物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)批準(zhǔn)用于治療AGA的方法[6]。毛發(fā)移植的局限性在于它是侵入性的醫(yī)療手段且價格相對昂貴,不適合脫發(fā)的早期階段。本文主要綜述目前可供選擇的非手術(shù)治療AGA的方法。
1.1 米諾地爾
米諾地爾是唯一被FDA批準(zhǔn)用于治療AGA的局部藥物。20世紀(jì)70年代,米諾地爾首次作為口服藥物用于治療嚴(yán)重頑固性高血壓,但患者服用之后出現(xiàn)全身性多毛癥,因此成為一種治療脫發(fā)的藥物。目前米諾地爾治療AGA的濃度分別為2%和5%,其中局部外用5%米諾地爾是治療男性AGA的一線用藥,而女性常用2%米諾地爾[7]。米諾地爾是一種前體藥物,由毛囊外根鞘中表達(dá)的硫基轉(zhuǎn)移酶將其轉(zhuǎn)化為活性形式硫酸米諾地爾,促進(jìn)毛發(fā)生長。因此該酶的活性可以預(yù)測患者對局部米諾地爾的反應(yīng),具有93%的敏感性和83%的特異性[8]。米諾地爾促進(jìn)毛發(fā)生長可能是通過鉀通道開放介導(dǎo)的,鉀通道開放導(dǎo)致皮膚血流量增加,毛乳頭中血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)含量升高;同時鉀通道活性對于細(xì)胞進(jìn)入細(xì)胞周期的G1階段至關(guān)重要,因此它可能在早期的細(xì)胞增殖中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用[9-10]。米諾地爾還可通過誘導(dǎo)β-catenin活性刺激毛囊增殖和分化,使其迅速進(jìn)入生長期,同時可延長毛乳頭細(xì)胞(dermal papilla cell,DPC)的生長期[10]。
米諾地爾除了外用外,小劑量口服治療AGA也具有較好的療效和安全性。據(jù)Randolph和Tosti[11]報道口服米諾地爾治療AGA的最佳劑量為女性0.25~1.25 mg/d,而男性則需要2.5~5 mg/d。其中0.25 mg米諾地爾和25 mg螺內(nèi)酯聯(lián)合應(yīng)用治療女性AGA可能更佳,因為小劑量口服米諾地爾不僅降低了不良反應(yīng),而且螺內(nèi)酯也有助于降低米諾地爾造成的液體滯留。小劑量口服米諾地爾系統(tǒng)性不良反應(yīng)較少,包括多毛癥、液體滯留、心動過速等[12]。
1.2 5α-還原酶抑制劑
5α-還原酶(5α-reductase,5α-RS)有多種同工酶,包括Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型,通過調(diào)節(jié)雄激素、糖皮質(zhì)激素和其他甾體激素的細(xì)胞代謝,在人體生理中發(fā)揮重要作用。其中Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型5α-RS能將睪酮轉(zhuǎn)換成雙氫睪酮(dihydrotestosterone,DHT),轉(zhuǎn)換率分別為20%和 80%[13]。
非那雄胺和度他雄胺是較常見的兩種5α-還原酶抑制劑(5α-reductase inhibitors,5α-RIs)。其中非那雄胺屬于Ⅱ型5α-RIs,是男性AGA的一線治療藥物,而度他雄胺是Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型5α-RIs。據(jù)Yoshitake等[14]報道口服1 mg/d非那雄胺治療脫發(fā)的有效率為99.4%,而年齡和病情嚴(yán)重程度是其療效的關(guān)鍵預(yù)測因素。非那雄胺對頂部頭發(fā)數(shù)量的影響最大,額部次之,雙顳部最小。有研究表明,口服非那雄胺可以改善AGA患者的生活質(zhì)量,但不能減輕患者的焦慮[15]。與非那雄胺相比,度他雄胺治療男性AGA的療效更好。它對Ⅱ型5α-RS的抑制作用是非那雄胺的100倍,0.5 mg/d度他雄胺可使血清DHT水平降低90%以上,而5 mg/d非那雄胺只能降低70%左右,但兩者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率卻無明顯差異,因此早在2009年韓國和日本就已批準(zhǔn)口服0.5 mg度他雄胺用于治療AGA[13,16-17]。
非那雄胺應(yīng)至少持續(xù)使用6個月,才能評估其療效[18]。而最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DHT在肝臟、胰腺以及眼的生理功能中起著重要作用,長期口服5α-RIs會引起非酒精性脂肪肝、2型糖尿病以及干眼病等副作用[19]。為了降低系統(tǒng)性副作用的發(fā)生率,外用非那雄胺也成為治療AGA可供選擇的治療方案。根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)中現(xiàn)有的劑型,0.25%非那雄胺溶液可能是有效且耐受性良好的給藥濃度[20]。外用0.25%非那雄胺溶液和口服1 mg非那雄胺之后,患者頭皮DHT和血漿DHT下降水平均無顯著差異,分別較基線水平下降50%和68%~75%[20]。Suchonwanit等[21]通過隨機雙盲對照研究指出0.25%非那雄胺與3%米諾地爾混合外用溶液對男性AGA的生發(fā)作用明顯優(yōu)于單用3%米諾地爾溶液,且耐受性良好。
1.3 富血小板血漿
最近,富血小板血漿(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)在皮膚科的應(yīng)用逐漸增多,例如用于治療痤瘡、脫發(fā)、黃褐斑等。PRP治療脫發(fā)具有使用效率較高、副作用較小、復(fù)發(fā)率較低的特點,能使毛發(fā)數(shù)量和密度顯著增加[22]。它是從自體外周血中采集的濃縮血小板,其濃度為正常血小板濃度的4~6倍[23]。PRP富含生長因子和細(xì)胞因子等數(shù)百種生物活性分子,其中許多生長因子參與了毛發(fā)生長過程中的細(xì)胞增殖和分化。然而最近有研究表明PRP促進(jìn)毛發(fā)的生長與血小板含量、血小板源性生長因子、表皮生長因子和VEGF的濃度無關(guān)[24]。注射PRP能夠改善女性AGA患者的頭發(fā)密度和直徑,雖會出現(xiàn)一些不良反應(yīng)如頭痛、紅腫和注射后出血等,但仍不失為一種安全有效的方法[25]。PRP通過增加DPC外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶的磷酸化及蛋白激酶B的表達(dá),同時也增加DPC的β-catenin活性和成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子-7表達(dá),從而刺激DPC增殖,抑制其凋亡,提高毛囊細(xì)胞存活率,延長毛發(fā)生長期,刺激毛發(fā)生長[26]。
A型肉毒素(botulinum toxin type A,BTX)注射是全球最常見的美容術(shù)之一,可用于減少皺紋、多汗等。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)小劑量BTX(30 U、50 U和100 U)肌內(nèi)注射治療AGA是安全有效、無明顯副作用的,且頭皮屑、瘙癢、油膩癥狀均會明顯減輕[27-29]。與非那雄胺相比,BTX能更有效地增加患者額部和顳部的毛發(fā)密度[27]。AGA患者脫發(fā)周圍的肌肉使頭皮緊繃,從而減少血液供應(yīng)。而BTX能抑制神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放,導(dǎo)致靶肌肉松弛麻痹,降低頭皮血管的壓力,增加血流量和氧含量。在高濃度氧含量中,會有更多睪酮轉(zhuǎn)化為雌二醇,油脂分泌和脫發(fā)減少[29]。Shon等[28]通過體外實驗證明BTX能夠抑制DPC分泌,可以抑制毛囊角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞生長和毛發(fā)周期變化的轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-α1 (transforming growth factor-α1,TGF-α1),同時體內(nèi)實驗也驗證了BTX在96 h內(nèi)會下調(diào)TGF-α1的表達(dá)。因此皮內(nèi)注射BTX可能通過增加頭皮血氧含量和抑制DPC的TGF-α1分泌而有效治療AGA。
目前發(fā)現(xiàn)許多激光對治療AGA具有一定療效,如LLLT、CO2點陣激光、1 550 nm點陣激光[30-32]。其中LLLT是一種波長為600~1 000 nm的激光,可用于調(diào)節(jié)免疫和減輕炎癥,由于不是通過溫度的升高來發(fā)揮其治療作用,被稱為“冷激光療法”[33]。LLLT在皮膚科常被用于嫩膚、治療尋常痤瘡等,也是治療男性和女性AGA的一種安全有效的替代方法,可單獨使用,也可與米諾地爾或非那雄胺聯(lián)合使用[30,34]。增加LLLT的能量注量、照射時間以及降低治療頻率對治療AGA的療效較好,其中波長655 nm的紅光對刺激頭發(fā)生長比較有效[35-37]。激光治療的原理是光生物調(diào)節(jié)作用,但其確切的作用機制尚不清。有研究表明男性AGA經(jīng)過LLLT治療后,DPC中參與如細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控、蛋白質(zhì)生物合成、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular Matrix,ECM)形成等生物過程的蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)發(fā)生改變,其中ECM蛋白增多使AGA患者DPC體積增大,頭發(fā)直徑變粗[38]。
4.1 鋸棕櫚提取物
鋸棕櫚提取物(Serenoa repens)是從棕櫚樹漿果中提取的富含脂肪酸(85%~90%)的物質(zhì),其中脂肪酸中的月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸和油酸會抑制5α-RS的活性[39-40]。這種用于治療脫發(fā)的植物提取物在德國和法國非常流行,并且在沒有任何增強劑的情況下也是有效的[41]。男性AGA患者每天口服320 mg鋸棕櫚提取物可以促進(jìn)頭發(fā)生長,同時外用也可增加AGA患者發(fā)量[39,42]。
4.2 南瓜籽油
南瓜籽含油量大,富含各種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),如脂肪酸、維生素E和植物甾醇。小鼠模型實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)南瓜籽油(pumpkin seed oil,PSO)可以逆轉(zhuǎn)睪酮降低生長期毛囊百分率的作用[43]。臨床試驗也證實男性AGA患者每天口服400 mg PSO可促進(jìn)毛發(fā)生長,且未見明顯副作用[44]。同時,外用PSO也能使女性AGA患者的毛干多樣性顯著降低,直立再生毛顯著增加[45]。PSO含有的植物甾醇是一種5α-RIs,可阻止睪酮轉(zhuǎn)化為活性DHT,從而促進(jìn)毛發(fā)生長,其他成分如植物雌激素和維生素E也可能參與這種作用[46]。
其他植物提取物如咖啡因、迷迭香和油橄欖對改善AGA患者的脫發(fā)癥狀也具有一定作用。
口服非那雄胺、外用米諾地爾以及LLLT是目前FDA批準(zhǔn)治療AGA的非手術(shù)療法,但由于不同的患者對治療有著不同的反應(yīng),治療效果有差異,因此本文對于AGA的非手術(shù)療法及其作用療效、可能機制等新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了闡述。在AGA的非手術(shù)療法中,仍有許多潛在的新療法如微針、干細(xì)胞療法、Wnt/β-catenin通路激活劑、JAK–STAT通路抑制劑等。然而由于尚缺乏足夠的臨床試驗證據(jù),未能形成統(tǒng)一的治療方案,如治療劑量、治療頻率、治療持續(xù)時間等,同時由于AGA的發(fā)病機制仍未完全明確,因此對于AGA的治療不僅面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)也具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。
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