Epidemiology and incidence of paediatric orthopaedic trauma workload during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicenter cohort study of 3171 patients

INTRODUCTION

From the first reported case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus spread around the globe at a rapid pace.The World Health Organization declared it a global pandemic on 11 March 2020.

隨著公司規(guī)模的擴大，對技術(shù)人才、硬件設(shè)備、項目費用及周轉(zhuǎn)資金的需求會越來越高，在這方面會有較大的投資。

中國對“一帶一路”國家的直接投資有相當?shù)谋壤性诨A(chǔ)設(shè)施行業(yè)。但中國OFDI若想通過改善東道國的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)來帶動沿線國家的經(jīng)濟增長，不僅取決于中國投資額的多少，更取決于東道國自身的制度環(huán)境。東道國只有加強和提高本國的制度穩(wěn)定性、透明性、公平性，才能吸引更多的外資用來改善本國的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，加強對外互聯(lián)互通。中國對改善其基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的OFDI才能更好地帶動?xùn)|道國相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，促進雙邊經(jīng)濟增長，為最終實現(xiàn)“一帶一路”倡議的“雙贏”打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

The significant drop in incidence of pediatric injuries during the COVID-19 pandemic may indicates that safety priority issues and the development of prevention strategies may be needed.Guardians may help children to adhere to safety recommendations at play grounds, such as a maximum of one child per trampoline.However, most pediatric musculoskeletal injuries are minor and not complicated.The impact of COVID-19 on children and young people’s mental health and well-being has been reported to weigh heavily[19].The disruption to routines, education, recreation, as well as concern for family income and health, is leaving many young people with significant consequences due to the lock down.Furthermore, the lock down has been reported to significant decrease the level of children’s physical activity[20].Regular physical activity is well-known to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, build strong bones and muscles, control weight, reduce symptoms of depression, and reduce the risk of developing serious health conditions[21].

第三，明治文學(xué)與近代日本國民國家形成關(guān)系的研究雖然也屬本質(zhì)研究，［53－55］但其更側(cè)重于文學(xué)與政治、國家意識形態(tài)的關(guān)系。如:關(guān)冰冰闡明應(yīng)在國家意識和世界史的框架內(nèi)界定日本近代文學(xué)的觀點;劉金舉等研究了立身出世主義對日本近代文學(xué)肇始期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的影響。其中一些研究可以看出柄谷行人等日本學(xué)者的影響。

Several epidemiological studies before the COVID-19 pandemic have shown incidence rates of paediatric fracture of 1800-2000/100000/year[3-7].However, a general overview of musculoskeletal injury treated at emergency departments is poorly reported[8].To the authors' knowledge, only one former study examined musculoskeletal injuries seen at the emergency department using a population-based incidence rate and reported an incidence of 6300/100000/year[9].

Although current literature investigates the frequencies of paediatric injuries during the COVID-19 pandemic, no overview of the pandemic’s consequences of the pandemic on population-based incidences of paediatric injuries and related trauma mechanisms is available[10-15].

創(chuàng)新長效退出機制，解決“過得硬”的問題。探索建立了自我加壓式的脫貧目標，符合脫貧標準的嚴格退出，落到貧困線以下的及時納入，并以“四卡合一”（幫扶政策明白卡、貧困戶基本信息卡、幫扶工作記錄卡、貧困戶收益卡合為貧困戶脫貧檔案卡），做到幫扶措施落實情況明明白白，以“三表”（《貧困戶收益確認公示表》紅藍黃表）公開，做到貧困群眾每項實際收入清清楚楚，實現(xiàn)脫真貧、真脫貧。

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had a major influence on all parts of society.During the total lockdown of the Danish society, we noticed a substantial change in the pediatric and adolescent trauma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study design was a retrospective cohort study investigating the incidence of paediatric musculoskeletal injuries in patients aged 0–15 years, before and during the national COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the northern and middle parts of Denmark.

A ‘pandemic’ cohort was established from 16 March 2020 to 21 April 2020, where all institutions including day care and schools were closed.A ‘pre-pandemic’ cohort was established from the same period in 2019 for comparison.

Included were five regional hospitals and two university hospitals.The hospitals serve rural and suburban areas with a population of 198138 citizens between 0–15 years of age during the study period in 2019, representing the ‘pre-pandemic cohort’.The ‘pandemic’ cohort includes a population of 197516 citizens during the study period.

In Denmark, a unique possibility of performing population-based studies is present since Danish law requires all patient contact with hospitals and clinics to be registered in the Danish National Patient Register (DNPR)[16].All Danish residents receive a civil registration number that is registered in the Civil Registration System.Hospital identification, date and time of hospitalization, and municipality are registered.Therefore, a complete registry of all health-related issues, both individual and population-based, is obtainable.

The overall incidence rate for paediatric injury in the ‘pre-pandemic’ cohort was 10460/100000 persons/year.The overall incidence rate decreased to 5344/100000 persons/year in the ‘pandemic’ cohort.The primary decrease in incidence between the ‘pandemic’ and ‘pre-pandemic’ cohorts was observed in the adolescents.

Included were all patients admitted at the emergency departments with paediatric musculoskeletal injuries identified by a relevant musculoskeletal ICD-10 diagnosis (DSxxx), concussions (DZ033D), or burns (DT2xx).

Clinical information about diagnosis, age, gender, date, and mode of injury was obtained.Manual chart and X-ray review of 50% of the medical charts (= 1546) was performed for validating the register data.

At present, the health care system worldwide is strained due to a large number of patients with COVID-19.A simultaneous reduction in paediatric injuries is observed and well reported.A resource re-allocation to help serve the COVID-19 patients might be possible without reducing the level of care for injury-related paediatric patients.This knowledge could benefit the health care system in a future pandemic.Conversely, when reopening schools and returning to sports, an increase in emergency department visits by paediatric patients is to be expected.

RESULTS

In total, 3171 paediatric injuries leading to an emergency department visit at one of the five hospitals were included in the study.The ‘pre-pandemic’ cohort consisted of 2101 patients, and the ‘pandemic’ cohort consisted of 1070 patients, indicating a decrease of paediatric musculoskeletal injuries in patients aged 0–15 years of 51% during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Primary outcome

The overall incidence of paediatric injury in the ‘pre-pandemic’ cohort was 10460/100000/year.In the ‘pandemic’ cohort, the overall incidence was 5344/100000/year, indicating a twofold decrease in paediatric emergency patients during the COVID19 pandemic.

Secondary outcomes

The distribution of paediatric musculoskeletal injuries in patients aged 0–15 years was almost comparable between the ‘pre-pandemic’ and the ‘pandemic’ cohorts.The most common diagnose was fracture (2019: 34.0%, 2020: 33.9%) followed by contusion (2019: 19.2%, 2020: 16.2%) and distortion (2019: 18.5%, 2020: 14.3%).

No differences were found in the proportion of the various diagnoses, with fractures being the most common in both cohorts.A higher proportion of injuries were found on school days in the ‘pre-pandemic’ cohort than the ‘pandemic’ cohort (Supplementary Table 1).

A proportional increase in bicycle (51%), skateboard, scooter, rollerblade (36 %), and trampoline injuries (98%) between the ‘pre-pandemic’ and the ‘pandemic’ cohorts was observed.A marked decrease in sports-related injuries and collisions with objects was observed in the ‘pandemic period’ compared to the pre-pandemic period.(Supplementary Table 2) In the age group 9–15 years of age (Figure 2A and B), a similar distribution was observed, indicating a shift in sporting activities to homebased activities.

The manual review of 50% of all contacts showed a high level of accuracy of both diagnosis (＜ 99%) and trauma mechanism (＜ 99%), indicating that register data are of very high quality.

DISCUSSION

The overall incidence rate for paediatric injury decreased two-fold during the COVID-19 national lockdown from 16 March 2020 – 21 April 2020 compared with the same weeks in 2019.The overall incidence was 10460/100000/year in 2019 and 5344/100000/year during the lockdown in 2020.

2) 預(yù)測:預(yù)測就是用ej-1預(yù)測oj-1，獲取預(yù)測值P(ej-1)。實際值oj-1，與預(yù)測值P(ej-1)的差值dj-1反映了兩者之間的逼近程度，稱為細節(jié)系數(shù)或小波系數(shù)，對應(yīng)于元信號sj的高頻部分。預(yù)測過程為：

Results from the present study are supported by Sheridan[18], examining the effect of COVID-19 regulations using the incidence rate for paediatric trauma admissions in Ireland.A reduction of paediatric admissions from 0.146 admissions/ person-year to 0.139 admissions/person-year in the pandemic period was reported.Sheridan[18] reported on relatively small numbers, with only 28 paediatric patients included in the pandemic group.Most other studies evaluating the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic did not report on the incidence, making a further comparison of results from the present study difficult.

Several studies examined the effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown with regards to the prevalence and found a decrease between 33%-68% of paediatric fractures[10-13].These results align with the present study reporting a decrease of paediatric musculoskeletal injuries in patients aged 0–15 years of 51% during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The age-specific incidence rates showed a bimodal distribution.Children below nine years of age showed similar distributions between the ‘pandemic’ and the ‘prepandemic’ cohorts.In contrast, children above nine years of age in the ‘pandemic’ cohort showed a marked decrease in the incidence rates during the COVID-19 Lockdown.This pattern was similar for both genders.

結(jié)果如圖4所示，Rh2-S誘導(dǎo)K562和KG1a細胞24 h后，與對照組比較，促凋亡蛋白Bax與抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的比值增加；周期蛋白Cyclin D1表達水平降低（P＜0.05）。說明Rh2-S可以促進K562和KG1a細胞凋亡，并有效阻滯細胞周期。

These findings are corroborated by Bram[10] and Keays[14], reporting that the prevalence of paediatric fracture and injury-related emergency department visits decreased the most in children above 12 years of age during the COVID-19 pandemic.The observed decrease in the incidence in the adolescent populations during the COVID-19 pandemic may be due to a reduction in sporting activities and social activities compared to the younger children.

Gender-divided and age-specific incidence rates are depicted in Figure 1A and B.The incidence rates showed a similar bimodal trend for both genders.Before the pandemic the incidence rates were significantly higher in the age group from 9-15 years compared with the incidence during lockdown of the society (Figure 1A).

Several studies report change in the distribution of trauma mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic[10-12,14].The present study showed that a higher proportion of injuries in the ‘pandemic’ cohort was caused by trampoline, bicycling, skateboarding, scooters, and rollerblades compared to the ‘pre-pandemic’ cohort.Furthermore, a lower proportion of injuries was due to other sporting activities and exercise.Keays[14] reported a proportional rise in bicycling injuries in the pandemic period, but no change in injuries caused by trampoline, skateboarding, and scootering.Bram[10] reported an increase in the proportion of injuries during the COVID-19 pandemic occurring at home or on bicycles and a decrease in those related to sports.Other studies reported a reduction of injuries related to sports during the pandemic period[11-12].These observed small differences between studies may be explained by differences in lockdown procedures in the different countries, influencing the closure of schools, cessation of sporting activities, social activities, and other close contact situations.Furthermore, regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic, differences in trauma mechanisms between different countries are well-known.

This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee and with the ethical principles of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.The Danish Data Protection Agency approved the study.The reporting of the study complies with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement[17].

A national lockdown was issued on 11 March 2020 in Denmark, including prolonged closure of schools and the cessation of sporting activities, social activities, and other close-contact situations.The aetiology of paediatric injury is coherent to physical and sporting activities; hence a reduction in paediatric injuries and consultations at the emergency department was to be expected[1-4].

The present study has several limitations.A limitation may be the use of register data from the DNPR.However, reporting to the DNPR is required by law in Denmark, and allocation of cost to the health providers is partly based on the register.The DNPR is reported with an overall high quality of data, and the positive predictive value of orthopaedic diseases is reported to be 89%–91%[22].Furthermore, a manual review of 50% of the data for validation showed high data completeness.Another potential limitation is a difference in coding between the different hospitals.However, variation among the various hospitals is of less importance as a difference in coding practice between the ‘pandemic’ and ‘pre-pandemic’ cohorts is expected to be comparable.Importantly, the manual check of 50% of the data did not reveal any signs of increase in non-accidental injuries,physical child abuse.However, health care workers should be aware that there may be an increased incidence during the pandemic[23].

CONCLUSION

Based on the DNPR, the ‘pandemic’ and the ‘pre-pandemic’ cohorts were established for comparison.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

The present study aimed to examine the consequences of the national lockdown from 16 March till 21 April 2020 and political initiatives during the first surge of the COVID-19 pandemic expressed by changes in incidences of musculoskeletal paediatric injuries at the emergency departments across multiple hospitals.Furthermore, the aim was to examine changes in the mode of injury and related trauma mechanisms observed.

順著大路往馬家村，四處都是日軍，剛打完壽昌的日軍正埋鍋造飯。大多數(shù)鬼子都坐在樹下乘涼，他們對押解著四個國軍的這支隊伍也是見怪不怪。

兩種超聲檢查方法均是對患者的子宮、附件及盆腔進行多切面的掃描,測量子宮、雙側(cè)卵巢及腫塊的形態(tài)、大小、位置及相互關(guān)系等,檢查腹盆腔內(nèi)有無孕囊、液性暗區(qū)、包塊等[3],仔細掃描內(nèi)部回聲,并明確檢測病灶邊界、血流動力學(xué)特征及積液深度,最后詳細記錄檢查的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果。

Research motivation

We aimed to quantify the change in workload and estimate the incidence rates.

Research objectives

The aim was to examine the consequences of the national lockdown and political initiatives during the first surge of the COVID-19 pandemic expressed by changes in incidences of musculoskeletal paediatric injuries.

當前,我國北京、廣東、河北等省市已經(jīng)建立或正在籌劃針對個人消費端的、政府牽頭的碳普惠機制。結(jié)合各地特點，它們涵蓋的低碳行為方式、采用的核算方法、激勵機制及商業(yè)模式也各有不同，見表1。在民間層面，以支付寶旗下的“螞蟻森林”為代表的各類碳普惠產(chǎn)品也受到公眾關(guān)注。

Research methods

We compared the epidemiology of pediatric and adolescent trauma during the lockdown period of approximately one month with the same period of the previous year.

Research results

The ‘pre-pandemic’ cohort consisted of 2101 patients, and the ‘pandemic’ cohort consisted of 1070 patients, indicating a decrease of paediatric musculoskeletal injuries of 51%.The incidence of paediatric injury in the ‘pre-pandemic’ cohort was 10460/100000/year.In the ‘pandemic’ cohort, the incidence was 5344/100000/year.

但尋常生活的“恒心”顯然沒有伴隨多久，2 0 0 8年結(jié)識一位法師之后，遁入空門的想法開始牽著夫妻二人，到2 0 1 2年末正式離婚，雙雙踏入靈修的世界。

Research conclusions

A resource re-allocation to help serve the COVID-19 patients might be possible without reducing the level of care for injury-related paediatric patients.

Research perspectives

If new lockdowns are enforced, hospitals and emergency and orthopedic departments in particular may be able to redistribute workforce without compromising patient care.