lmpact of systemic steroids combined with immunosuppressive treatment on glaucomatous features in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

INTRODUCTION

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by autoantibodies and complement fixing immune complexes, associated with an abnormally activated immune system. This disease can affect various organs, among which the eyeball can be involved in about 34.6%, as a result of both lupus-induced and iatrogenic events. Ⅰt is known that SLE may affect almost any structure of the eye and the commonly known ocular manifestations include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, scleritis, retinal vascular disease and neuro-ophthalmic diseases. The common use of glucocorticosteroids (GC), taking advantage of their antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects to treat SLE,shows potential ocular side effects in the form of posterior subcapsular cataract (6.4%-38.7%), increased risk of local infection, ocular hypertension as well as steroid-inducediatrogenic glaucoma (SIG) or neovascular glaucoma in the course of severe SLE retinopathy (3%). Ophthalmological adverse effects can be very disabling, leading to visual field loss and even blindness.

For over 30 years, there has been observed a relation between GC and ocular hypertension as well as secondary or primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) but the influence of a longterm use of steroids combined with immunosuppressive agents on glaucoma in SLE remains unclear. Therefore, we decided to investigate this subject more thoroughly. This paper addresses the role immunosuppressive therapy may play in altering intraocular pressure (IOP) in SLE patients.Moreover, the relationship between the administered therapy in early glaucomatous signs established in optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the optic disk, as well as the macular region, scanning laser polarimetry (GDx) and perimetry.The aim of the study was to determine the association between already applied SLE treatment schemes with early glaucomatous lesions or IOP values in the studied group.

養(yǎng)生時(shí)間超過(guò)7d之后，混凝土路面就可以進(jìn)行刻槽，刻槽作業(yè)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格控制好時(shí)間，一般應(yīng)在混凝土強(qiáng)度達(dá)到85%時(shí)進(jìn)行。為了避免刻槽時(shí)出現(xiàn)線條不直問(wèn)題，應(yīng)該經(jīng)常調(diào)整刻槽機(jī)所用的鋸片。

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The mean time of GC therapy in GC group was 7.89±0.52y.Detailed analysis of basic ophthalmological examinations according to GC treatment were presented in Table 1. No statistical differences in BCVA, ⅠOP or OPA between GC and GC-free groups were detected. Since increased IOP values are the best known factor in both glaucoma and SIG the detailed analysis of IOP according to the treatment regimen in SLE patients was performed. Consequently, IOP values over 21 mm Hg were observed in 3 eyes (3.19%; 2 patients) in GC group and 5 eyes (16.67%; 3 patients) in GC-free group. Only one of the individuals from GC group had received topical IOP decreasing therapy (timolol twice a day) due to increased IOP values diagnosed during SLE therapy and the rest were newly discovered. In GC-free group none of the examined patients received any IOP decreasing therapy. Interestingly, the mean IOP value in GC group treated with immunosuppressive agents was 15.8±2.56 mm Hg and was significantly lower than in individuals with exclusive GC administration(17.63±4.38 mm Hg,=0.043). Moreover, no significant differences in mean IOP values between GC-free group and individuals treated with combined GC and immunosuppressive therapy were observed (=0.563).

通常情況下，課堂提問(wèn)的主體是教師，由學(xué)生回答教師提出的問(wèn)題，這樣的教學(xué)模式會(huì)使很多學(xué)生感覺(jué)自己在被動(dòng)獲取數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)。在互動(dòng)教學(xué)背景下，高中數(shù)學(xué)教師可以采用互相提問(wèn)的方式為學(xué)生講解數(shù)學(xué)課程。首先，教師可以根據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容向?qū)W生提出問(wèn)題，用于啟發(fā)學(xué)生的數(shù)學(xué)思維；其次，教師可以鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生將自己在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的疑問(wèn)提出來(lái)，與教師共同探究問(wèn)題的答案。

The patients were divided into groups based on GC administered systemically: 47 patients (94 eyes) who received systemic oral and/or intravenous GC therapy (GC group) and 15 individuals(30 eyes) not treated with systemic GC (GC-free group). The GC doses of prednisolone and methylprednisolone amounted to 16.55±5.97 mg/d. The mean GC treatment time was 7.89±0.52y. According to the fact that GC-induced changes might appear asymmetrically the decision of inclusion of both eyes of each individual in the analysis was made. The mean age was 40.62±13.02y without significant differences in both groups. The women receiving GC suffered from the disease significantly longer and SLE was diagnosed at a younger age than in the GC-free group (<0.05). The number of administered immunosuppressive and immunomodulating agents (methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide,mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine A) was significantly higher in the group receiving GC (<0.05). This group also received biologic treatment (belimumab) significantly more often than the GC-free group. The demographic characteristics of the studied group were presented in Table 1. The exclusion criteria for the analysis were: glaucoma diagnosed prior to SLE(=3), diabetes, high degenerative myopia, chronic ophthalmic diseases unrelated to increased IOP, previous eyeball surgeries excluding uncomplicated phacoemulsification or history of eye injuries. The presence of eye fundus changes (=2,postinflammatory scars) and changes in perimetry unrelated to increased IOP were also exclusion criteria for the analysis(=2, suspicion of an intracranial pathologies).

The following ophthalmic examinations were performed: best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and IOP with ocular pulsatile amplitude (OPA) measurements with the use of Snellen’s chart and dynamic contour tonometry(PASCAL, SMT Swiss Microtechnology AG), respectively.Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT,Cirrus HD 5000 Carl Zeiss, Germany) of the optic disc was conducted after dilation of the pupils. The optic nerve head(ONH) and RNFL OU analysis with Optic Disk Cube 200×200 formula was performed. The evaluated parameters included:the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the symmetry of RNFL between eyes, the volume of the central cup and the ratio of the central cup diameter to the surface of the optic nerve (C/D ratio). Additionally, measurements of the RNFL thickness in nasal, temporal, inferior, and superior parts of the optic disc were evaluated. The Ganglion Cell Analysis Protocol was used in the OCT test of the macular region what assessed automatically the average and minimal total thickness of the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer(GCL+IPL). GDx was also used (GDx VCC: 5.5.1, Carl Zeiss,Germany), to measure the thickness of the nerve fibers around the optic nerve disc and the retinal nerve fiber index (NFⅠ) was assessed. The analysis was based on the Nerve Fiber Analysis formula. Static and kinetic perimetry were performed in all patients in order to rule out deficiencies or narrowing of the peripheral visual field. Considering the fact, that functional changes in perimetry seem to appear later than morphological lesions in OCT or GDx, perimetry parameters have not been analyzed and served exclusively to exclude lesions unrelated to increased IOP. Due to the possible asymmetry in occurrence of changes in the posterior pole, a decision was made to include into the study ophthalmic examinations of both eyes for each patient. OCT images with signal strength less than 6 were considered as poor quality and were not used for further evaluation. Glaucoma in first degree relatives occurred in 8 patients from the GC group and in 1 patient from the GCfree group. Due to the lack of a representative quantity, the relationship for this parameter has not been analyzed.

A chronic use of topical GC in the form of eye drops leads to IOP elevation within a few weeks whereas after intravitreal steroid injection, incorrect IOP values can be noted right after completion of this procedure. In the literature, the IOP increase in 11%-32% of eyes lasting 2mo after intravitreal dexamethasone injection was described. However, some authors describe lower rate in a low risk group of patients.In the case of systemic administration of the drug it is assumed that this effect will be achieved after a few years of therapy. The literature describes the tendency of IOP increase which correlates with an increase of the dose and treatment duration. However, correlation of higher mean IOP values with dose or treatment duration was not observed in the GC group. By contrast, in the examined GC group a lower incidence of ocular hypertension was observed than in GC-free group and as described in the literature in the general population. These observations have been supported with imaging results (Tables 2-4). Another factor, described as significant for IOP rise in GC therapy, is the particle structure. GC with lipophilic structure,, acetates, are characterized by a greater influence on the development of SIG as compared to hydrophilic phosphates, due to a higher corneal permeability. Other risk factors for SIG include both ocular hypertension and POAG in patients receiving GC as well as POAG in first degree relatives of these individuals.Two peaks of SIG incidence have been reported: in children and elderly populations. In children, the response to GC was found to be more expressed. This results in IOP increase by over 21 mm Hg in 71.2% of patients who receive eye drops with dexamethasone 4 times a day and 59.2% if used twice a day. Moreover, high myopia predisposes the patient to a higher incidence of POAG as well as to secondary glaucoma.Systemic diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis or connective tissue diseases especially in the male sex may also increase the risk of SIG. It has been suggested that POAG is more common in patients exposed to 7.5 mg daily doses of prednisone-equivalent for over 1y. In the studied group of patients, the drug doses were higher but that correlation was not observed.

One of the hypotheses explaining the decreased incidence of ocular hypertension or lack of SIG in the GC group, is the expression pattern of GRs as a subject of major regulatory variation. The negative effect of GC on GRs expression may represent a short-loop feedback mechanism which protects tissues from excessive GC levels. The other factor is hypersensitivity within the TM and the lack of ability to self-regulate the levels of GRs. The other hypothesis is an increased expression of thegene in the TM, which is responsible for myocilin synthesis.is a subunit of β3 integrin which induces the activation of calcineurin and the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT). This gene is present in 4% of patients with POAG and determinates a late onset of the disease. The basis of glaucoma related tois impaired secretion of myocilin from the cell, its accumulation and endoplasmatic reticulum stress. This process leads to an altered TM cell function. The influence of TM cells stretching and IOP elevation on induction of theexpression is also suspected. Anstudy showed a 30-fold increase ofexpression after one day of treatment with topical dexamethasone, which lasted for up to 12d from the cessation of eye drops. Faralliproved that cyclosporine A, as a suppressor of calcineurin phosphatase activity, significantly decreases the rise of IOP after dexamethasone implementation.Addition of 10 μmol/L of cyclosporine A reduced cell response by 71%, compared to dexamethasone. The same observation concerned the selective calcineurin inhibitor (INCA-6) which prevents calcineurin from binding to NFAT. Hence, calcineurin and thepathway are suspected as responsible forupregulation and a dexamethasone-induced IOP increase. This thesis is supported by the fact that GC combined with GRs cause the release of heat shock proteins. This activates calcineurin in a calcium independent mechanism.According to our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal IOP differences due to immunosuppressive therapy in SLE patients. However, further investigation of this field may be crucial for the treatment and prevention of SIG. Moreover, the exact mechanism of “glaucoma gene” currently remains unknown.Difficulty of finding a larger group of patients not treated with GC was a limitation of our study, which resulted from the fact that a GC therapy at the first flare of SLE treatment according to the EULAR recommendations. Nevertheless,the differences in IOP values in subjects treated with GC combined with immunomodulating agents in comparison with GC only occurred to reach satisfactory significance level.

RESULTS

The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committees and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The written informed consent was provided by all individuals.

The mean GCL+IPL thickness in the GC group reached 84.07±8.41 μm while in the GC-free group 81.77±8.49 μm(=0.425). The minimum thickness of the GCL+IPL complex noted in the first group was 80.53±12.59 μm and 75.04±12.54 μm in the second group (=0.146). The complex thickness of ganglion cells in the following sectors in each eye separately were also assessed: superior, inferior, temporal superior,temporal inferior, nasal superior, and nasal inferior. No significant differences in particular sectors were found in the studied groups (Table 2).

In the optic disc OCT, the thickness of the RNFL in patients treated with GC was 92.85±12.14 μm. In GC-free SLE patients this value was equal to 94±12.27 μm (=0.705). Analysis of this and other parameters of the optic disc in SLE patients depending on the administration of GC were presented in Table 3.

No statistical significance was found while comparing the optic nerve parameters in the OCT examination depending on GC administration in SLE individuals (Table 4). Similarly, no statistically significant differences for the NFI parameter in GDx were shown between groups (GC group: 15.95±7.66 μm;GC-free group: 18.31±7.74 μm,=0.517).

Similarly, no significant differences in OCT or NFI values in the subjects with combined GC and immunosuppressive therapy in comparison with GC exclusive or GC-free groups were observed.

DISCUSSION

The data in literature show that the response of the eye to steroid therapy is genetically determined with 18%-36%of the population belonging to the group of GC-sensitiveindividuals. This means that in predisposed individuals,administration of topical GC in the form of eye drops with dexamethasone for 4-6wk, leads to an increase in IOP by over 15 mm Hg in 5% of individuals while in 30% of persons an increase by 6-15 mm Hg can be expected. Two thirds of the population belong to the group of the so called “insensitive to GC”, what means that after a local steroid therapy an increase in IOP does not exceed 5 mm Hg, according to Armaly’s classification. SLE patients as individuals successfully treated with GC are usually in the group of GC sensitive population.The influence of GC on IOP is strictly related to the dose,treatment duration and the route of administration. SIG has been reported in all GC administration routes, including intravenous, oral, topical as skin ointment or eye drops,intravitreal and inhalatory. Moreover, steroid-induced increase of IOP is usually transient, reversing after cessation of GC but only if used for less than a year. Elevated IOP may be permanent if GC are continued for over 17mo, which results inaltered GC metabolism and an increased aqueous humor outflow resistance in the trabecular meshwork (TM)with the following changes: thickening of trabecular beams,decrease of intratrabecular spaces, increased deposition of extracellular material in the juxtacanalicular tissue(juxtacanalicular region). Moreover, receptor complex,nuclear transcription factors, a change in the PGF2a and PGE2 metabolism, as well as the/gene are the risk factors for both POAG and SIG in SLE patients. Although a steroid induced increase of IOP may be reversible, the subsequent optic nerve damage is permanent.

酒店管理專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案與課程體系，更傾向于實(shí)踐，專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)是學(xué)生的動(dòng)手能力、操作能力、運(yùn)營(yíng)能力和研發(fā)能力。要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生較強(qiáng)的實(shí)踐操作能力，就要有大量的實(shí)踐教學(xué)，這就使酒店管理專業(yè)的實(shí)訓(xùn)基地建設(shè)的重要性日益凸顯。因此，實(shí)訓(xùn)基地的建設(shè)在專業(yè)建設(shè)中已經(jīng)成為非常重要的一部分，從建設(shè)實(shí)訓(xùn)基地初始進(jìn)行整體情況梳理，使其對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，對(duì)接課程體系，最終協(xié)同行業(yè)企業(yè)崗位技能訓(xùn)練，每一個(gè)流程都將對(duì)酒店管理專業(yè)教學(xué)產(chǎn)生重大的影響。為更好建設(shè)實(shí)訓(xùn)基地本文將對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外實(shí)訓(xùn)基地進(jìn)行比較研究，以期為實(shí)訓(xùn)基地建設(shè)提供更好借鑒。

SHY-2改造后鉀鈣基鉆井液配方1#4%BTJ+0.2%TSN+0.3%QYHN+7%LHJ+0.8%MAN101+0.8%MAN104+0.5%FN-2+2%SHY-2+0.2%XY-27+0.5%DYGRHJ+0.5%SMF+3.5%KR-n+0.2%YHG+2%QCX-1+1%WC-1+BA；

The statistical analysis for parameter variables was performed with the use of the Student’stest and for the non-parameter variables with the Mann-Whitneytest.The calculations were made using the Statistica 13.3 (Statsoft,Tulsa, OK, USA) software. The values of<0.05 were deemed statistically significant.

Despite a long time of GC treatment and high doses of GC in the examined group neither an increase of IOP nor features of neuropathy in SD-OCT or GDx were observed. The abovementioned observations motivated the authors to look for an explanation for the absence of SIG in the studied SLE patients.According to some authors, glaucoma in SLE may be accompanied either by severe SLE complications, which involve neovascular processes in severe lupus-retinopathy or it may be associated with long-term use of GC. Due to the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor (GRs) in the TM and persistent elevation of cortisol level, SIG is especially associated with biochemical changes in the morphology of the TM cells. Characteristic features include an increased deposition of extracellular material in the trabecular beams and in the juxtacanalicular tissue(cribriform region) with a decrease of intratrabecular spaces,thickening of trabecular beams and an activation of the TM cells. Increased deposition of extracellular matrix composed of glycosaminoglycans, fibronectin and elastin is a result of its increased synthesis and reduced degradation. The function of the TM is inhibited with a decreased proliferation, migration and phagocytosis what results in accumulation of debris in both, intratrabecular spaces and the uvea.

This study was designed as a clinical, original casecontrol study of an observation type. The study involved randomly selected 62 women (124 eyes) with SLE diagnosed in line with the recommendations of the American College of Rheumatology. All the patients with SLE treated at the Outpatient Rheumatology Clinic received invitations to ophthalmological examinations. The studied group comprised individuals who attended the examinations and did not meet the exclusion criteria for the study. The authors of this paper did not modify nor model the risk factors for poststeroid glaucoma, which include systemic GC therapy and immunosuppressive treatment. Moreover, all SLE patients were treated according to the recommendations of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR).

The literature also describes gene expression of specific cellular components in the glycosaminoglycan composition with decreased hyaluronic acid and an increased deposition of chondroitin sulfate and glycosaminoglycogenase resistant material. It cannot be excluded, that the key mechanism of hypertension are the changes leading to altered cytoskeleton architecture due to cross-linked actin networks present in the TM tissue. All the processes mentioned above result in an increased outflow resistance of aqueous humor. Also, GC may cause morphological changes in the TM cellsthe GRs,which belongs to a super family of highly conserved proteins including receptors for mineralocorticosteroids, androgens,estrogens, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, progestins and vitamin D. Since these receptors bind to and modulate specific gene promoters they have also been termed liganddependent transcriptions factors. The interaction of GC with the receptor is complex. Specific mechanisms involve the translocation of the activated GRs to the nucleus and GC response elements (GREs), sGREs, and nGREs as well as coactivators to elicit gene expression. Nuclear transcription factors associated with the GRE complex,gene locus and the expression of myocilin in the TM cells may also be involved in the hypothesis of SIG. Mutations ofare observed in 2%-4% of POAG patients. Thepromotor transcription is manipulated by 4-hydroxy estradiol, which is a metabolic product of 17βestradiol in TM. The CYP1B1 enzyme has an impact on 17βestradiol metabolism and its level. The mutation ofand the production of an enzyme with a decreased activity can lead to an increased level of 17βestradiol in TM cells. Consequently, the upregulation of myocillin expression may be found. A higher prevalence of POAG in postmenopausal women may confirm the thesis ofinvolvement in the etiology of glaucoma. Despite a long-term use of systemic GC in the analyzed group, ocular hypertension and SⅠG were not confirmed in performed tests(Tables 2-4).

對(duì)于餐廳包間和會(huì)議室類的小空間區(qū)域，風(fēng)機(jī)盤管溫控面板設(shè)置在該區(qū)域的燈光面板位置，以便客人可以根據(jù)自己的需求進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)溫度及風(fēng)速。

1）18世紀(jì)建筑學(xué)界就曾經(jīng)有一次將建筑與語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行比擬的熱潮。參：彼得·柯林斯.現(xiàn)代建筑設(shè)計(jì)思想的演變[M].英若聰，譯.北京：中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，2003，168-176.

理論培訓(xùn)主要是將與有軌電車駕駛相關(guān)的理論知識(shí)、操作技能、章程、安全駕駛規(guī)定、法律法規(guī)等理論上的知識(shí)傳授給駕駛學(xué)員，為今后的實(shí)際操作提供理論經(jīng)驗(yàn)；仿真模擬是通過(guò)相應(yīng)的模擬器，模擬出不同天氣狀況(風(fēng)、雨、雷電、雪等)，模擬不同的行車環(huán)境，從而培養(yǎng)駕駛學(xué)員自身的應(yīng)急能力和實(shí)際操作能力；實(shí)際操作是培訓(xùn)的重要環(huán)節(jié)，通過(guò)實(shí)際駕駛操作，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)沿線路標(biāo)、路口、道岔等的認(rèn)識(shí)，從而了解整個(gè)有軌電車駕駛流程；運(yùn)行培訓(xùn)是整個(gè)培訓(xùn)的最終階段，通過(guò)真實(shí)的有軌電車運(yùn)營(yíng)操作來(lái)提高駕駛學(xué)員的各方面技能，為今后的駕駛提供經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

Even though the results of this study ruled out SIG in the analyzed group, a long term use of systemic GC should remain an alert to ophthalmologists and rheumatologists. Regular ophthalmological examinations are needed for early diagnosis and treatment of post-GC complications such as intraocular hypertension or secondary glaucoma, which could improve the prognosis of vision. Although glaucoma in SLE is relatively uncommon, a variety of its forms and a long asymptomatic course may lead to serious complications including vision loss and therefore, it ought not to be neglected. In the studied group of women suffering from SLE, systemic GC were not associated with a rise of IOP and early glaucomatous lesions. It is worth to highlight that this is the first study to present a significant impact of immunosuppressive agents on IOP values in patients treated with systemic GC. However,further investigation of immunosuppressive agents, including calcineurin inhibitors as well as an immunomodulating therapy role in the incidence of both ocular hypertension and SIG in SLE patients is needed.

從區(qū)塊整體壓裂統(tǒng)計(jì)分析：高892塊2010年常規(guī)壓裂2井次，效果很差；2011年采用直井長(zhǎng)縫大型壓裂，壓后取得較好的效果；壓后單井日產(chǎn)量較常規(guī)壓裂有明顯提高；典型單井對(duì)比表明大型壓裂增油效果顯著，但由于采油速度較快，地層能量下降較快，表現(xiàn)為遞減趨勢(shì)較為明顯，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)能量補(bǔ)充措施。

Wi?cek MP performed data acquisition, statistical analysis, and literature search. Wi?cek

MP is responsible for manuscript preparation and editing.Bobrowska-Snarska D performed data analysis, and literature search. Bobrowska-Snarska D took an active part in data acquisition. Brzosko M performed data analysis, and literature search. Brzosko M took an active part in data acquisition.

Lubiński W performed data analysis, edited and reviewed

the manuscript. Modrzejewska M gave the concept of this research, and is responsible for its’ design. Moreover,performed data analysis and literature search. Modrzejewska M took an active part in preparation and editing of the manuscript.Modrzejewska M is also a supervisor of this research.

None;None;None;None;None.