一年前,我寫過《還記得A puma at large嗎?》,其中分析了Cheetah,Jaguar,Leopard,Panther,Puma都作為豹子,有什么區(qū)別。
隨著孩子的成長,英語詞匯不斷積累,不免要在閱讀時來詢問我:“媽媽,這個單詞和之前學過的blabla有什么不同呀?”我本來一直以為自己的英語還不錯,沒想到一次次被問住。
今天想匯總起來,做一個動物類近義詞的趣味學習分享。當然,我還是要強調,我們必須多使用原版的英語材料來進行詞匯的辨析,因為翻譯成中文體會不出其中的差別。還有,沒有必要一口吃成個大胖子,不是生物專業(yè)的我用中文也解釋不出這么多區(qū)別,一下子記不住沒有關系,學習外語,就是要細水長流,日積月累。
一、作為鱷魚的crocodile和alligator有什么區(qū)別?
教材中提到crocodile的口鼻處(snout)和牙齒都要長于alligator。Alligator顏色深,crocodile顏色淺。
我認為最明顯的、最容易記住的就是形狀區(qū)分這一點,crocodile是V形snout,而alligator是U形snout。
給大家做一個測試,在May I Please Have a Cookie中,主人公Alfie是一只crocodile還是一只alligator呢?
根據(jù)snout的形狀來推測,我覺得Alfie應該是一只crocodile吧。
再多查閱一些科普知識(也許很難記?。绾螀^(qū)分crocodile和alligator,一是看上下顎閉合時候,下顎的牙齒是否明顯暴露在外面且蓋在上顎上。暴露的就是crocodile,不暴露的就是alligator;二是看水域,只要生活在咸水里的肯定是crocodile,淡水里即有可能是alligator也有可能是crocodile;三是看地理分布,alligator只分布在美洲和中國;crocodile分布廣泛。
二、“章魚、魷魚、八爪魚、烏賊”這種我連中文都傻傻分不清楚,squid,octopus,calamari,cuttlefish之間的差別是什么?
The octopus
The main distinction octopus has from squid and cuttlefish is that, as their name implies, they have eight tentacles, whereas cuttlefish and squid have ten. Also, octopuses are a lot bigger than squid and cuttlefish, and they have longer and larger tentacles.
The second difference among octopus, squid and cuttlefish is that the octopus is the only one who doesn’t have a shell. Squid and cuttlefish have an internal“structure”to protect them. This makes the octopus more flexible.
Another big difference between those three is that octopus is able to change its skin color and use it as a camouflage.
Octopus,其詞根octo表示八,pus表示足,連在一起翻譯成中文就是八爪魚。八爪魚最為柔軟,因為相較于squid和cuttlefish,是唯一沒有“殼”的。八爪魚還會變色來保護自己。
推薦一本名為An octopus is Amazing的繪本,里面提及不少octopus的特點,趣味容易記。
The squid
Compared to octopuses, squids have eight arms and two tentacles that they use to catch their prey. Squids often live in pairs while octopus mostly live alone.
Squids are smaller and usually tougher than octopuses or cuttlefishes due to their internal shells and the way they eat, using only two tentacles.
It is squids that are used to make the famous “calamari rings”.In fact, calamari is “squid” in Italian.
Squid做成菜以后,變成了魷魚圈(calamari ring)。
The cuttlefish
The main difference between cuttlefishes and the two others is their shapes and looks. The fact that cuttlefishes have internal shells called “cuttlebone” make them the slowest and least flexible of the three.
If you look at them, octopuses and squids are fast predators, whereas cuttlefishes are slower. They move using wings on the sides of their bodies.
Another way to tell the difference is by looking at their eyes. Octopuses and squids have rounded eyes, but uttlefishes have eyes in the shape of a “W”.
Finally, looking at the cuttlefish bodies, they are fatter and rounder whereas squids haves more elongated bodies also called a “tube”. Cuttlefishes are also more meaty with thicker bodies.
Cuttlefish的眼睛呈W形,身體呈筒形,更圓潤一些。
根據(jù)英語科普釋義,我找到一張cuttlefish,squid,octopus并列在一起的比較圖,再加上科普知識的查閱如下:
烏賊/墨魚 (Cuttlefish) 其實不是魚,是一種軟體動物,不過殼退化變成了內骨骼。身體是長筒形的,十爪。墨魚是烏賊的俗稱,也叫墨斗魚,身上有不均的黑斑。
魷魚/槍烏賊(Squid)跟烏賊是同一目,十爪,同樣的長筒形,身體更狹長些,有點兒標槍(bullet-shaped head)的樣子,所以也叫槍烏賊。內骨骼很薄。
章魚/八爪魚(Octopus)完全是軟體的,身體是圓形(bag-like head),八爪。
Calamari是Squid作為食材的名字,類似pork,beef這種,因此我們平時愛吃的Calamari Ring,就叫魷魚圈。
三、靈長類動物gorilla,chimpanzee,ape,orangutan的區(qū)別呢?
Chimpanzees are more intelligent than gorillas and orangutans. They have large ears and dark hair. They live in groups, and can walk with two feet for a short time.
Orangutans are smaller than gorillas, but larger than chimpanzees. They are reddish to dark brown in colour. The males have large cheek pads. Unlike gorillas and chimpanzees, they do not live in social groups.
Gorillas are very strong, and larger than twice the size of a chimpanzees. Their bodies are covered with long dark hair. They live in groups.
有學姐推薦我,關于猩猩們的比較,具體可以去上海自然博物館“人和人的近親”處去觀察對比。
Ape指類人猿,是個總稱,可以指這三種大猿(除人以外)。
Gorilla是大猩猩,現(xiàn)存東部大猩猩和西部大猩猩,自然博物館中的是西部大猩猩。體型巨大,是黑猩猩的兩倍。
在Anthony Browne的繪本Gorilla中,大猩猩身材巨大,在安娜的夢中陪伴安娜完成想和爸爸一起度過的快樂的一天。
Orangutan是紅毛猩猩,現(xiàn)存只在東南亞,orangu是馬來語,指“樹林中的人”。
黑猩猩就是Chimpanzee,是人類最近的近親,所以也最聰明,大概相當于人7~10歲的智力。
四、同屬于兔子的Rabbit,Bunny,Hare有什么區(qū)別?
Hares look like rabbits, but they are larger and run faster than rabbits.
Hares live in open fields, and their babies are born with fur and open eyes.
Rabbits live in trees, and they like to dig holes. They are born with no fur and closed eyes.
Bunny is the nickname of a rabbit or a hare.
Rabbit泛指兔子全體,尤其是普通的家兔。
比如說大家都很喜歡的英國經典故事書彼得兔就是Peter Rabbit。
Hare是野兔,體型較大。
繪本Guess How Much I Iove You里的nutbrown hare就是野兔。
Bunny是“小兔子”的意思。
繪本I Am a Bunny和 繪本Pat the Bunny里的小兔子就是bunny。Bunny和rabbit是同一種動物。
在繪本閱讀中,我不斷體會到自己生物知識的匱乏。原版讀物豐富的當下,在“陪讀”過程中,我也被激勵著不斷前行!
作者簡介 朱一飛 “J家姐妹花”教育公眾號號主,本科、碩士、博士均畢業(yè)于復旦大學日語系。擔任日本多位前首相、政要訪問上海時的隨身翻譯,中日、英日同傳,并譯有《算計》《只要一分鐘》《小王金魚生活》《斷食法》《數(shù)學女孩》《情路九號》《貓叔來了》《新娘修煉記》《晴天就去圖書館》《跟司馬遼太郎學日本史》等多部作品。養(yǎng)娃之余,閑來開辟公眾號,以親身經歷分享育兒的點滴經驗和感悟。