高考英語閱讀理解“七選五”解題技巧之詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)法

河南 張根生 裴銳曉

閱讀理解“七選五”試題也可稱為閱讀填句，在《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版2020年修訂）》（以下簡稱《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》）中被稱為句子還原題，《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中對(duì)于該題型是這樣描述的：“短文中的若干個(gè)句子（如五個(gè)句子）被摘出，打亂順序后與另外兩個(gè)句子置于短文之后?？忌鶕?jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個(gè)句子中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。此題型主要考查學(xué)生理解語篇上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力?！痹擃}型不僅要求考生能夠理解語篇內(nèi)容，還要求考生能夠理解上下文邏輯關(guān)系，注重對(duì)語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的考查。

解答閱讀理解“七選五”，除了用“看位置，析邏輯”的方法外，還可以用詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答部分題目。在“七選五”的語篇中，“前言”和“后語”之間往往出現(xiàn)相同的單詞、同義詞、近義詞、反義詞、同根詞、上下義詞及表示指代關(guān)系的代詞，這就為學(xué)生答題提供了依據(jù)，解題時(shí)就可以利用這些詞語的復(fù)現(xiàn)來確定答案。

技巧1：原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法

一個(gè)單詞在一個(gè)語義場中以同樣的形式反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，有時(shí)兼有詞形的變化。如：上文中出現(xiàn)的“says”與下文中的“said”可以看作原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。解題時(shí)可以通過前后句中相同的關(guān)鍵詞選擇句子。

【高考鏈接1】（2020年高考英語全國卷Ⅱ，“七選五”節(jié)選）

Emoji (表情符號(hào)) and Workplace Communication

In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play.36.It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.

D.The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally

【解題分析】空格前一句提到“在亞洲，信息傳遞平臺(tái)發(fā)展很快”，而D 項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容是“這些信息傳遞平臺(tái)日益風(fēng)行”，D 項(xiàng)中的“platforms”與設(shè)空處前一句中的“platforms”是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選D。

【高考鏈接2】（2020年高考英語全國卷Ⅲ，“七選五”節(jié)選）

38This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served.There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party.The host or hostess of the party will, however, probably give all the guests a tour of their new home.Sometimes, because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home, people may be asked to help unpacked boxes.This isn’t usual though.

C.You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.

【解題分析】學(xué)生可采用原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答本題。根據(jù)空格后的句子“This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served.”可知，設(shè)空處講的是你可以帶食品或飲料與其他客人分享，設(shè)空處后一句中的“food”與C 項(xiàng)中的“food”屬于原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選C。

技巧2：同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法

同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法指的是利用意義相同或相近的詞、詞組或句子進(jìn)行解題。

【高考鏈接】（2021年新高考Ⅰ卷，“七選五”節(jié)選）

Parisians are different from you and me.They never look lazy or untidy.As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago, they eat great food and never gain weight.38French strawberries do not taste like cardboard.Instead, they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.

G.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.

【解題分析】本題考查同義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)。G 項(xiàng)中的“delicious”與設(shè)空處前一句中的“great”形成廣義上的同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系，而且空格后又具體例證了巴黎人吃的食物很美味。故選G。

技巧3：反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法

反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法即利用上下文中互為相反意義的單詞、短語或者句子進(jìn)行解題。

【高考鏈接1】(2021年高考英語全國甲卷，“七選五”節(jié)選)

· Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection.37, and there may not be enough things to choose from; more than that, and it becomes uncontrollable.

A.Less people than that

【解題分析】學(xué)生可采用反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答本題。本題要求選擇一個(gè)半句，與下文中的“more than that...”形成對(duì)比，A項(xiàng)中的“Less”與下文中的more構(gòu)成反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，設(shè)空處所在句句意：人比這少，可能沒有足夠的東西可供選擇；人比這多，則會(huì)變得無法控制。其中，選項(xiàng)A 中的“that”指代上文中的5-10 people。故選A。

【高考鏈接2】（2020年高考英語全國卷Ⅱ，“七選五”節(jié)選）

There is also the matter of tone(語氣).Who hasn’t received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day?39.Emoji can help communication feel friendlier, and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.

B.Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly

【解題分析】由空格后面的句子“Emoji can help communication feel friendlier”可知，空格處講的應(yīng)是郵件語氣對(duì)交流的影響，B 項(xiàng)“即使一份正式的電子郵件也有可能讓人感到冷漠和不友好”符合語境，且“unfriendly”與“friendlier”構(gòu)成反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選B。

技巧4：同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法

所謂的同根詞指的是一個(gè)單詞是由另一個(gè)單詞加上前綴或后綴而構(gòu)成的，即詞的派生。如help 和helpful。

【高考鏈接1】（2021年高考英語全國乙卷，“七選五”節(jié)選）

And what about that other dinner-party killer: awkward silence? If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party, the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment (贊揚(yáng)).40.Just quickly turn around and say, “This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”

G.He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most

在硅晶圓上用磁控濺射、紫外光刻、離子束刻蝕工藝制備的鎳鉻薄膜電阻線寬精度≤±5%,阻值均一穩(wěn)定,電阻精度≤±0.5%,電學(xué)性能優(yōu)異,在高精度硅基無源集成電阻器方向有廣泛的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

【解題分析】學(xué)生可采用同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答本題。根據(jù)段落主題句可知，本段主要講面對(duì)“other dinner-party killer: awkward silence（其他宴會(huì)殺手：令人尷尬的沉默）”我們?cè)撛趺崔k。G 選項(xiàng)中的“awkwardness”與前面的“awkward”是同根詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)，G 項(xiàng)符合語境。故選G。

【高考鏈接2】（2019年高考英語全國卷Ⅰ，“七選五”節(jié)選）

40While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.To make sure you get enough Vitamin D - but still protect your skin - put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D.

D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

【解題分析】學(xué)生可采用同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答本題。設(shè)空處是段落主題句，上一段講了親近自然、走近綠色植物的好處。本段介紹了陽光對(duì)人體的好處，下文中的“beneficial”與D 項(xiàng)中的“benefit”屬于同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選D。

技巧5：上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法

上義詞是對(duì)事物的概括性、抽象性說明（共性），下義詞是事物的具體表現(xiàn)形式或更具體的說明（個(gè)性）。如：animal 是上義詞，其下義詞包含cat, dog, pig, sheep, horse, cow, tiger 等。又如fruit 是apple 的上義詞，apple 是fruit的下義詞。

【高考鏈接】(2021年高考英語全國甲卷，“七選五”節(jié)選)

· Set a starting time.Maybe you say “go”，or turn on a certain song, or whatever.40.And don’t forget to put out some cookies and fruits.Remember, it’s a party!

D.Just keep music playing throughout

【解題分析】設(shè)空處前一句提到“也許你可以說‘開始’，或者播放一首歌，或者其他什么”，設(shè)空處后兩句提到“別忘了放一些餅干和水果。記住，這是個(gè)派對(duì)!”，由此可知，設(shè)空處應(yīng)承接上文，且與后文內(nèi)容相呼應(yīng)，D項(xiàng)中的“music”與原文中的“song”構(gòu)成上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選D。

技巧6：代詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法

代詞復(fù)現(xiàn)指為了避免與上文提到的名詞重復(fù)，用代詞指代上文提到的人、事物或事件。學(xué)生在使用此方法答題時(shí)需注意空前空后句子中出現(xiàn)的代詞，并確定其意義，結(jié)合指代意義和單復(fù)數(shù)解題。常見的代詞it 可指代單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞或整個(gè)句子；they 或them 指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞；one指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；that 指代不可數(shù)名詞或句子；this 指代單數(shù)名詞或句子；these 或those 指代已提及的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。代詞還有反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞等。

【高考鏈接1】（2021年高考英語全國乙卷，“七選五”節(jié)選）

People love to talk about themselves.If you can start the conversation with a question other than“What do you do for a living?”, you’ll be able to get a lot more interesting conversation out of whomever it is you’re talking to.37,it can bring in“I have this old, broken-down vehicle”or“I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.”It just opens up conversation.

C.If you ask the question“How did you get here?”

【解題分析】學(xué)生可采用代詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答本題。根據(jù)設(shè)空處后面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)逗號(hào)可知，此處應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)從句。再根據(jù)后面句子“it can bring in‘I have this old, broken-down vehicle’or‘I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.’”中的it 指代前面提出的問題，可知，此處說的是你來的方式。C 項(xiàng) “如果你問這個(gè)問題，你是怎么到這里的？”符合語境。故選C。

【高考鏈接2】（2020年高考英語全國卷Ⅲ，“七選五”節(jié)選）

A housewarming party is a special party to be held when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house.The person who bought the house or moved is the one who throws the party.The party is a chance for friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home.36And it is a good time to fill the new space with love and hopefully presents.

E.It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.

【解題分析】學(xué)生可采用代詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答本題。根據(jù)空格前的句子“The party is a chance for friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home.”和空格后的句子“And it is a good time to fill the new space with love and hopefully presents.”可知，設(shè)空處講的應(yīng)該是喬遷聚會(huì)給人們帶來的好處。E 項(xiàng)符合語境，且E 項(xiàng)中的主語It 指代的是前面句子的主語The party。故選E。

詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)是語篇銜接的重要手段，而閱讀理解“七選五”正是考查語篇銜接的試題。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某一話題展開的，與該話題相關(guān)的詞語會(huì)以原詞、同義詞、近義詞、反義詞、同根詞等方式出現(xiàn)，或者利用代詞的指代關(guān)系來顯示線索。從上面的高考英語真題可知，閱讀理解“七選五”的命題原則之一就是借助于詞匯線索，因此，學(xué)生在答題時(shí)要緊緊把握這條線索。同時(shí)，教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用詞匯線索突破閱讀理解“七選五”試題，提高學(xué)生對(duì)文本信息的理解和處理能力，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握基本的解題技巧，從而提升考試成績。

As a country boasting a vast territory and encompassing a large population, people in many places of China speak their own dialects.Dialects vary greatly in pronunciation but slightly in vocabulary and grammar.Some dialects, especially those from the north and the south, are so different that their speakers often have trouble understanding each other.Although dialects are considered as an integral part of the local culture, the number of people who can speak them has been undergoing a continuous decline in recent years.In order to encourage people to speak local dialects more often, some local governments have taken measures such as setting up dialect courses and broadcasting dialect programs on radio and TV, with a hope to preserve the local cultural heritage.

（摘編自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有刪減）