牟氏莊園 中國(guó)北方規(guī)模最大、保存最完整的地主莊園

仙輯

坐落于煙臺(tái)棲霞城北古鎮(zhèn)都村的牟氏莊園，是北方頭號(hào)大地主牟墨林家族幾代人聚族而居的地方，也是中國(guó)北方規(guī)模最大、全國(guó)保存最為完整、最具典型性的地主莊園，1988年被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為“全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位”。

始建于清雍正年間的牟氏莊園，經(jīng)過(guò)歷代人的修建，到1935年形成至今的規(guī)模，占地2萬(wàn)多平方米的莊園里分布著三組六院，建有萬(wàn)堂樓廂480多間。

據(jù)估算，前后修建耗費(fèi)白銀達(dá)48萬(wàn)兩之多。六個(gè)大院沿南北中軸線依次建為南群房、平房、客廳、大樓、小樓、北群及東西群廂多進(jìn)四合院落，形成一套完整的具有典型北方民居建筑特色的古建筑群落。莊園建筑工藝獨(dú)特，雕刻砌鑿，工藝細(xì)膩精湛，具有“三雕”、“六怪”、“九絕”之藝術(shù)特色。

牟氏莊園建筑物構(gòu)造有三個(gè)奇怪現(xiàn)象，被稱為“三大怪”?！盁焽鑹驹谏綁ν狻保礋焽枞加没◢弾r石條托在山墻外，凌空聳立，非常神奇；“火炕口在室外”，是指在建房時(shí)火坑口都留在了墻外，工人每天按時(shí)燒炕取暖；“穿堂門一線開(kāi)”，說(shuō)的是六個(gè)大院中的正房都開(kāi)著是穿堂門，正房除最后一排外，都是前后開(kāi)門，一線相連。牟家原籍湖北，莊園的“三大怪”除了有防潮保暖、安全防火、保持衛(wèi)生等作用，也是融合了南北方建筑風(fēng)格的表現(xiàn)，增加了建筑魅力和審美趣味。

在牟氏莊園里，很多細(xì)節(jié)展現(xiàn)著建筑的驚奇，其精巧細(xì)致都讓人慨嘆于牟氏族人的良苦用心和能工巧匠的高超技藝。當(dāng)年修墻時(shí)，主人每天發(fā)給石匠一些銅錢和鍋鐵，用來(lái)嵌在墻縫間，如果墻縫平整，銅錢就可留給石匠自己。有這種堪與現(xiàn)代企業(yè)管理制度媲美的鼓勵(lì)機(jī)制，加之奢侈的投入，牟氏莊園一磚一瓦皆堪稱經(jīng)典。

Situated in Guzhendu Village in the north of Qixia City in Yantai， Mous Manor was a place where the family of Mou Molin， the biggest landlord in the north， resided for generations. It is also the largest landlord manor in the north of China and the best-preserved and most representative landlord manor in China. In 1988， it was declared by the State Council as a“national key unit for the preservation of cultural relics.”

Started during the Reign of Yongzheng （1723-1735） in the Qing Dynasty and renovated by generations of people， Mous Manor attained its current scale by 1935. Covering an area of more than 20，000 square meters， the manor has a layout of three parts and six courtyards with over 480 buildings.

According to estimates， it cost as much as 480，000 liang of silver to build and renovate the manor. The six courtyards along the north-south axis are courtyards of southern annexes， onestorey houses， living rooms， big buildings， small buildings， and northern， eastern and western annexes， shaping a complete ancient architectural complex with the typical characteristics of northern folk residencies.