曲永華
短文填空題主要考查學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語的能力,通過中考閱卷我們發(fā)現(xiàn),它是中考中考生失分較多的一種題型。為了讓同學(xué)們能夠熟能生巧,攻克這一難關(guān),下面結(jié)合中考真題給大家作出指導(dǎo)。
[方法概述]
針對(duì)這一題型,考生可以采取以下步驟:
1. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),找出句子所缺成分,確定所填單詞的詞性。
2. 若詞性吻合,再結(jié)合實(shí)際語境和語法規(guī)則來確定所填單詞的具體形式,得出最終答案。
3. 若詞性不吻合,則要將其轉(zhuǎn)化為正確的形式。
[真題分析]
(2021·山東·濰坊)語言知識(shí)運(yùn)用
閱讀下面短文,用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空,必要時(shí)可加助動(dòng)詞。(保留原題號(hào))
I knew that my aunt, Betsey Trotwood, lived somewhere near Dover, so I decided to look for her.
I had to walk there and the journey took six long days. When I got to Dover, I asked a few people and they told me where 26 (go).
When Miss Betsey saw me, she shouted, “Go away! Don’t walk on my grass!”
“Please, madam, ”I said bravely, “please, Aunt Betsey…”
“What!” she cried, 27 (look) at me in great surprise.
“Please, Aunt Betsey, I’m your nephew David Copperfield. You came on the night I was born and saw my dear mother. My life 28 (be) very miserable since she died. My stepfather sent me to work in London and I hated it and ran away. Then someone stole my money and I had to walk…”I felt weak and suddenly fell to the ground.
My aunt picked me up and took me into her sitting room. While I 29 (eat), my aunt asked me a lot of questions. I was tired after the long day. Soon I fell asleep in a warm, 30 (comfort) bed.
Several days 31 (late) my stepfather, Mr. Murdstone arrived. “David is a very bad boy, violent and lazy, maybe the 32 (bad) boy in the world,” he said 33 (angry). “We found him a good job in London but he ran away. Now he must 34 (punish)!”
Aunt Betsey listened to him carefully and 35 (reply), “I don’t believe a word you say. I know you’ve been cruel to this boy and his poor mother. I’ll look after David from now on. Now get out of here!”
【語篇解讀】
本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了David在媽媽去世后,生活變得很悲慘時(shí),他決定尋找姨媽求助。幾經(jīng)周折,他終于找到姨媽并與之相認(rèn),善良的姨媽沒有聽信David繼父的誹謗語言, 并決定用自己的余生來照顧David。
【答案解析】
26. to go where to go 表示“去哪里”,此處是疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。
27. looking 句中已有謂語動(dòng)詞cried,故此處使用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。
28. has been since是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞,主語是第三人稱單數(shù),故用has been。
29. was eating 此處是while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
30. comfortable 用形容詞作定語修飾名詞bed, “溫暖舒服的床”。
31. later “一段時(shí)間 + later”表示一段時(shí)間后。
32. worst 根據(jù)比較范圍“in the world”可知,用形容詞的最高級(jí) 。
33. angrily 用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞,意為“他生氣地說”。angry變副詞時(shí),要把y變成i后,再加ly。
34. be punished 本句中的主語he是動(dòng)作的承受者, 要用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài), 即:must + be + done。
35. replied 根據(jù)并列連詞and前后的謂語動(dòng)詞一致原則可知,其后也要用一般過去時(shí),故填replied。
針對(duì)這一題型,考生可以采取以下具體方法解題:
1. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),找出句子所缺成分,確定所填單詞的詞性。
(1)若句子缺少主語,則考慮填名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或動(dòng)名詞。
(2)若句子缺少謂語,則考慮填動(dòng)詞。
(3)若句子缺少賓語,則考慮填名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或動(dòng)名詞。
(4)若句子缺少表語,則考慮填名詞或形容詞。
(5)若句子缺少定語,則考慮填形容詞、名詞、形容詞性物主代詞、動(dòng)詞的過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞等。
(6)若句子缺少狀語,則考慮填副詞、不定式、動(dòng)詞的過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞等。
(7)若句子缺少補(bǔ)語,則考慮填名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞的過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞等。
2. 若詞性吻合,再結(jié)合實(shí)際語境和語法規(guī)則來確定所填單詞的具體形式,得出最終答案。
(1)若所填詞是名詞,且空前為a/an/one等表示單數(shù)概念的詞,則名詞可能直接填原形;若空前有many,some,a few等修飾詞,則要考慮填名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式;或者根據(jù)語境判斷此處填該名詞的另一種形式(如science—scientist,music—musician,art—artist,Japan—Japanese,friend—friendship等)。
(2)若所填詞是動(dòng)詞,則要根據(jù)主語的人稱、數(shù)、具體的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)判斷所填詞的正確形式。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有always,often,usually,sometimes,every week,once a month等。若主語為第一人稱、第二人稱或第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語動(dòng)詞用原形;若主語為第三人稱單數(shù)形式,謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
一般過去時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有:just now,ago,in 1980,yesterday,last night等。
一般將來時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有:tomorrow,in the future,someday,in ten minutes,soon,next week等。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有:now,at present,these days,look,listen等。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有:yet,already,recently,since then,for+段時(shí)間,in the past 5 years等。
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有:at 8:00 last night,at that moment,at this time yesterday等。
如果句子主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則需用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
(3)若所填詞是形容詞,則要判斷用原形還是用比較等級(jí)。形容詞比較級(jí)的標(biāo)志詞多為than,還有much,even,a lot等;形容詞最高級(jí)的標(biāo)志詞有the,in,of,among等。
(4)若所填詞是副詞,同樣要判斷用原形還是用比較等級(jí)。
(5)若所填詞是數(shù)詞,則要判斷用基數(shù)詞還是序數(shù)詞。一般(大于1)基數(shù)詞后的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式,序數(shù)詞后的名詞為單數(shù)形式,且序數(shù)詞前加the。
(6)若所填詞是代詞,則需要判斷此處是用代詞的哪種形式,作主語時(shí)用代詞的主格或名詞性物主代詞;作賓語時(shí)用賓格或反身代詞;作定語時(shí)用形容詞性物主代詞。
3. 若詞性不吻合,則要將其轉(zhuǎn)化為正確的形式。
實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
本文是一篇記敘文,講述的是一只年幼的鹿和一只年老的鹿在遇到一群狗時(shí)采取不同應(yīng)對(duì)方式的故事。年老的鹿跑掉了,年幼的鹿拒絕逃跑,想用鹿角把狗甩在一邊,但是在和狗搏斗的時(shí)候被殺死了。我們可以從這個(gè)故事中吸取一個(gè)教訓(xùn):當(dāng)我們面臨危險(xiǎn)的時(shí)候,不要像那只愚蠢的年幼的鹿一樣。我們?cè)撝雷约旱膬?yōu)勢(shì)和弱點(diǎn)。
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,用方框中所給詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空,使文章通順完整。(每詞限用一次)
[he,? kill,? scare,? silly,? lie,? courage,? hear,? against,? fight,? strong]
One sunny afternoon, a young deer and an old deer were
(1) under a tree in the forest. Suddenly, in the distance, they (2) some sounds of dogs’ barking. The old deer stood up quickly. He felt nervous and (3) . He said to the young deer, “Be quick! It’s time to find a place to hide in. The barking dogs are fierce (兇猛的) and they will (4) us.”
The young deer laughed and said, “Why should we hide from the dogs? We are bigger and (5) than them. We can toss (扔) aside with our big antlers (角). We should fight with them bravely.”
The old deer admired the (6) of the young deer, but he did not believe the young deer. “We’d better run away now,” said the old deer.
The young deer refused to run away. He decided to fight (7) the dogs. As the dogs ran to (8) , he put down his antlers and wanted to toss them aside. But he didn’t win the (9) because there were too many dogs. He was killed by the dogs in the end.
The young deer lost his life because he didn’t know his strength and weakness. We can learn a lesson from the story. Don’t be like the (10) young deer when we are in danger. We should know our strength and weakness.
Keys:
1. lying 2. heard 3. scared 4. kill 5. stronger
6. courage 7. against 8. him 9. fight 10. silly