Transport of Jeffrey fluid in a rectangular slit of the microchannel under the effect of uniform reabsorption and a porous medium

H Mehboob，K Maqbool，R Ellahi，2，3，* and Sadiq M Sait

1 Department of Mathematics and Statistics，International Islamic University，Islamabad，Pakistan

2 Center for Modeling & Computer Simulation，Research Institute，King Fahd University of Petroleum &Minerals，Dhahran-31261，Saudi Arabia

3 Fulbright Fellow，Department of Mechanical Engineering，University of California Riverside，United States of America

4 Centre for Communications and IT Research，Research Institute，King Fahd University of Petroleum &Minerals，Dhahran-31261，Saudi Arabia

Abstract This research explores the transport of a Jeffrey fluid through a permeable slit of microchannel under the effect of a porous medium and constant reabsorption.Physical laws of fluid mechanics are used to study the flow in a cross-sectional area of a narrow slit which generates a highly nonlinear system of partial differential equation with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions.To solve the complex boundary value problem;a recursive(Langlois)approach is used and explicit expressions for velocity，pressure，stream function，flux，shear stress and fractional reabsorption are calculated.It is noticed that the flow rate at the centre line of slit and shear stress on the walls of slit decay due to the presence of porous medium and viscoelastic fluid parameters.It is also quantitatively observed that more pressure is required for the fluid flow when the slit is filled with a porous medium and reabsorption on the walls is constant.The mathematical results of the present research have significant importance in the field of biofluid mechanics and medical industry，therefore the application of a diseased rat kidney is also included in this research: and reabsorption velocities in the case of a diseased and a healthy rat kidney are calculated with the effects of a porous medium and constant re-absorption.

Keywords: creeping flow，Jeffrey fluid，uniform re-absorption，porous medium，permeable slit，micro channel，Langlois approach

Nomenclature

1.lntroduction

The flow-through mini and microchannels have gained significant importance in biomedical engineering，renal tubule and artificial kidneys.The main problem in the development of mini and microchannels are wall properties(friction on the surface and permeability of the wall).It is proved through the experimental results that non-Newtonian fluid flow through the slit is beneficial to improve the lubrication performance in the hydrodynamic system.Conry [1] confirmed experimentally that non-Newtonian fluid can be used for hydrodynamic viscoelastic materials and for the lubrication of rectangular contacts.Effects of load enhancement by the thickening of polymer is tested by Oliver [2] who found excellent results from his study.Spikes [3] observed the behaviour of lubricants in channels and found the pressure，velocity and flux of fluid.Sawyer and Tichy [4] used non-Newtonian lubrication for the second-order fluid，and Zhang et al [5] studied the same for the Maxwell fluid model.Recently，prominent scientists have studied the different non-Newtonian fluid models for the biological flows with different physical effects[6—13].The microstructure of different types of complex fluids have gained a lot of attention due to its frequent use in the medical industry and biophysics; these fluids were characterized as viscoelastic，time-dependent and time-independent fluids [14—17].Bird et al [18] proposed a theory of viscoelastic fluids that explained the viscous and elastic effects and had complex mathematical structures as well.Many interesting and challenging issues of viscoelastic fluids were discussed by Baris [19]，Yamamoto et al [20]，Nallapu and Radhakrishnamacharya [21]，Reddappa et al [22]，Mirzakhalili and Nejat [23].An important viscoelastic fluid was a Jeffrey fluid which has a simple constitutive relation and explained the structure of viscoelastic fluid.The Jeffrey model can be used by means of local and convective derivatives of the first Rivlin Erickson tensor.Nadeem et al [24]discussed the similarity solution of a Jeffrey fluid over a shrinking sheet and simplified the two-dimensional momentum equation under the boundary layer assumption whereas the flow of Jeffrey fluid in a rotating frame was studied by Hayat et al [25].Turkyilmazoglu [26] discussed the simultaneous effects of slip and heat transfer for Jeffrey fluid at deformable surfaces and so forth.

Fluid flow through a porous medium have gained a lot of importance in biological systems [27，28].Fluid transport with the help of artificial and natural porous media plays a vital role in biology，for example flow in biological tissues，fluid transport in plants in xylem and phloem etc.Therefore，many studies related to flow in porous media in biological systems are studied by Baragh et al [29]，F(xiàn)arooq et al [30]，Ajarostaghi et al [31]，Bhatti et al [32] etc.From these research works，it is analysed that porous media affect the viscous and thermal properties of the non-Newtonian fluid flow [33].

In this research，a microchannel filled with a porous medium is taken to be the proximal renal tube of the diseased kidney.The two-dimensional flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a permeable rectangular conduit (two-directional) is a big challenge of the present era，and as per our knowledge，no attention has been paid to study the Darcy’s number for slow flow of a viscoelastic Jeffrey fluid through a micro-channel(narrow slot) with constant reabsorption on the wall.This problem leads to a highly nonlinear set of partial differential equation with non-homogeneous boundary conditions in a finite domain.Such type of boundary value problems cannot be solved easily by numerical and analytical techniques.Analytical solution of such type of flow is important due to its fluid properties.An analytical technique which is introduced by Langlois et al [34] known as a recursive approach can be used to solve the slow flow of viscous fluid.Slow viscoelastic flow in an infinitely-long，straight tube of uniform crosssection was considered by Langlois and Rivlin.It was shown that the first，second，and third-order theories all predict rectilinear flow，but a fourth-order theory predicts a secondary flow in the cross-sectional area of planes.A method was outlined for calculating the first，second，and third-order flow fields and the velocity components were explicitly calculated for a rectangular slit of cross-section area.In this research two-dimensional momentum and continuity equations with the non-homogeneous boundary conditions are linearized into a steady slow flow of Jeffrey fluid in a narrow conduit with the Langlois approach.

The present research is organized into six sections.The first section includes the background and literature review of the problem.In section 2 mathematical modelling of the twodimensional creeping flow of a Jeffrey fluid in a rectangular slit with uniform reabsorption，has been made.The recursive approach is used to solve the nonlinear problem in section 3 and expression for stream function，velocity profile，pressure distribution，shear stress on the wall，flow rate and leakage flux are calculated.The graphical results for pressure difference，velocity profile(on the entrance，middle and exit region)and stream function are presented in section 4，application of the proposed model is included in section 6 and concluding remarks are added in section 6.

2.Mathematical modelling

Consider an incompressible，steady and two dimensional Jeffrey fluid flow through a porous medium of a rectangular cross-section of a rectangular slit with an x-axis located at the centre of the rectangular slit and y-axis in the perpendicular direction of the centreline.A constant reabsorption rate∈V0at the permeable walls of the rectangular slit is uniformly distributed.The walls of the slit are separated by the distance2Hand the width of the slit isW?H.The volume flow rate at the entrance of the slit is∈Q0.

The geometry of the slit，as shown in figure 1，shows that flow is symmetric about the centreline of the slit，therefore for a computational purpose，we will consider only the upper half of the slit.

Figure 1.Geometry of the problem.

Basic equations for the creeping flow of a Jeffrey fluid[35] through a porous medium [36] are as follows

Where

Where V is the velocity field，T is the Cauchy stress tensor，S is the extra stress tensor，A1is the first Rivilin Erickson tensor，I is the identity tensor，λ1andλ2are Jeffrey parameters，is total time derivative and R is Darcy’s resistance.

As we have a porous medium therefore for evaluatingRin equation (2)，Darcy’s law will be employed and is as follows

The proposed problem suggests that flow through a slit has the following velocity profile

Creeping flow through slit of micro channel is discussed by Ullah et al [37] and the suggest the following boundary conditions

The creeping flow of a Jeffrey fluid through a slit suggest that inertial forces are very weak when compared with the viscous forces，therefore continuity equation and momentum equations in the absence of inertial forces are as follows:

and stress components can be obtained as follows:

whereF1= (1+λ2?)and?=

Non-dimensional parameters are introduced in the following form

Using equation(16)in(11)—(15)and dropping*，one can obtain the following form of equations

and boundary conditions take the following form

3.Methodology

We use the Langlois recursive approach to solve the equations (18)—(19) with the boundary conditions (23)—(25).

Assume thatu(x，y) ，p(x，y)andT(x，y)can be expanded in the following series form:

Substituting equations (26)—(28) into the (17)—(25) and equating the coefficients of∈，∈2and∈，3 one can get the following first，second and third-order problems.

3.1.First order problem

with the boundary conditions

Flow patterns can be observed by the stream functions;therefore stream functions can be related with the velocity profile by the following expressions:

With the help of the above stream function，the first-order problem takes the following form.

To solve the above boundary value problem by inverse method，the following function is defined:

After using the above expression，equations (37)—(40)take the following form

The solution of equation (42) is given by the following expression

After using the boundary conditions given in equations(42a)and(42b)one can get the following values of arbitrary constants

After using the values of arbitrary constants one can get the exact solution ofX(1)that is given in appendix.

Following the same procedure ofX(1)one can get the solution of the above equation is given as follows:

After using the boundary conditions given in equations(45a)and(45b)one can get the following values of arbitrary constants

After using the values of arbitrary constants one can get the exact solution ofY(1)that is given in an appendix.

Following formulae are used to find mean pressure at any section of the slit and pressure drop of slit respectively.

3.2.Second-order problem

After equating coefficients of∈2，the following equations are obtained with the corresponding boundary conditions

where

Boundary conditions for second order problem are as follow

Stream function for a second-order problem is given as follow

After using the above relation，equations (51) and (52)together with boundary conditions take the following form

A solution of the above boundary value problem can be assumed as

With the aid of above relation，equations (60)—(63)reduce into following form

The solution of the above nonhomogeneous differential equation is the sum of a complementary and particular solution.

hereXc(2)=0，because boundary conditions are homogeneous andXp(2)(y)is given as follow

3.3.Third-order problem

After comparing the powers of∈3，one can get the following expressions

where

and boundary conditions are

Now stream function for a third-order problem is related in the following manner.

with the help of above relation，equations (69)—(70) with the boundary conditions take the following form

The associated boundary conditions are

From equation (78)，we can assume the following solution.

whereX(3)(y)represent an unknown function.

With the aid of above stream function，equations (78)—(81) transform into the following form

Follow the same steps as of second-order system，one can get the value ofX(3)(y)by computing the complementary and particular solution that is given in the appendix.

After collecting the first，second and third-order solutions，one can get the stream function，velocity and pressure which are also given in the appendix

The pressure drop of the slit is calculated by the following formula and is given in an appendix

Wall shear stress can be calculated by the following formula

Fractional reabsorption is defined as

The axial flow rate is as follow

Leakage flux is defined as follows

Note that fractional reabsorption and leakage flux both depend upon reabsorption rate(S1) but pressure distribution，velocity and stress components depend upon reabsorption rate(S1) ，Darcy’s number(Da)and Jeffrey parametersk1andλ1.

Equations (11)—(12) contain the termdue to porous medium，ifthen one can attain the results of creeping flow of Jeffrey fluid through a slit presented by Mehboob et al [35].

3.4.Special case for viscous fluid

From equations (18)—(19) one can get the results of viscous fluid when Jeffrey parametersk1(λ2)andλ1→0and Darcy’s number 1/Da →0 then the second and third-order system of present research give the trivial solution.The solution for velocity profiles，pressure gradient and shear stress of the special case can only be obtained from the first-order system which are as follows:

4.Graphical illustrations

Graphical behaviour of horizontal and vertical component of velocity，folw rate，pressure difference，stream function and wall shear stress are observed for distinct values of porosity parameterS1，Jeffrey parametersk1，λ1and Darcy’s numberDa.In this studyx=0.1，x= 0.5 andx=0.9，show the middle and exit points of the rectangular cross-section respectively.

4.1.Effect of porosity parameter （S1）

Figures 2(a)—(c)indicate that horizontal velocity decreases by increasing the porosity parameterS1at the entry，middle and exit region of rectangular cross-section，a decrease is faster in the middle region but at the exit，region reverse flow has been observed.It is also observed that near the centre of rectangular cross-section flow is maximum due to pressure gradient and near the walls of a rectangular cross-section，the fluid flow becomes stationary due to wall friction.The variation of porosity parameterS1for the magnitude of the vertical component of velocity is shown in figure 6(a)which indicates that the vertical velocity component is symmetric about the centre line also increases by increasingS.1Figure 7(a)display that more pressure is required to make the fluid flow in a slit when the reabsorption rateS1rises.Due to high reabsorption，more pressure is required for the fluid to flow.Figure 8(a)indicates that the porosity parameter causes a reduction in the shear stress on the wall，therefore fluid moves with less amount of tangential force along the wall.From figure 9 it is observed that the volume flow rate reduces by increasing the reabsorption velocity because reabsorption velocity is transverse to the flow direction.The streamlines are shown in figures 10(a)—(c).It can be noticed that by increasing the values of porosity parameterS1the contour size increases which predicts that reabsorption causes thinning of fluid.

Figure 2.Effect ofS1 on horizontal velocity component for k1 =0.4，λ1 = 1.2andDa =0.5.

Figure 3.Effect of k1 on horizontal velocity component for S1 = 1.4，λ1 =1.2andDa =0.5.

Figure 4.Effect of Da on horizontal velocity component for S1 = 1.4，λ1 =0.2and k1=0.4.

Figure 5.Effect ofλ1 on horizontal velocity component for k1 = 1.2，Da =0.6and S1=1.4.

Figure 6.Effect ofS1 ，k1 ，Da andλ1 on vertical velocity component.

Figure 7.Effect ofS1 ，k1 ，Da andλ1 on the pressure difference.

Figure 8.Effect ofS1 ，k1 ，Da andλ1 on shear stress on the wall.

Figure 9.Effect ofS1 on axial flow rate.

4.2.Effect of Jeffrey parameter （k1） and ratio of relaxation to retardation times （λ1）

Figures 3(a)—(c) and 5(a)—(c) show the effect of Jeffrey parametersk1a ndλ1for the velocity proflie at the entrance，middle and exit region of the slit.The impact of Jeffrey parametersk1andλ1on the vertical component of velocity can be seen in fgiures 6(b)and(d).It is observed that the magnitude of vertical velocity decreases by increasing Jeffrey fulid parametersk1andλ，1For distinct values ofk1andλ.1Figures 7(b)and(d)show that amount of pressure from one point to another point falls with the extending amount of viscositiesk1andλ1of the Jeffrey fluid.Figures 8(b) and (d) illustrate that increasing Jeffrey fluid parametersk1andλ1help to decrease the wall shear stress.The streamlines are shown by the graphs of stream function in figures 11(a)—(c)and 13(a)—(c).Figures 11(a)—(c)indicate that by increasing Jeffrey fluid parameterk，1contour size decreases due to viscoelastic properties of the fluid whereas figures 13(a)—(c)show that with the increasing values of λ1(ratio of relaxation to the retardation time)contour size increases because the relaxation time exceeds the retardation time.

4.3.Effect of Darcy’s number （Da）

It can be seen from figures 4(a)—(c)that by increasing Darcy’s numberDahorizontal velocity increases in the middle of the rectangular cross-section and decreases near the wall.In the middle and exit region of the rectangular cross-section，the reverse flow has been observed due to finite boundary.Figure 6(c)describes that with the increasing values of Darcy’s numberDatransverse component of velocity increases as pore size in the bulk of fluid increases.Figure 7(c) shows that pressure difference decreases by increasingDa.The impact ofDaon wall shear stress is shown in Figure 8(c)，which indicates that shear stress decreases with the increase inDa.Figures 12(a)—(c)illustrates the effect ofDaon streamlines and it can be noticed that contour size decreases asDarises.

Figure 10.Effect ofS1 on stream function( a) S1=0.4，( b) S1=0.45，( c) S1=0.6.

Figure 11.Effect of k1 on stream function( a ) k1 =0.15，( b) k1 =0.4，( c) k1=0.9.

Figure 12.Effect of Da on stream function( a) Da =0.1，( b) Da =0.3，( c) Da=2.0.

5.Application to the diseased kidney

Figure 13.Effect ofλ1 on stream function( a) λ1=0.3，( b) λ1=0.5，( c) λ1=1.0.

Fifty years ago，renal transplantation of a rat was performed.Although at that time the microsurgical technique was challenging，several combinations of a genetic and outbred rats were used to model many complications of renal transplantation，including IRI，acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy.When the renal tubule is infected by the pus cells then the urine contains small pus cells that are considered as pores in the bulk of the fluid volume.Results of this research i.e.equation(94)is used to evaluate the average pressure and filtration rate in the diseased rat kidney.Tables 1—2 show that for different values of fractional reabsorption，average pressure and filtration rate give significant results.It is assumed from the literature [39] thatL= 0.67 cm，H=0.001 08 cm，W= 10-1cm，μ= 0.007 37dyn s cm-2，Q0= 4.08 × 10-8cm3s-1，λ1= 0.1andλ2= 0.0321can be used in the results of equation (94) to find the average pressure and filtration rate of the rat kidney.For computing Darcy’s number，we have chosen the values ofK1from [40].Table 1 shows that with the increase in fractional reabsorption and filtration rate，fluid requires high pressure when compared with the healthy kidney.The average values of pressure required for the urine flow and reabsorption of the different substances during the urine formation through the healthy kidney are given in table 2.This study is very helpful to measure the pressure and fractional reabsorption required during the blood filtration through an artificial kidney.

Table 1.Filtration rate for the diseased rat kidney (in the presence of Darcy’s resistance).

Table 2.Derived values from the present model for a healthy kidney.

6.Conclusions

In the present study，the slow flow of a Jeffrey fulid through a permeable rectangular slit of cross-sectional areaL×W×Hembedded in a porous medium is discussed.The mathematical model of creeping flow of a Jeffrey fluid is presented by the set of the complicated nonlinear partial differential equation which is solved by the Langlois approach.The results of[38]for the case of Newtonian fluid can be obtained，ifλ1，λ2→0andk1→0 whereas and the results of Mehboob et al[35]recovers as a special case when one choosek1→0.The present research analyses different features for velocity，pressure and stream functions，which are as follows

· The axial velocity diminishes with the extending values of porosity parameterS1in the rectangular cross-section of the slit，and also there is a decrease in axial velocity，which is dominant in the middle region of the slit and reverse behaviour is observed at the exit of a slit.

· It is predicted that mounted values of Jeffrey parameters(k1，λ1) cause shrinkage in the magnitude of axial velocity at the centre of the entrance，middle and exit region.

· The magnitude of transverse velocity grows with the extending values ofS1andDaand decays with the improving values ofk1andλ1but at the centre of slit，the fluid comes at rest and then start to move in the opposite direction.

· It is also noticed that more pressure is required to flow the fluid in a slit when the reabsorption rateS1rises but the amount of pressure from one point to another falls with the extending amount of viscositiesk1andλ.1

· The present research indicates that the porosity parameter cause reduction in shear stress on the wall because uniform reabsorption helps to accelerate the flow，and therefore，the fluid moves with less amount of tangential force along the wall.

· The volume flow rate of Jeffrey fluid through the slit reduces by increasing the reabsorption velocity because reabsorption velocity is transverse to the flow direction.

· The contour size increases by increasing the values of porosity parameterS1and Darcy numberDawhich show that reabsorption causes thinning of the Jeffrey fluid and increasing value of Jeffrey fluid parametersk1andλ1show that the contour size decreases which causes to thickening of the Jeffrey fluid.

This research is beneficial to measure the pressure，flow rate，and reabsorption of the urine flow through a diseased kidney.The present study has neglected the effects of body forces，inertial forces and curvature that can be considered in future work.

Acknowledgments

We thank the reviewers for their constructive suggestions which led to an improvement in this research.

Funding information

There is no funding source for this research.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors，the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Appendix

wherep0(1)is the pressure at the entrance of the slit and

where

wherep0(2)is the pressure at the entrance of the slit.

whereA4，A5，A6，… ，A59are all constants depending upon k1，S1and a.

wherep0(1)+p0(2)+p0(3)=p0andC1，C2，C3，… ，C139are all constants.