華瑩
摘 要:從近年的中高考試題中不難發(fā)現(xiàn),閱讀理解的比重不斷加大,因此閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)成了英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重中之重。筆者認(rèn)為在閱讀教學(xué)中以問(wèn)題引路,能有效地誘發(fā)學(xué)生的好奇心和求知欲,促進(jìn)學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與,達(dá)到自主求知、主動(dòng)發(fā)展的目的。本文以一師一優(yōu)課部?jī)?yōu)課獲得者夏進(jìn)軍教師的閱讀課為例,來(lái)闡述在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中如何以問(wèn)題引路來(lái)提升英語(yǔ)閱讀課的實(shí)效性。
關(guān)鍵詞:?jiǎn)栴};中學(xué)英語(yǔ);閱讀教學(xué)
在平時(shí)的英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中,很多教師為了達(dá)到所謂的“高效”,會(huì)采用講解生詞、翻譯文本、分析語(yǔ)法這樣的方式來(lái)實(shí)施閱讀課的教學(xué)。然而,教學(xué)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),一堂閱讀課下來(lái),學(xué)生只是停留在理解文章的表層含義,自身的閱讀技能并沒(méi)有提高。究其原因是因?yàn)榻處熢诮虒W(xué)時(shí)單純地以完成教學(xué)任務(wù)為目標(biāo),學(xué)生接受學(xué)習(xí)、死記硬背。久而久之,對(duì)教師過(guò)分依賴,缺乏主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)和探究的能力。為了改變這種狀況,筆者以一師一優(yōu)課部?jī)?yōu)課獲得者夏進(jìn)軍教師的閱讀課“Green Switzerland”為例,來(lái)闡述在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中如何以問(wèn)題引路來(lái)提高英語(yǔ)閱讀課的實(shí)效性。
一、課堂問(wèn)答實(shí)錄
Step 1 Free talk
T:What do you often do to go green?/What does she/he often do to go green?(循環(huán)提問(wèn))
Ss:I often recycle waste./ I often go to school on foot instead of taking a bus./I often ride to school./I dont use plastic bags./ I often turn off the lights when l leave a room./ I often turn off the tap when brushing my teeth.
Ss:She recycles waste./She often goes to school on foot instead of taking a bus./He often rides to school./He doesnt use plastic bags./She often turns off the lights when leaving a room.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]“ Free talk”是導(dǎo)入新課的常用方法,教師就“What do you often do to go green?”以及“What does she/he often do to go green?”這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題循環(huán)提問(wèn),既復(fù)習(xí)了前一板塊所學(xué),又很好地切入了本節(jié)課的主題。教師在讓學(xué)生發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)之前還讓他們復(fù)述前一位學(xué)生的答案,以此來(lái)確認(rèn)學(xué)生是否全身心投入課堂中,促使他們積極主動(dòng)進(jìn)入學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài),使課堂更具活力。
Step 2 Pre-reading
T:Do you know when is World Environment Day?
S:On 5 June.
T:Which country does the best in protecting the environment?(呈現(xiàn)2019全球環(huán)境績(jī)效指數(shù)和瑞士手表、瑞士軍刀)
Ss:Switzerland.
T:Whats the country like?(呈現(xiàn)瑞士?jī)?yōu)美的風(fēng)景照)
S:A beautiful country with high mountains and clean blue lakes.
T:Today we are going to study an article about this country. Whats the title of the article?
Ss:Green Switzerland.
T:Whats the article mainly about?
S:Something about Switzerland.
T:What does “green” mean in the title?
Ss:Green trees./Green lakes./Green environment.
T:We can see different people have different ideas about “green”.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]讀前活動(dòng)是教學(xué)活動(dòng)的預(yù)熱階段,教師一定要根據(jù)閱讀的語(yǔ)篇材料,采用不同的方式設(shè)置活動(dòng),從而激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī),提高閱讀效率。本節(jié)閱讀課教師設(shè)置了一系列相關(guān)的問(wèn)題鏈來(lái)引出文本主題,從“When is World Environment Day?”入手來(lái)激活學(xué)生已有的背景知識(shí),然后通過(guò)“全球環(huán)境績(jī)效指數(shù)”引出了排名首位的瑞士這個(gè)國(guó)家。之后利用圖文結(jié)合的方式詢問(wèn)學(xué)生“Whats Switzerland like?”瑞士?jī)?yōu)美的風(fēng)景迅速激發(fā)了學(xué)生的閱讀興趣。接著的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題“Whats the title of the article?”以及“What does ‘green mean in the title?”讓學(xué)生對(duì)全文有一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè),為之后閱讀課文做好必要的心理準(zhǔn)備和知識(shí)準(zhǔn)備。
Step 3 While-reading
T:What writing order is the article in?(提供五種寫(xiě)作順序供學(xué)生選擇)
S:General to specific to general.
T:How many parts are there in the article?
S:Three parts.
T:What does “that way” mean in paragraph 1?(梳理Part 1)
S1:Keep it green./Its suitable for people to live./Try to keep it beautiful.
T:What do you think will be talked about in the following part?
S:How to keep it that way.
T:There are three ways and what are they? Please find out the key words in Paragraphs 2-4.(梳理Part 2,給學(xué)生三個(gè)提示來(lái)幫助他們找出每段的關(guān)鍵詞)
T:What does “separate” mean here in paragraph 2? (梳理paragraph 2的同時(shí)教授學(xué)生猜測(cè)生詞的技巧)
T:How do people in Switzerland recycle? How do they recycle clothes?(鋪墊被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
T:Lets read about “Laws make it green” and complete the sentences. What else can we do to reduce pollution?(梳理paragraph 3并適當(dāng)拓展輸入)
T:Lets read about “New energy makes it green”. Where is new energy from? (梳理paragraph 4)
S:Wind, the sun and water.
T:Which is TRUE about new energy?(歸納新能源的優(yōu)勢(shì))
S:New energy produces little pollution.
T:What is our greatest treasure?
S:Nature.
T:Why do we say nature is our greatest treasure?
S:Because we depend on its rich resources to live.
T:Nature is our greatest treasure, so each of us should do something to make a difference. Can you tell me what is the purpose of the article?
S:It asks us to protect the environment.
T:What does “green” mean? (再次提問(wèn)學(xué)生對(duì)于“green”的理解)
Ss:It means environment/nature...
T:Why does Martina choose blog to write the article?
S:Maybe the government can see it.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]在整個(gè)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中,讀中活動(dòng)是核心部分,教師的作用是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀材料進(jìn)行深入理解,傳授有效的閱讀策略,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)閱讀技巧,提高閱讀能力的目的。在該環(huán)節(jié)的教學(xué)中,為了讓學(xué)生先對(duì)文本有一個(gè)整體把握,教師對(duì)文本的寫(xiě)作順序進(jìn)行梳理,以此為基礎(chǔ)讓學(xué)生對(duì)全文進(jìn)行分段。接下來(lái)通過(guò)一環(huán)扣一環(huán)的問(wèn)題鏈將每一部分有效地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。在分析第一部分時(shí)抓住文中的關(guān)鍵詞“that way”讓學(xué)生思考“What does ‘that way mean?”接著拋出第二個(gè)問(wèn)題“What do you think will be talked about next?”自然而然過(guò)渡到文章的第二部分,然后通過(guò)三個(gè)tip來(lái)滲透閱讀技巧。在對(duì)主體部分的三個(gè)段落精講時(shí),既設(shè)計(jì)了詞義猜測(cè)技巧的教授環(huán)節(jié),又有對(duì)之后的語(yǔ)法教學(xué)“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”的鋪墊,以此來(lái)體現(xiàn)單元整體教學(xué)。在全文精講完后再次以問(wèn)題“What does ‘green mean?”來(lái)呼應(yīng)開(kāi)頭。該環(huán)節(jié)最后一個(gè)問(wèn)題“Why does Martina choose her blog to write the article?”讓學(xué)生能對(duì)博客的文本特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行深入思考,對(duì)閱讀材料有一個(gè)深層面的理解。
Step 4 Post-reading
T:How to make Yangzhou greener? Discuss and design a poster for it.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]讀后活動(dòng)是檢查閱讀理解效果和鞏固運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言材料的階段。在這一環(huán)節(jié),教師需要設(shè)計(jì)一定的活動(dòng)來(lái)促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀材料的內(nèi)化和吸收。在本節(jié)課中,教師設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)“How to make Yangzhou greener?”的海報(bào)設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng),以此來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言輸入與輸出的轉(zhuǎn)化,既讓學(xué)生學(xué)以致用,又強(qiáng)化了情感目標(biāo)。
二、教學(xué)啟示
這節(jié)部?jī)?yōu)課各環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)非常完整,教師能根據(jù)教材內(nèi)容尋找合適的切入點(diǎn),根據(jù)教學(xué)實(shí)際來(lái)縝密地遞進(jìn)式設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,以問(wèn)題引路,幫助學(xué)生一步步深入理解文本內(nèi)容,能把多個(gè)層面的知識(shí)有條不紊地結(jié)合使用,一環(huán)扣一環(huán),讓學(xué)生對(duì)文本有很好的理解和跟進(jìn),思維沒(méi)有斷點(diǎn)。由此可見(jiàn),在英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中以問(wèn)題為導(dǎo)向能讓學(xué)生打破長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)受灌輸式教學(xué)影響而形成的惰性,通過(guò)教師的課堂啟發(fā),學(xué)生的自主探究來(lái)解決問(wèn)題,使師生雙方真正成為學(xué)習(xí)與研究的主人。當(dāng)然,我們?cè)陂喿x教學(xué)中設(shè)置問(wèn)題要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(一)找準(zhǔn)切入,用問(wèn)題激活文本背景
讀前活動(dòng)的主要目的在于引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極參與課堂,激發(fā)他們的閱讀興趣,增強(qiáng)閱讀動(dòng)機(jī)。因此在該環(huán)節(jié),教師應(yīng)找準(zhǔn)切入點(diǎn),設(shè)置有效的問(wèn)題激活學(xué)生有關(guān)語(yǔ)篇的背景知識(shí),讓學(xué)生對(duì)本課的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行必要的語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)備。該環(huán)節(jié)的問(wèn)題宜簡(jiǎn)單、簡(jiǎn)短,貼近學(xué)生生活實(shí)際,這有助于營(yíng)造一個(gè)寬松而真實(shí)的課堂情境。
(二)注重連貫,用問(wèn)題梳理文本脈絡(luò)
學(xué)生借助問(wèn)題來(lái)了解文本,所以教師在讀中環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題時(shí)一定要以文本為依托,與文本緊密相關(guān)。每個(gè)問(wèn)題之間應(yīng)具有一定邏輯性,并且是連貫的。學(xué)生在思考這一連串問(wèn)題的同時(shí)也是對(duì)文中故事情節(jié)的逐步探索和深入剖析,隨著這環(huán)環(huán)相扣的問(wèn)題一個(gè)個(gè)被解答,文本脈絡(luò)浮出水面,教師也自然而然實(shí)現(xiàn)了整節(jié)閱讀課的教學(xué)目標(biāo)。
(三)設(shè)置梯度,用問(wèn)題深挖文本內(nèi)涵
理解是一個(gè)由淺入深、由易到難、逐漸攀升的思考過(guò)程。學(xué)生理解文本不是一蹴而就的,這就要求教師在不同階段的問(wèn)題設(shè)置上要有階梯性,從主旨大意到細(xì)節(jié)信息,從表層意思到深層理解,從封閉性問(wèn)題到開(kāi)放性問(wèn)題。如在初讀文本時(shí),教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注文章標(biāo)題和文本插圖,激發(fā)學(xué)生閱讀興趣;再讀文本時(shí),教師可以對(duì)每段大意進(jìn)行提問(wèn),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把握文章結(jié)構(gòu);三讀文本時(shí),教師應(yīng)該把提問(wèn)著眼點(diǎn)放在文章細(xì)節(jié)處,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生細(xì)讀文本、找尋答案,同時(shí)感知語(yǔ)言、體會(huì)文化;四讀文本時(shí),教師就可以設(shè)置一些開(kāi)放性問(wèn)題,讓學(xué)生深入思考,與作者共情,閱讀升華。
結(jié)束語(yǔ)
提問(wèn)在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中起著舉足輕重的作用,我們教師在落實(shí)閱讀教學(xué)時(shí)應(yīng)重視課堂提問(wèn),掌握課堂提問(wèn)的策略,根據(jù)學(xué)生特點(diǎn)、教材內(nèi)容、教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)置有效的問(wèn)題,以問(wèn)題引路,帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生一步步細(xì)品語(yǔ)篇,在提高閱讀教學(xué)實(shí)效性的同時(shí)促進(jìn)學(xué)生綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的提升。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]毛圣娟.基于問(wèn)題引領(lǐng)的中學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)研究[J].校園英語(yǔ),2016,0(26):102.
[2]王秀.問(wèn)題引領(lǐng),深化高中生英語(yǔ)思維[J].新課程(下),2016,0(36):196.