編者按:美國(guó)華裔歷史研究中心主任邱彰博士一直從事旅美華人的歷史研究,2016 年出版了《Herstory: The Legal History of Chinese American Women(她的歷史)》,2020年出版了《Herstory 2: The Legal History of Chinese American Women(她的歷史2)》。兩本書(shū)分別記載了1852年至2012年35個(gè)華人女性在美國(guó)的奮斗事跡和1912年至2020年17個(gè)發(fā)生在美國(guó)的華人重要法律案例,以及2000年至2018年10位華人女性政治人物。這兩本書(shū)明示了華人女性在美國(guó)社會(huì)地位提升的軌跡。邱彰博士認(rèn)為:“我寫(xiě)的不是英雄,而是偉人,她們將青史留名。”本刊從兩書(shū)中摘選成《江孫蕓與她的福祿壽》,文章講述了百歲老人江孫蕓改變中國(guó)餐飲在美國(guó)餐飲業(yè)的地位和歷史的故事。
2016年,耶魯大學(xué)歷史教授保羅·弗里德曼(Paul Freedman)寫(xiě)了一本名為 “Ten Restaurants That Changed America” (十個(gè)改變美國(guó)的餐館)的書(shū)。其中,江孫蕓(Cecilia Chiang)和她的福祿壽餐館 (The Mandarin)被弗里德曼教授從209頁(yè)寫(xiě)到了250頁(yè),自此,1920年生于上海的江孫蕓正式進(jìn)入美國(guó)歷史。2020年10月28日,美國(guó)各大新聞媒體—— CNN、CBS、NBC、 《舊金山紀(jì)事報(bào)》(San Francisco Chronicles)等都報(bào)道了百歲老人江孫蕓過(guò)世的消息,這足以看出她作為中華美食教母的地位在美國(guó)社會(huì)倍受肯定。
2017年,經(jīng)由舊金山圖書(shū)總館國(guó)際中心主任盧慧芬(Doris Tseng)女士的介紹,我訪(fǎng)問(wèn)了江孫蕓,并撰寫(xiě)了她生平唯一的中文口述歷史——《美國(guó)中華美食教母》(Cecilia Chiang — Godmother of Chinese American Cuisine),2019年她拿到了書(shū),愛(ài)不釋手。
我是看人家做菜長(zhǎng)大的
我于1920年出生在上海,是十二個(gè)兄弟姐妹中的第七個(gè)。 父母從上海搬到北京后,我們一時(shí)吃不習(xí)慣北方的饅頭、包子和各式各樣的面食,于是父親從上海請(qǐng)來(lái)了廚師。過(guò)一陣子后,父親說(shuō),既然我們都搬到北京了,應(yīng)該也學(xué)吃北方菜,又從北京找了一個(gè)廚子,會(huì)做各種面食,所以,我們家的飯菜算是“南北合作”。
中國(guó)菜有季節(jié)性,如同每一季開(kāi)的花不同,當(dāng)季菜也有所不同;而在美國(guó),一年四季什么蔬果都有。跟中國(guó)比起來(lái),在美國(guó)過(guò)年沒(méi)有氣氛,也沒(méi)有什么特別的東西想吃。
我在家是大小姐,不管是大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,還是結(jié)婚生了兩個(gè)孩子后,都沒(méi)進(jìn)過(guò)廚房。到了美國(guó)之后,自己開(kāi)餐館,怎么辦呢 ?只能拼命回想小時(shí)候的菜,拼命想辦法自己做。所以,我做菜不是科班出生,我是看人家做菜長(zhǎng)大的。
在美國(guó)開(kāi)餐館的初心不是為了賺錢(qián)
有人問(wèn)我,“自從你退休以后,怎么沒(méi)有一個(gè)中餐館能像你做得那么轟轟烈烈、菜色那么好、服務(wù)那么好、飯碗那么美呢?”我尷尬地回答他:“因?yàn)槟康牟煌?。?dāng)初開(kāi)餐館不是為了賺錢(qián),是為了替別人開(kāi)餐館的?!?/p>
當(dāng)年,我去探望姐姐時(shí)遇到兩個(gè)朋友,他們想開(kāi)餐廳,希望我能幫忙協(xié)商租約。盡管當(dāng)時(shí)我的英文不好,仍然決定幫忙,還自掏腰包付給房東訂金1萬(wàn)美元。沒(méi)想到那兩位朋友跑了,沉重的租約讓我心一橫,豁出去一搏。另一方面,我確實(shí)也覺(jué)得應(yīng)該把最道地的中國(guó)菜介紹給外國(guó)人,讓他們明白什么才是真正的中國(guó)菜。所以我的目的跟一些中餐館老板完全不同。
還有一點(diǎn),我喜愛(ài)美食。我?guī)缀跆焯於荚谕饷娉?,米其林各星?jí)的餐館都吃過(guò),而且不僅是吃中國(guó)菜,全世界的菜我都吃,所以吃得多也看得多。 更重要的是,我有一個(gè)法寶——那就是我的舌頭!好的舌頭可以讓你懂得什么是好口味, 懂得領(lǐng)悟好菜,當(dāng)你品嘗菜時(shí),能明白菜色里的組成是什么,這就是天賦,而有這種天賦的人并不多。
尼克松訪(fǎng)華讓美國(guó)人開(kāi)始“舉起筷子”走近中餐
決定走上餐飲之路后,我就開(kāi)始參照美國(guó)餐館的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),給我的餐館——福祿壽的員工買(mǎi)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn),也給福利,我是當(dāng)時(shí)唯一一家這么做的中餐館。
赫布 · 凱恩(Herb Caen)是《舊金山紀(jì)事報(bào)》(San Francisco Chronicle)報(bào)紙的著名專(zhuān)欄作家。1963 年,他在友人的推薦下,到我們餐廳用餐。他后來(lái)在專(zhuān)欄中寫(xiě)著:“這家‘墻上有一個(gè)小洞的餐廳做出了太平洋以東最好吃的中國(guó)菜。”
我沒(méi)看到這篇專(zhuān)欄文章,但第二天餐廳開(kāi)門(mén)時(shí),我被嚇到了,平常很安靜的營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間,客人卻多到在門(mén)口排成一長(zhǎng)排。從那以后,靠著這個(gè)專(zhuān)欄的安利、保證品質(zhì)的好菜肴和我的好客,福祿壽成了當(dāng)時(shí)最著名的餐廳。還有一個(gè)重要因素,便是“天時(shí)”的配合——尼克松訪(fǎng)華。
1972年尼克松總統(tǒng)開(kāi)始了訪(fǎng)華之行,當(dāng)尼克松總統(tǒng)和基辛格國(guó)務(wù)卿在北京國(guó)宴上熟練地使用筷子,和周恩來(lái)總理大口干杯喝茅臺(tái)酒時(shí),坐在電視機(jī)這頭的美國(guó)人看得目瞪口呆。從此,他們也拿起了筷子,到現(xiàn)在都沒(méi)放下,火辣的四川菜、口味濃重的湖南菜等都跟著流行起來(lái)了,使得當(dāng)時(shí)包括福祿壽在內(nèi)的美國(guó)所有中餐館都門(mén)庭若市。
從1885年紐約只有6家中餐館,到今天(2019年)全美大約有4萬(wàn)家中餐館 ,中餐館數(shù)目比麥當(dāng)勞、肯德基加起來(lái)還多,這就是中華美食歷盡千辛萬(wàn)苦打拼出來(lái)的成果,無(wú)可否認(rèn)的是中餐如今已成為美國(guó)多元化文化的一部分,各個(gè)種族對(duì)彼此文化的理解或有不同,但他們的味蕾卻一致地對(duì)中國(guó)菜飽含喜愛(ài)的熱情。
成功的秘訣就是待人如己
20世紀(jì)80年代是我們餐館發(fā)展的高峰期,最鼎盛時(shí)同時(shí)擁有4家餐館,1個(gè)在舊金山,3個(gè)在洛杉磯,那時(shí)我將洛杉磯比弗利山莊分店交由兒子來(lái)打理,他是那里的經(jīng)理。再后來(lái),餐館的總經(jīng)理和會(huì)計(jì)師卻因癌癥相繼過(guò)世,我決定把福祿壽轉(zhuǎn)賣(mài)出去,買(mǎi)方繼續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng),一直到2006年才永久關(guān)門(mén),至此結(jié)束了50年的經(jīng)營(yíng)。
那以后,我兒子也開(kāi)了一個(gè)很成功的中餐連鎖餐館 —華館(P.F. CHANG'S),我沒(méi)有教過(guò)他做菜,他大概就是在我身旁看我做吧。他覺(jué)得我的做法過(guò)于傳統(tǒng),他決定不走我的這條路,他選了十幾個(gè)菜式,走年輕化、經(jīng)濟(jì)型路線(xiàn),結(jié)果他的路走對(duì)了,他現(xiàn)在有 400 多家連鎖店。2019年,有人花了 7億美元把他的連鎖店買(mǎi)了下來(lái),但他現(xiàn)在也在幫忙打理這個(gè)連鎖品牌。
我的女兒也曾在舊金山開(kāi)過(guò)一間飯館,經(jīng)營(yíng)了9年還是失敗了,最后還賠了一棟房子。兩個(gè)孩子個(gè)性不同,有些東西靠教,有些東西也要靠運(yùn)氣。
回顧我的餐飲之路,之所以能成功,原因不僅有菜單上的,也有菜單下的。而菜單下的秘訣就是我待人很客氣,即使是送貨的,跟我的交情也非常好。外出用餐時(shí),廚房的雜工或洗碗工常會(huì)過(guò)來(lái)打招呼,我總記得他們的名字,也記得在哪里見(jiàn)過(guò)他們。我讓大家都覺(jué)得被記住、被重視。還記得20世紀(jì)70年代杰佛森飛船合唱團(tuán) (Jefferson Airplane)來(lái)到我們餐館,當(dāng)時(shí)他們還沒(méi)走紅,用餐時(shí)點(diǎn)了瓶香檳王,服務(wù)生覺(jué)得他們應(yīng)該付不起,便請(qǐng)我來(lái)處理,我毫不猶豫地為他們開(kāi)瓶。團(tuán)員杰克·卡薩迪(Jack Casady) 和約瑪 · 考克寧(Jorma Kaukonen) 都說(shuō),讓他們?cè)敢庖粊?lái)再來(lái)的原因,就是我對(duì)他人的尊重。后來(lái)杰佛森飛船合唱團(tuán)成了餐廳的忠實(shí)顧客,我也偶爾會(huì)去看他們的表演。
獨(dú)門(mén)養(yǎng)生秘譜
光吃好東西是不會(huì)長(zhǎng)壽的,要活得久,還要靠動(dòng),這才是長(zhǎng)壽的關(guān)鍵。我爸爸常說(shuō)“活動(dòng)、活動(dòng), 人活著就要?jiǎng)??!?/p>
現(xiàn)在,我是早上 8點(diǎn)多起床后用30分鐘左右的時(shí)間出門(mén)走走、動(dòng)一動(dòng),從來(lái)不睡午覺(jué),平時(shí)有很多電話(huà)要接或者采訪(fǎng)的事情要忙。
做餐飲這行真的很難早睡,所以我養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣,盡量讓自己晚上 12 點(diǎn)以前就寢,早餐就是水果、麥片、半片面包或是喝點(diǎn)茶,中午有時(shí)候吃餃子或是面條,就是簡(jiǎn)單地吃,晚上通常都有飯局,經(jīng)常有人請(qǐng)客,偶爾喝點(diǎn)香檳、紅酒。我的酒量一直都蠻好的。
至于甜點(diǎn)的話(huà),說(shuō)來(lái)也奇怪,我對(duì)甜食就是沒(méi)有太大的興趣,偶爾吃一些,量并不多,我們家族里既沒(méi)有癌癥等重疾的病史,也沒(méi)有糖尿病病史,也沒(méi)有人近視。我做的運(yùn)動(dòng)大概都是適合老年人的運(yùn)動(dòng),比如甩腿、甩手,很多人看到我的手,都說(shuō)我的手變形了,使用過(guò)度才會(huì)變成這樣。但是我并不覺(jué)得苦,我也很會(huì)吃苦。
我熬的雞湯非常好喝,就是純雞湯,湯是精華。每周我都會(huì)做雞湯或是牛肉湯,上海菜絕不用蔥、蒜,熬湯的秘訣就是用絕對(duì)新鮮的肉品,最好是活雞,這樣熬出來(lái)的湯才會(huì)夠新鮮。
至于牛肉湯的話(huà),就先買(mǎi)一大塊牛毽子,或是牛尾也可以,慢慢地?zé)酰f(wàn)別放醬油,可放點(diǎn)南杏和紅棗,開(kāi)小火慢慢地?zé)酢?/p>
也要多吃點(diǎn)魚(yú)和新鮮蔬菜,魚(yú)清蒸的辦法有很多種,上海的做法就是放火腿和一點(diǎn)酒去蒸;在廣東的話(huà),就用香菜、姜等調(diào)料一起和鮮魚(yú)蒸。
美國(guó)知名慢食教母——愛(ài)麗絲·華特絲(Alice Waters)被問(wèn)到如果明天是世界末日,最后一餐想吃什么時(shí),她說(shuō),她要吃江孫蕓做的魚(yú)翅湯。為什么愛(ài)麗絲·華特絲這么喜歡中國(guó)菜 ? 其實(shí)她原來(lái)對(duì)中國(guó)菜似乎沒(méi)有太大興趣,后來(lái)我?guī)チ酥袊?guó)兩次,她發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)菜的做法跟其他國(guó)家的菜差別很大, 慢慢就有興趣了,然后她看我炒個(gè)青菜也能那么清脆、那么綠、那么好吃,就入門(mén)了。她常來(lái)我的店里吃飯,之后我們就成了很要好的朋友。
后記
弗里德曼教授說(shuō),“江孫蕓于2013年獲得詹姆斯 · 比爾德基金(James Beard Foundation)終身成就獎(jiǎng), 實(shí)至名歸,證明了她的影響力和成就。這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)來(lái)得有點(diǎn)晚,因?yàn)樵缭?0世紀(jì)70年代美國(guó)人就知道江孫蕓和福祿壽餐廳永久提升了美國(guó)人對(duì)中餐的品位?!?/p>
江孫蕓住在舊金山50多年了,成為舊金山最吸引人的風(fēng)景之一。退休后的她每天都會(huì)由孫女陪同,光臨灣區(qū)的各家米其林星級(jí)餐廳享受美食。她的到來(lái),讓餐館老板無(wú)不受寵若驚,眾星捧月,把她視為巨星。
江孫蕓是華人女性創(chuàng)業(yè)的典范,但在她所有的“拿手菜”中,“優(yōu)雅、貴氣、替別人著想”,才是她的菜肴中最令人難忘的味道。在舊金山,如果你也是名人,而你卻拿不出來(lái)一張跟江孫蕓的合照,那絕對(duì)是不符合名人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。
In 2016, Paul Freedman, a history professor at Yale University, published Ten Restaurants that Changed America, in which he dedicated over 40 pages to Cecilia Chiang and her restaurant the Mandarin. Since then, Cecilia Chiang officially entered American history and was recognized in the American society as the godmother of Chinese food. Many major media channels and news outlets in the United States, including CNN, CBS, NBC, San Francisco Chronicles, reported her passing away on October 28, 2020.
In 2017, through Doris Tseng, a librarian at the San Francisco Public Library, I interviewed Cecilia Chiang and wrote the book Cecilia Chiang: Godmother of Chinese American Cuisine, the only written record of her oral history in Chinese.
Cecilia Chiang in Her Own Words
In 2016, Paul Freedman, a history professor at Yale University, published Ten Restaurants that Changed America, in which he dedicated over 40 pages to Cecilia Chiang and her restaurant the Mandarin. Since then, Cecilia Chiang officially entered American history and was recognized in the American society as the godmother of Chinese food. Many major media channels and news outlets in the United States, including CNN, CBS, NBC, San Francisco Chronicles, reported her passing away on October 28, 2020.
In 2017, through Doris Tseng, a librarian at the San Francisco Public Library, I interviewed Cecilia Chiang and wrote the book Cecilia Chiang: Godmother of Chinese American Cuisine, the only written record of her oral history in Chinese.
Cecilia Chiang in Her Own Words
I was born in Shanghai in 1920, the seventh among twelve brothers and sisters. Later our family moved to Beijing. My father hired chefs from both Shanghai and Beijing so that the family could get used to both southern and northern flavors.
Living in a well-to-do family, I did not go to a cooking school or have any cooking experience even after my graduation and I had my own family and children. So when I went to America to run my own restaurant, what I could do was to recall the dishes I have eaten in my childhood and try to cook them by myself.
I have often been asked: why cant other Chinese restaurants be as good as mine, whether in terms of taste, service or even tableware? I think the most important reason is that from the very beginning, I did not open it for money. I have had a strong desire to introduce the authentic Chinese cuisines to foreigners. Another reason is that I love food and enjoy tasting delicacies from all over the world. My tongue is very sensitive, which helps me to understand and feel the subtle change of taste. This is a rare talent.
In 1963, Herb Caen, a columnist at the San Francisco Chronicle, came to our restaurant at the recommendation of his friends. He praised the Mandarin for “serving the best Chinese dishes in the east of the Pacific”. Thanks to his report and the quality of our food and services, the Mandarin became the most popular Chinese restaurant in the US.
In 1972, Nixon visited China. When the Americans saw on TV the president and his secretary of state Henry Kissinger skillfully used chopsticks at a state banquet in Beijing and drank Maotai with the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, everything seemed so incredible. But very soon, they picked up the chopsticks too and havent put them down since then. All the Chinese restaurants including the Mandarin were crowded with guests. The number of Chinese restaurants increased from six in 1885 to over 40,000 in 2019, even more than McDonalds and KFC combined. This success owed a lot to the hard work of every Chinese in the catering industry. There is no denying that Chinese food has become one part of America. Different races may interpret the others cultures differently, but there is no denying the fact that they all love Chinese food.
The Mandarin reached its high point in the 1980s, when we had four restaurants at the same time, one in San Francisco and three in LA. Years later, after our general manager and accountant passed away, I decided to sell the restaurant. The buyers continued to run the Mandarin until 2006, when they shut it for good, ending its 50 glorious years of history.
My son also opened a very successful Chinese restaurant chain, called P.F. Changs. His restaurant is more modern and economic, serving only a dozen of dishes. It proved to be a good choice and the number of the franchisees has surpassed 400 in these years. In 2019 he sold the chain for $700 million, although he still helped with the business from time to time.
Looking back on my experience, I found that the secret of my success lies in the way I treated people. I was considerate to everyone and could always remember my employees names – even a dishwashers, and where I met them, which made them feel valued and respected. I also remembered an interesting story. In the 1970s, the rock band Jefferson Airplane ordered a Dom Perignon while dining in our restaurant. The waiter was afraid that they couldnt afford it and asked for my advice. I opened the bottle for them without any hesitation. Since then, they had become regular customers to the restaurant. Jack Casady and Jorma Kaukonen said it was my respect shown to the customers that had called them back again and again.
At this stage of my life, Im trying to explore my own ways of staying healthy. If you want to live a longer life, you should not only eat healthy food but also keep doing exercises. I take thirty minutes walk every day after I get up around eight in the morning. I cook very simple food at home and Im especially good at cooking soup, such as beef or chicken soup. Alice Waters, godmother of the slow food movement, was once asked what she would like for her last meal if tomorrow was the end of the world. Her reply? Shark fin soup made by Cecilia Chiang.
Epilogue
“She received the James Beard Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013, a belated mark of her influence and accomplishments. It seemed long overdue, because already by the 1970s, it was obvious that Cecilia Chiang and the Mandarin had significantly transformed American appreciation of Chinese food,” wrote Paul Freedman in his book. Living in San Francisco for more than half a century, Cecilia Chiang herself became one of the most iconic attractions in the city. After retirement, she was accompanied by her granddaughter every day to enjoy delicious food at Michelin-star restaurants in the bay area. She was a model of Chinese womens entrepreneurship. In all of her “signature dishes”, elegance, dignity and consideration for others are the most unforgettable tastes.