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      STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin在食管鱗癌上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化中的研究

      2021-06-02 04:23:21徐夏江海陳豫民王琰
      中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2021年11期

      徐夏 江海 陳豫民 王琰

      【摘要】 目的:探究STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin在食管鱗癌上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化過程中產(chǎn)生的影響。方法:采用RT-qPCR方法檢測50例食管鱗癌組織及癌旁正常組織中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin的mRNA水平表達(dá),分析癌組織、癌旁正常組織相對(duì)表達(dá)量與臨床病理特征間的關(guān)系;隨機(jī)抽取4例食管鱗癌患者組織標(biāo)本,采用Western blot方法檢測STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin蛋白水平表達(dá)。采用RT-qPCR及Western blot方法檢測三種食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá),篩選出1株高表達(dá)STAT3的菌株,用STAT3的小干擾RNA轉(zhuǎn)染。對(duì)照組轉(zhuǎn)染雙鏈無義RNA,轉(zhuǎn)染成功后進(jìn)行細(xì)胞劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)及Transwell細(xì)胞侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果:50例食管鱗癌組織中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin相對(duì)表達(dá)量分別為(1.81±0.62)、(0.68±0.23)、(1.48±0.56);癌旁正常組織為(0.54±0.23)、(2.03±0.64)、(0.61±0.21)。食管鱗癌中STAT3、Vimentin在mRNA水平高表達(dá)及E-cadherin低表達(dá),在浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移方面比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。檢測隨機(jī)4例食管鱗癌患者組織標(biāo)本蛋白水平表達(dá),癌組織中STAT3、Vimentin均比癌旁正常組織高(P<0.05),而癌組織中E-cadherin比癌旁正常組織低(P<0.05)。STAT3小干擾RNA轉(zhuǎn)染高表達(dá)STAT3的細(xì)胞株EC109后,STAT3表達(dá)在mRNA水平較對(duì)照組下調(diào),E-cadherin表達(dá)較對(duì)照組相對(duì)上調(diào);Vimentin表達(dá)較對(duì)照組相對(duì)下調(diào),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);在蛋白水平,轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組較對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組成功抑制STAT3蛋白表達(dá)(P<0.05),E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)相對(duì)上調(diào)(P<0.05),Vimentin蛋白表達(dá)相對(duì)下調(diào)(P<0.05)。細(xì)胞劃痕結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組EC109的36、72 h遷移率均低于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組的EC109穿入小室膜底部的細(xì)胞總數(shù)較對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),下調(diào)STAT3表達(dá)后食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株EC109遷移、侵襲能力減弱。結(jié)論:STAT3可能通過調(diào)控E-cadherin、Vimentin影響食管鱗癌上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,從而影響腫瘤遷移與侵襲。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】 食管鱗癌 STAT3 E-cadherin Vimentin 上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化

      [Abstract] Objective: To research the effect of STAT3, E-cadherin, Vimentin in the transformation of epithelial mesenchymal transition in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Method: RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of STAT3, E-cadherin and Vimentin in 50 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and corresponding normal tissues, and the relationship between the relative expression of STAT3, E-cadherin and Vimentin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and corresponding normal tissues was analyzed. A simple randomized method was used to chose 4 patients with esophageal squamous carcinoma and the expression of STAT3, E-cadherin and Vimentin were detected with Western blot method. The expression of STAT3, E-cadherin, and Vimentin in three esophageal squamous cancer cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot method. A strain expressing STAT3 was screened and transfected with STAT3 small interfering RNA. The control group was transfected with double stranded nonsense RNA. The cell migration and invasion test were detected in both group through the cell scratches experiment and the Transwell cell invasion experiment. Result: The relative expression levels of STAT3, E-cadherin and Vimentin in 50 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were (1.81±0.62), (0.68±0.23), (1.48±0.56) respectively; those in adjacent normal tissues were (0.54±0.23), (2.03±0.64), (0.61±0.21). At mRNA level, the expression of STAT3 and Vimentin were higher and that of E-cadherin was lower in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05). During 4 cases were randomly selected, the expression of STAT3 and Vimentin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues were higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05), while E-cadherin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05). After transfection with STAT3 siRNA, the expression of STAT3 mRNA was down regulated, E-cadherin expression was up-regulated, Vimentin expression was down regulated, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). At the protein level, the expression of STAT3 protein was successfully inhibited in the STAT3 siRNA transfection group compared with the control double stranded nonsense RNA group (P<0.05), and E-cadherin expression was down regulated, the expression of herin protein was up-regulated (P<0.05), while the expression of Vimentin protein was down regulated (P<0.05). The results of cell scratch showed that 36, 72 h cells of EC109 transfected with STAT3 siRNA were significantly higher than those of the control double-stranded meaningless RNA group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results of invasion test showed that the total number of EC109 cells penetrating into the bottom of ependyma in the STAT3 siRNA group was significantly lower than that in the control double stranded nonsense RNA group (P<0.05), and the migration and invasion ability of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line EC109 decreased after down regulating STAT3 expression. Conclusion: In esophageal squamous carcinoma, STAT3 may affect epithelial interstitial transformation phenotypes and thus affect tumor migration and invasion by mediating E-cadherin and Vimentin expression.

      [Key words] Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma STAT3 E-cadherin Vimentin Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

      First-authors address: Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan 442000, China

      doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.11.002

      上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是胚胎發(fā)育、組織重建和傷口修復(fù)中的基礎(chǔ)過程,同時(shí)也是腫瘤侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移的重要機(jī)制之一[1]。STAT3作為STAT家族的重要成員之一,激活其可引起細(xì)胞異常增殖,與腫瘤的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[2]。在高表達(dá)的腫瘤細(xì)胞中,STAT3與腫瘤惡性程度密切相關(guān)[3];并參與調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長、凋亡等多方面的過程[4]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在探討食管鱗癌細(xì)胞中EMT分子標(biāo)志物E-cadherin和Vimentin在調(diào)控STAT3表達(dá)后的變化,來探討STAT3在食管鱗癌細(xì)胞EMT中的作用。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 材料 食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株KYSE70、KYSE140、EC109由十堰市人民醫(yī)院臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究所提供。收集了十堰市人民醫(yī)院心胸外科手術(shù)治療的50例食管鱗癌患者的食管鱗癌和癌旁正常組織標(biāo)本,儲(chǔ)存在-80 ℃冰箱備用。所有病例符合以下條件:(1)常規(guī)病理診斷均為食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌;(2)每例均包括癌組織及相應(yīng)的癌旁正常黏膜組織;(3)臨床資料完整;(4)術(shù)前未接受任何放療、化療及免疫抑制治療。STAT3小干擾RNA及其對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA、PCR上下游引物,實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)試劑盒,STAT3、E-cadherin抗體、Vimentin抗體,Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑盒,Matrigel基質(zhì)蛋白膠。

      1.2 方法

      1.2.1 RNA或蛋白質(zhì)提取及質(zhì)檢 新鮮冰凍樣品采用液氮研磨法提取總RNA或總蛋白;用紫外分光光度計(jì)檢測RNA樣品的純度和濃度,BCA法測量總蛋白濃度。

      1.2.2 實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(RT-qPCR) 嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明操作,檢測組織或細(xì)胞中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)水平,以2-ΔΔCt表示在mRNA水平相對(duì)表達(dá)量。以甘油醛-三磷酸脫氫酶(GAPDH)作為內(nèi)參。STAT3引物序列,上游:F5-CAAGCAGTTTCTTCAGAGCA-3,下游:R5-CGTCACCACGGCTGCTGT-3;E-cadherin引物序列上游:5-GAACGCATTGCCACATACAC-3;下游5-GAATTCGGGCTGTTGTCAT-3;Vimentin引物序列:上游引物5-CGGGAGAAATTGCAGGAGGA-3,下游引5-AAGGTCAAGACGTGCCAGAG-3。

      1.2.3 Western blot檢測 提取標(biāo)本總蛋白,利用BCA法測定總蛋白濃度,定量取30 μg總蛋白,嚴(yán)格按照說明書行電泳、電轉(zhuǎn)、抗體孵育及ECL發(fā)光法顯影。利用微管蛋白(Tubulin)作為蛋白質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化內(nèi)參,利用Imagine J軟件進(jìn)行蛋白質(zhì)灰度分析。

      1.2.4 干擾抑制STAT3表達(dá)細(xì)胞模型構(gòu)建 將實(shí)驗(yàn)用的食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株接種于6孔板中,采用Lipo2000脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染法將STAT3小干擾RNA片段及其對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA片段轉(zhuǎn)染入不同孔細(xì)胞,培養(yǎng)24~48 h后行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

      1.2.5 細(xì)胞劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn) 將細(xì)胞株接種于6孔板中,脂質(zhì)體法轉(zhuǎn)染24 h后使鋪板密度達(dá)80%~90%,用10 μL槍頭垂直于6孔板底部直線劃痕,先后于0、36、72 h顯微鏡下拍照記錄細(xì)胞劃痕愈合情況,以劃痕愈合百分比表示細(xì)胞遷移情況。

      1.2.6 細(xì)胞侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn) 采用Transwell小室及Matrigel人工基質(zhì)膠法行細(xì)胞侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)。每組設(shè)3個(gè)平行復(fù)孔,培養(yǎng)24 h后取出Transwell小室,棉簽擦拭小室內(nèi)面基質(zhì)膠,4%中性甲醛固定并0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色,顯微鏡下觀察照相。隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野進(jìn)行細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),算出平均值。

      1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 應(yīng)用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。用GraphPad Prism制作統(tǒng)計(jì)圖。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 食管鱗癌組織及癌旁正常組織中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin的表達(dá) RT-qPCR檢測提取的50例食管鱗癌患者標(biāo)本總RNA,結(jié)果顯示,在癌組織及癌旁正常組織中,STAT3分別表達(dá)為(1.81±0.62)、(0.54±0.23),E-cadherin分別表達(dá)為(0.68±0.23)、(2.03±0.64),Vimentin分別表達(dá)為(1.48±0.56)、(0.61±0.21),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖1。Western blot檢測隨機(jī)抽取的4例食管患者癌組織(T,tumor)及癌旁正常組織(N,normal),結(jié)果顯示,癌組織中STAT3、Vimentin表達(dá)分別為(0.27±0.05)、(0.64±0.05),均高于癌旁正常組織(0.04±0.02)、(0.34±0.03)(P<0.05),而E-cadherin表達(dá)在癌組織為(0.26±0.06),明顯低于癌旁正常組織(0.57±0.08)(P<0.05)。見圖2。

      圖2 食管鱗癌Western blot圖

      2.2 食管鱗癌中STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin的表達(dá)與其臨床病理特征的關(guān)系 STAT3中癌組織和癌旁正常組織相對(duì)表達(dá)量比率>1和≤1例數(shù)分別為40例和10例,E-cadherin分別為6例和44例,Vimentin分別為38例和12例。食管鱗癌中STAT3、Vimentin在mRNA水平高表達(dá)及E-cadherin低表達(dá),在浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移中比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。

      2.3 食管鱗癌中STAT3對(duì)E-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)的影響 三種食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株中,相對(duì)于GAPDH在mRNA水平表達(dá),STAT3、Vimentin由高到低依次為EC109、KYSE140、KYSE70,分別為(3.48±0.28)、(2.12±0.57)、(0.98±0.34)和(3.02±0.32)、(1.84±0.55)、(0.91±0.26),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);E-cadherin由高到低依次為KYSE70、KYSE140、EC109,分別為(2.86±0.13)、(1.12±0.03)、(0.46±0.04),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖3。STAT3、Vimentin、E-cadherin各蛋白相對(duì)Tubulin在蛋白水平表達(dá)趨勢(shì)一致,STAT3、Vimentin由高到低依次為EC109、KYSE140、KYSE70,分別為(0.38±0.10)、(0.27±0.11)、(0.17±0.05)和(0.67±0.11)、(0.28±0.06)、(0.16±0.05),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);E-cadherin由高到低依次為KYSE70、KYSE140、EC109,分別為(0.21±0.11)、(0.15±0.06)、(0.09±0.03),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖4。

      2.4 轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾組RNA對(duì)STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)的影響 選取EC109作為siRNA-STAT3實(shí)驗(yàn)用細(xì)胞株,PCR結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組的表達(dá)(0.84±0.23),低于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組(3.00±0.19)(P<0.05);而同時(shí)E-cadherin上調(diào),轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組為(2.72±0.26),高于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組(0.32±0.17)(P<0.05);Vimentin下調(diào),轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組為(0.91±0.15),低于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組的(2.81±0.27)(P<0.05),見圖5。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組的表達(dá)(0.09±0.05),低于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組(0.32±0.17)(P<0.05);而同時(shí)E-cadherin上調(diào),轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組為(0.75±0.10),高于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組的(0.15±0.04)(P<0.05);Vimentin下調(diào),轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組為(0.18±0.05),低于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組的(0.87±0.13)(P<0.05)。見圖6。

      2.5 下調(diào)STAT3對(duì)食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株遷移、侵襲的影響 STAT3表達(dá)下調(diào)后,細(xì)胞劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組EC109的36、72 h遷移率分別為(16.6±4.3)%、(42.3±4.3)%,均低于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組的(55.3±4.2)%、(73.5±3.7)%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖7;細(xì)胞Transwell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染STAT3小干擾RNA組的EC109穿入小室膜底部的細(xì)胞總數(shù)為(14.7±3.1)個(gè),少于對(duì)照雙鏈無義RNA組的(61.7±6.5)個(gè)(P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖8。

      3 討論

      生物胚胎發(fā)生過程中的EMT在許多惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮重要作用[5],E-cadherin和Vimentin是作為EMT中重要的分子標(biāo)志物,可特異性反應(yīng)EMT的發(fā)生[6]。E-cadherin與Vimentin在上皮細(xì)胞間結(jié)合形成復(fù)合體可防止腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲,而在惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞中EMT發(fā)生,允許細(xì)胞相互分離,從而提高了細(xì)胞的遷移能力[7-8];此外,腫瘤細(xì)胞經(jīng)歷EMT可能獲得腫瘤干細(xì)胞特征[9],已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為與許多惡性腫瘤的萌生和發(fā)展有關(guān),包括腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移、侵襲[10-11]。

      STAT家族蛋白質(zhì)SH2區(qū)域的酪氨酸殘基被JAK蛋白磷酸化后,STAT聚集形成同源或異源二聚體并發(fā)揮功能[12],提高細(xì)胞抗感染能力[2]。目前研究顯示,STAT3在調(diào)控食管鱗癌發(fā)展過程中起一定作用[13]。本研究通過RT-qPCR方法檢測食管鱗癌患者組織標(biāo)本中,STAT3、E-cadherin與Vimentin的表達(dá)在癌組織浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移方面比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);在患者性別、年齡、分化程度和TNM分期方面比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。提示STAT3、E-cadherin與Vimentin表達(dá)可能與食管鱗癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展有關(guān)。再次證實(shí)STAT3在食管鱗癌中異常高表達(dá),其相對(duì)表達(dá)水平與食管鱗癌浸潤深度和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。這些結(jié)果提示了STAT3可能成為發(fā)現(xiàn)高危食管癌和預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)的分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)志之一。

      腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖及侵襲與其發(fā)展、浸潤、復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移等生物學(xué)行為及預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[14-15]。文獻(xiàn)[16-17]研究表明,包括STAT3在內(nèi)的分子標(biāo)志物是反映食管鱗癌細(xì)胞增殖水平的指標(biāo),STAT3信號(hào)通路的異常激活與腫瘤EMT及侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。文獻(xiàn)[18-19]在肝癌細(xì)胞EMT過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)STAT3過表達(dá)可降低E-cadherin表達(dá)而增加Vimentin表達(dá),相反,抑制STAT3表達(dá)可顯著增加E-cadherin表達(dá)而降低Vimentin表達(dá)[18-19]。本研究通過對(duì)食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株的研究結(jié)果表明,STAT3對(duì)食管鱗癌中Vimentin表達(dá)正性影響,E-cadherin表達(dá)負(fù)性影響,EC109細(xì)胞通過轉(zhuǎn)染法建立STAT3低表達(dá)食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株后,E-cadherin表達(dá)升高,而Vimentin表達(dá)下降,并且細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲能力下降。這表明在食管鱗癌細(xì)胞中,抑制STAT3表達(dá)可下調(diào)間質(zhì)性標(biāo)志物Vimentin表達(dá)而上調(diào)上皮性標(biāo)志物E-cadherin表達(dá),從而逆轉(zhuǎn)EMT過程,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞形成復(fù)合體,降低食管鱗癌遷移侵襲能力。進(jìn)一步明確了STAT3在食管鱗癌細(xì)胞EMT中的重要作用,當(dāng)STAT3信號(hào)通路被多種因素激活后,不僅使食管鱗癌E-cadherin表達(dá)下降,促使細(xì)胞間黏附能力降低,而且促使Vimentin進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì),激活EMT相關(guān)的信號(hào)途徑,進(jìn)而提升了細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力[20-22]。提示聯(lián)合檢測STAT3、E-cadherin、Vimentin可能有助于食管鱗癌的診斷、分級(jí)及預(yù)后。隨著細(xì)胞生物學(xué)和生物技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,筆者希望通過使患者體內(nèi)維持在一個(gè)較低水平表達(dá)的STAT3,進(jìn)而抑制或逆轉(zhuǎn)食管鱗癌細(xì)胞的EMT過程,改變食管鱗癌細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性,影響其侵襲遷移能力,從而降低食管鱗癌的復(fù)發(fā)率,提高患者的生存率。這為進(jìn)一步深入研究STAT3在影響食管鱗癌患者預(yù)后方面,其在提高分子生物學(xué)治療等方面提供了一定依據(jù)。

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      (收稿日期:2020-07-20) (本文編輯:張爽)

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