詩Shi(Poetry)

在中國文藝史上，詩詞、戲曲、民歌等豐富的藝術(shù)形式匯聚成輝煌燦爛的星河。其中，中華詩詞展現(xiàn)著中華優(yōu)秀文化的獨(dú)特魅力。本文是《中華思想文化術(shù)語》一書中對于“詩”的闡述，閱讀本文有助于我們學(xué)習(xí)、了解與傳播中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化。

Shi（詩）is a major genre of ancient Chinese literature，the earliest literary form that lemerged in China. Observing the requirements of a certain rhythm， rules of rhyming， number of characters， and type of 2lverses， and using 3）concise language and rich imagination， it reflects social life and 4）conveys thoughts and emotions. Shi and wen （文） are two principal forms of ancient Chinese literature. Shi， as referred to by the ancient Chinese， consists of the older type of poetry and the latter type of poetry. It generally does not include ci（詞，lyric）and qu （曲，melody），which appeared as literary genres after the Tang Dynasty. The older type of shi is also called gufeng （古風(fēng)），meaning ancient style，which is a general 5lappellation for all kinds of poetic forms produced prior to the latter type of shi，except the style employed in the odes of Chu（楚辭）.With relatively few 6）restrictions in rules and forms， shi is not constrained by any 7antithetical arrangement or a fixed tone pattern， and its rhyme is fairly free. In addition， the length of a piece is not limited. A verse may have four， five， six， seven， or a

mixed number of Chinese characters. The latter type ofshi is also called gelishi （格律詩），meaning poetry with fixed patterns.? Its number of characters， rhyming， tone pattern， and antithetical arrangement are all strictly fixed. A poem of this type may contain four lines 【known as jue （絕）】，each with five or seven characters，or eight lines 【known as Ii（律）】，each with five or seven characters. Occasionally， it is much longer than normal， expanding to one and a half dozen lines，which is referred to as paili（排律）. The difference between shi， and ci and qu is that the former is not set to music， while the latter may be set to music and sung.

Shi has existed as a literary form for more than 2，000 years in China.Ancient Chinese used shito connect humans with nature， voice Baspirations， and give expression to emotions. It lembodied the spirit and 10）aesthetic pursuits of literature and art in ancient China， which is very different from the West， which only sees poetry as a category of literature. In ancient China， Confucian thought played an important guiding role in poetic creation， while Daoist and Buddhist thoughts had a l"profound influence on the theory of poetry's artistic conception. Since The Book of Songs was China's earliest collection of poems， later generations also used shito refer to The Book of Songs in particular.

1） emerge 【i'm3：d3】v.出現(xiàn)

2） verse 【v3：s】n.詩;詩節(jié)

3） concise 【ken'sals】 adj.簡潔的

4） convey 【ken'vel】 v.傳遞

5） appellation 【，aepa'lelJn】 n.名稱

6） restriction 【rn'strkJn】 n.限制

7） antithetical 【，ent'letkl】 adj.正相反的，對應(yīng)的

8） aspiration 【，aespe'relJn】 n.抱負(fù)，志氣

10） aesthetic 【i：s'letk】 adj.審美的

9） embody 【m'bodi】 v.體現(xiàn)，代表

11） profound 【pre'faund】 adj.深遠(yuǎn)的

中國古代文學(xué)的主要體式，也是中國古代最早產(chǎn)生的文學(xué)體式。它按照一定的節(jié)奏、韻律、字?jǐn)?shù)和句式要求，用凝練的語言、豐富的想象反映社會生活、表達(dá)思想情感?！霸姟迸c“文”是中國古代文學(xué)的主要形態(tài)，古人所說的“詩”主要分古體詩和近體詩，一般不包括唐以后出現(xiàn)的詞曲。古體詩也叫古風(fēng)，是近體詩產(chǎn)生前除楚辭體之外的各種詩體的通稱，其格律比較自由，不拘對仗、平仄，押韻較寬，篇幅長短不限，句子有四言、五言、六言、七言、雜言;近體詩也叫格律詩，它的字?jǐn)?shù)、押韻、平仄、對仗都有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定，有五絕、七絕、五律、七律、排律等。詩與詞曲的區(qū)別是：詩不配樂，詞曲可配樂歌唱。

在中國，詩已有兩千多年的歷史，古人認(rèn)為詩能夠連通人與自然、表達(dá)志向、抒發(fā)情性，集中體現(xiàn)了中國文學(xué)藝術(shù)的精神特質(zhì)與審美追求，這與西方將詩看作文學(xué)的門類很不相同。在中國古代，儒家思想對詩的創(chuàng)作有重要指導(dǎo)作用，而道家與佛教思想對于詩的意境理論影響深遠(yuǎn)。因中國最早的詩集是《詩經(jīng)》，所以后世也用“詩”專指《詩經(jīng)》。

引例Citations：

O詩言志，歌永言，聲依永，律和聲。（《尚書。堯典》）

詩是表達(dá)內(nèi)心志向的，歌是用語言來吟唱的。隨詩的吟唱而有抑揚(yáng)疾徐的聲音變化，再用音律來調(diào)和聲音。

Shi gives expression to aspirations while songs are verses for chanting. In singing， shi undergoes changes in tempo and tone; then it harmonizes sounds with meter and melody. （The Book of History）

詩，言其志也;歌，詠其聲也舞，動其容也;三者本于心，然后樂器從之。（《禮記。樂記》）

詩，用語言表達(dá)人的志向;歌，用吟唱表達(dá)內(nèi)心的想法;舞，是將內(nèi)心的想法呈現(xiàn)于形體的各種舞姿。這三者都發(fā)自內(nèi)心，之后才以樂器演奏加以配合。

Shi expresses aspirations through written words， whereas songs do so via chanting. Dancing is a sequence of body movements to project one's emotions. All these three forms of art come forth from the heart， accompanied by musical performance. （The Book of Rites）