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高考英語閱讀理解題在高考試卷中所占分值最高,是最重要的題型,但也是學生最頭痛的題型。筆者在多年的高中英語教學中發(fā)現(xiàn)考生在閱讀中暴露不少問題,極大地阻礙了他們閱讀水平的提高。
那么,高考英語閱讀究竟考查什么?
閱讀理解的考核目標與要求:
1.理解主旨要義,2.理解文中具體信息,3.根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義,4.根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容做出判斷和推理,5.理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu),6.理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。
一、高中生閱讀理解答題過程中出現(xiàn)的問題
1.詞匯量和句法知識
詞匯是閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ),和閱讀水平的高低有密切聯(lián)系。高考閱讀理解總詞匯量不斷增加,一般選取5篇文章,詞量在2200~2500之間,而且大約有3%超綱詞,詞匯量不充足是考生閱讀中最大的“攔路虎”。
學生句法知識缺乏,很難讀懂閱讀文章中的長難句 。尤其在C、D兩篇閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)不少長句,這就使學生在理解文章方面存在不小的難度。
2.閱讀習慣
學生不良閱讀習慣體現(xiàn)如下:
(1)逐詞閱讀。逐詞閱讀習慣,一詞一句地摳,不僅忽略了對文章整體的把握,而且容易讀了后面內(nèi)容忘記前面內(nèi)容。
(2)心譯。每讀一句心里翻譯一句,每句必定借助中文譯文去理解,費時費力。
(3)回讀。怕自己看不懂,不斷地重復閱讀。
(4)指讀。用指頭或筆尖等指著文章中的句子,邊移邊讀。
3.脫離原文答題
有的考生閱讀完一篇文章后,怕麻煩或沒有耐心,做題時不想回到原文,憑主觀想象選擇答案,胡亂勾幾個選項。
4.閱讀理解時間分配
根據(jù)高考英語考試大綱的要求,閱讀理解做題的參考時間約為35分鐘。有的學生閱讀時間和答題時間分配不科學,前松后緊,試圖理解文章中每一句話的意思,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)時間不夠用,題目做不完,影響其他題目的解答。
5.看“懂”文章,選錯答案
做閱讀理解題面臨的最大難處是:看懂了閱讀理解的文章,閱讀中也沒有遇到較大的困難,但做題錯誤率比較高。
6.做了大量的閱讀理解題,水平提高有限
考生在備考過程中,做了大量的閱讀理解題。但是做完之后只是簡單地核對答案,沒有進行錯誤分析。
二、閱讀理解問題應對的策略
1.詞匯量與句法知識
首先,熟悉高考考試大綱中3500詞(不包括詞組)每個單詞的基本詞義,一詞多義,近義詞,同義詞,反義詞,熟詞僻義。應用詞根詞綴、諧音、聯(lián)想、分類等記憶詞匯方法。其次,平時培養(yǎng)猜詞能力。尤其通過上下文猜測詞義,這正是考綱的第3條要求。單詞每天按計劃去記,反復去記,最后都能記住。記到最后看到單詞就立刻想起意思。
筆者曾經(jīng)歸納過《高考英語真題長難句一百句》,要求學生熟悉高考閱讀真題中的長難句,鞏固相關(guān)句法知識。首先,掌握英語簡單句的五種基本句型。其次,熟悉英語3大從句(名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句)。長難句不僅在閱讀文章中頻繁出現(xiàn),而且還是??键c。因此攻破長難句非常關(guān)鍵。然后,注意倒裝句,插入語等。具體方法:先找出長句的主干成分(主語、謂語及賓語),再找出附加成分(定語、狀語、賓補),再找出修飾它的短語或從句。
The memories the brain decides to lose are exactly those details from your life that dont actually matter and that may be keeping you from making good decisions.
先找出句子的主、系、表為:The memories are those details 。
主語的定語從句the brain decides to lose ,表語的定語為from your life 以及兩個并列的定語從句that dont actually matter and that may be keeping you from making good decisions.經(jīng)過分析拆解,就不難理解了。
2.養(yǎng)成正確的閱讀方式
注意力高度集中,分清意群,停頓熟練,按意群為單位進行閱讀。這是閱讀最基本的方法。用眼睛掃視成組視讀,不是逐詞去默讀,就像用探照燈依據(jù)意群,一組組進行掃讀,這樣大腦接收的是完整的信息,而不是孤立的詞匯。
3.緊扣原文答題
一定依據(jù)原文。解題時一定回到原文中定位,在包含有關(guān)信息的句子下劃線,把原文與四個選項逐一對比,與原文意思最為接近的選項為正確答案。
4.合理安排答題時間和答題順序
首先,掌握必要的閱讀技巧和方法,提高閱讀速度(高考的閱讀速度要求每分鐘60~70詞),為答題騰出更多的時間。其次,考試時忌諱在難題上耗費時間,可跳過去先做別的題目。在解答其他幾個簡單題目的過程中,可以對文章做進一步理解,有助于難題的解答??忌部梢韵茸龊竺娴念}型,這樣就不必擔心后面題目做不完,再集中精力做閱讀理解。最后,掌握快速解題技巧以應對時間不夠用的情況。比如,利用讀首尾段的方法快速解答文章主旨題。
5.提高答題準確率
要解決做閱讀理解題準確率低的問題,首先考生要弄清楚是否真正讀懂,懂的是全文的中心思想還是細節(jié),是字面意思還是其蘊含的意義。作者寫文章目的性很強,要么傳遞信息,要么說明某個道理,但是往往不是明顯表達出來,而是隱含在字里行間??忌枰I(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意,弦外之音。這是考綱中理解作者的意圖,觀點和態(tài)度的要求。
閱讀理解題的文章可能容易理解,然而題目并不容易,選項干擾性比較大,解題時出錯就是因為只依據(jù)字面意義解題,沒有真正領(lǐng)悟其蘊涵的意義,容易落入命題者在選項設置上的陷阱中。所以考生要準確理解文章,認真思考使自己的理解思路與命題者的思路接近。
考生還需要具備語篇知識。為了準確、深刻地理解文章,必須把握閱讀文章的邏輯,如上下文的銜接手段(句子與句子、段落與段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系)。故考生要抓住文章的主題思想、文章結(jié)構(gòu)的主線和關(guān)鍵句子的主干;細致審題,這樣考生就能提高解題的準確率。
...At our first encounter, he looked like a typical Dayaknese man with dark skin. As he mentioned that, he used to be an English teacher. We discovered we were a match! I am an English teacher myself. More importantly, he is a language enthusiast and a hyperpolyglot(超級多語者).During the talk, we often switched from one language to the other such as Indonesian, English Javanese to Ahe. He is now fluent in at least 15 languages and most of them are local languages.When he was assigned to be a teacher and education supervisor, he had to go all the way from Serawai subdistrict to Sintang Regency by motorcycle, riding approximately 170 km by motorcycle. This trip could take six hours if the day was bright and sunny. However, it was not uncommon for him to spend three to seven days for the journey if the raining season came. Therefore, he had to stop at some villages if he couldnt continue the trip and met up with people with so many different languages along the way. So, whenever he stopped in a particular village, he learned a different language. For him, learning languages helped him to connect with people.
In our last talk, he highlighted the importance of learning languages. He hopes that the younger generation in Indonesia start realizing that language is the gate to open up so many opportunities. Local languages are on the brink of disappearance because more people are leaving it behind. When people stop speaking the languages, the knowledge and culture from that language will also disappear.
1. In what does the author have something in common with Ngawan?
A.Being typical Dayaknese people.
B. Being a hyperpolyglot.
C. Being English teachers.
D.Mastering several skills.
2. How was Ngawans motorcycle trip?
A. Difficult. B Instructive.
C Exciting. D. Interesting.
解析:文字雖然很淺顯,但是在做題時不少考生出錯。
第1題很多考生選B,題干中...have something in common 定位原文第三段 we were a match 即兩人都當過英語教師。因此正確答案D。
第2題很多考生選B,題干問How was Ngawans...trip ?定位原文第四段riding approximately 170 km by motorcycle. This trip could take six hours if the day was bright and sunny. However, it was not uncommon for him to spend three to seven days for the journey if the raining season came.騎摩托之行在天氣晴朗時可能要花6小時,如果是雨季常常要花3到7天時間。這說明騎行的艱難,故正確答案選A??忌x錯主要沒有領(lǐng)會蘊涵的意義。
6.有效提高自己的閱讀解題水平
不斷總結(jié)做題經(jīng)驗或者增加自己的應試技巧。精做一套題勝過隨意做十套題。
做完閱讀理解之后,要及時糾錯,找出錯誤的原因:是審題不到位,還是對文章不理解,或是無法辨別四個選項,要認真分析其他三個干擾選項為什么不能選。
可以參照劍橋大學設計的雅思考試經(jīng)典題型——True/False/Not Given進行判斷,該題型告訴我們:原文和選項的對比,通常只有三個邏輯結(jié)果。
理解3個干擾選項設計的“兩種邏輯錯誤”,劃出選項中的反義詞或無中生有的單詞表達,考生就清楚,它們?yōu)槭裁床荒苓x了。
此外,關(guān)于“infer”的推斷類題目,務必注意:文章中直接提到的具體細節(jié)選項不能選,依據(jù)原文中細節(jié)推斷出來的選項才可能是正確的,而且不能推理過度。
How do you respond when you realize someone stole something that you value deeply.
After all, having your space invaded and your possession stolen can be overwhelming, and if you want it back, sometimes you must dig deep to find the strength to get it.
The thing that was taken was not a physical item. If my wallet were stolen, I could cancel my credit cards. If my car were stolen, I could find a way to get another.
But what was stolen was bigger, a word in fact.
The crime was discovered one morning in the kitchen. I was boiling coffee when my 21-year-old daughter walked in wearing her white bathrobe(睡袍), beautiful and lovely. I smiled as I looked at her, and, with the love that only a dad whos been tied around his little girls finger since the day she was born would understand. said.“Youre a snowflake. ”Her reaction was a combination of sadness and anger,“Dad, I cant believe you called me that. Don t you know what a snowflake is?”
Yes, I did, and thats why I called her one .But someone had stolen my word and given it a new definition(定義). On social media, people were using the word in another way. The Oxford Dictionaries added that meaning early this year saying it was a derogatory(貶義的) label for an overly sensitive or easily offended person, or one who expects special treatment because of supposedly unique characteristics.
My precious word was used in such an ugly way! The anger that listeners felt with those who called them snowflakes was intense. But the anger I felt when I realized that my word was stolen was strong, too.
I could have been disappointed by her reaction, apologized and removed snowflake from my collection of complimentary vocabulary. If I did, however, the thieves would have won. So I took my word back. Snowflake is mine and I will use it with its original definition. My word is safe at home and I can confidently say that my daughter is a snowflake.
(1) What did the author use the word“crime”in the 4th paragraph to show?
A. The behavior of stealing something was a serious crime.
B. Like a serious crime, the whole thing resulted in a bad result.
C. He conducted a crime as he described his daughter as a snowflake.
D. Adding an improper meaning to this word was bad and serious.
(2)What can we infer from the story?
A.The author calls for more attention to old people in society.
B. The authors daughter knew the words new meaning very well.
C. There was a great generation gap between the father and daughter.
D. Dictionaries should take care when creating new meanings for words.
(1) D。推理判斷題。作者在第一、二段舉偷盜的例子,意圖說明受害者的感受,第三段點明自己被盜走的東西比實際的東西更重要,是一個詞,再根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知,這個詞被賦予了他認為不恰當?shù)囊饬x,這種行為在他看來很嚴重,甚至是一種盜竊行為,是一種犯罪。所以作者用“罪行”一詞來表達自己的感受,不少學生選了C , 認為作者描述女兒為“雪花”是在犯罪,明顯沒有根據(jù)上下文進行推斷,或脫離原文主觀臆斷。
(2) B。推理判斷題。很多學生選了C,(父親與女兒之間有巨大的代溝)屬于推理過度。
根據(jù)本文內(nèi)容可知,作者對女兒的一句稱贊,引發(fā)了女兒強烈的不滿(a combination of sadness and anger),原因是作者所用的詞在社會上被賦予了新義,而且是一個貶義詞,而作者認為這個詞的本義就這樣被篡改了,他心中美好的詞被偷走了。作者話一出口就引發(fā)了女兒的不滿情緒,由此可推知,女兒對這個詞的新義很了解,所以當作者用這個詞來形容她,她很不高興。所以正確答案為B。
細致分析近5年高考英語真題,掌握各種題型的命題規(guī)律,采用不同的答題技巧和方法。弄清楚文章到底講什么,是什么事,什么問題,也就是文章的主題。其次要明白作者的態(tài)度是什么,贊成、反對還是中立,正確答案一定與文章主題有關(guān),一定反映文章的主題。
廣泛閱讀。平時訓練應廣泛涉獵英美人自己寫的文章,不局限于自身興趣愛好,才能不被基本的人文知識和科普常識所困。同時,高考真題時新性的特點也要求考生多關(guān)注各知識領(lǐng)域熱議的新現(xiàn)象、新發(fā)現(xiàn)、新理論。
總之,考生需要克服不良的閱讀習慣,在準確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上通過大量的有針對性的練習來提高自己能力。另外,注意應試心理調(diào)適,樹立必勝的應試信心。面對容易的文章不麻痹,面對難以理解的文章不緊張,放松心情,人難我難,我不畏難。良好的心態(tài)使考生的英語考試成績和水平發(fā)揮到最理想的狀態(tài)。